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微小RNA-132對胰腺癌SW1990細胞增殖及凋亡的影響

2016-01-11 02:49劉海斌,華瑩,金洲祥
中華胰腺病雜志 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:細胞增殖細胞凋亡

·論著·

微小RNA-132對胰腺癌SW1990細胞增殖及凋亡的影響

劉海斌華瑩金洲祥

【摘要】目的觀察微小RNA-132(miR-132)轉(zhuǎn)染人胰腺癌細胞株SW1990后對細胞增殖及凋亡的影響,并探討其作用機制。方法采用實時熒光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法檢測28例胰腺癌及匹配的癌旁正常胰腺組織miR-132的表達。采用脂質(zhì)體將miR-132轉(zhuǎn)染SW1990細胞,以未轉(zhuǎn)染及轉(zhuǎn)染錯義miR-132的細胞分別作為空白對照和陰性對照。應用CCK-8法、DAPI染色法檢測細胞的增殖及凋亡;將轉(zhuǎn)染細胞種植于裸鼠皮下成瘤,應用TUNEL法檢測種植瘤細胞凋亡;免疫組化法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細胞的mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK蛋白表達及種植瘤組織mucin-4、Ki-67蛋白表達。結(jié)果28例胰腺癌及癌旁正常胰腺組織miR-132的相對表達量分別為0.46±0.11和1.24±0.36,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。轉(zhuǎn)染細胞的miR-132表達量為2.95±0.46,顯著高于陰性對照組的0.84±0.17(P<0.05);轉(zhuǎn)染組細胞培養(yǎng)48、72、96 h時的存活率分別為陰性對照組56.5%、44.7%、37.4%(P值均<0.05);細胞凋亡率為41.6%,顯著高于陰性對照組的5.7%(P<0.05);轉(zhuǎn)染細胞mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK蛋白的表達較陰性對照組顯著下調(diào)(0.76±0.14比2.94±0.42,0.34±0.04比1.75±0.33,0.27±0.03比2.74±0.24,P值均<0.01)。與陰性對照組比較,轉(zhuǎn)染組裸鼠皮下移植瘤生長明顯被抑制[(0.23±0.05)g比(0.59±0.13)g,P<0.05],瘤內(nèi)腫瘤細胞凋亡明顯增加[(21.7±4.7)%比(5.2±0.7)%,P<0.05],mucin-4和Ki-67蛋白表達顯著下調(diào)(64.35±7.16比281.34±36.62,30.75±4.61比148.05±21.34,P值均<0.01)。而陰性對照組與空白對照組間的差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。結(jié)論轉(zhuǎn)染miR-132對胰腺癌SW1990細胞有顯著的增殖抑制和凋亡誘導作用,其機制可能與下調(diào)mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK等蛋白的表達有關(guān)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】胰腺腫瘤;微RNAs;細胞增殖;細胞凋亡

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2015.01.010

基金項目:省衛(wèi)生廳資助項目(2012A122)

收稿日期:(2014-07-30)

Effects of microRNA-132 on the proliferation and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells SW1990LiuHaibin,HuaYing,JinZhouxiang.DepartmentofHepaticSurgery,SecondAffiliatedHospitalofWenzhouMedicalUniversity,Wenzhou325000,China

Correspondingauthor:LiuHaibin,Email:wzykdx203109@126.com

Abstract【】ObjectiveTo observe the effect of miR-132 transfection on proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer SW1990, and to explore the underlying mechanism. MethodsThe expression of miR-132 in the pancreatic cancer tissue and the adjacent tissues in 28 pancreatic cancer patients were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). miR-132 was transfected into SW1990 cells by using liposome method, untransfected cells and cells with missense miR-132 transfection were used as black control and negative control. The proliferation and apoptosis was detected by CCK-8 assay and DAPI staining. The transfected cells were implanted in nude mice as xenograft tumor, and TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis; immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Ki-67 and mucin-4 protein in the xenograft tumors and mucin-4, HER-2, p-FAK protein in transfected cells. ResultsThe expression levels of miR-132 in pancreatic cancer tissue and adjacent tissues were 0.46±0.11 and 1.24±0.36, and the difference between

作者單位:325000浙江溫州,浙江省溫州醫(yī)學院附屬第二醫(yī)院肝膽外科

通信作者:劉海斌,Email: wzykdx203109@126.com

the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression level of miR-132 in transfected SW1990 cells was 2.95±0.46, which were significantly higher than those in negative control(0.84±0.17); the survival rate of transfected cells at 48, 72, 96 h was 56.5%, 44.7%, 37.4% of negative control cells. The apoptosis rate in transfected cells was 41.6%, and the corresponding value was 5.7% in negative control, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The expression levels of mucin-4, HER-2, p-FAK in nagative control were 2.94±0.42, 1.75±0.37 and 2.74±0.24, and the corresponding values in transfected cells were 0.76±0.14, 0.34±0.04 and 0.27±0.03, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). In vivo, the growth of xenograft tumors in transfected nude mice was significantly inhibited [(0.23±0.05)vs(0.59±0.13)g,P<0.05], the apoptosis of xenograft tumor cells was significant increased [(21.7±4.7)%vs(5.2±0.7)%,P<0.05]. The expressions of mucin-4 and Ki-67 protein in nagative control was 281.34±36.62 and 148.05±21.34, and the corresponding values in transfection group were 64.35±7.16 and 30.75±4.61, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ConclusionsmiR-132 transfection has an effect of inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis on SW1990 cells, and the mechanism may be down-regulation of mucin-4, HER-2, p-FAK protein rxpression.

【Key words】Pancreatic neoplasms;MicroRNAs;Cell proliferation;Apoptosis

微小RNA(microRNA, miRNAs)是一種內(nèi)源性非編碼小分子RNA,在組織炎癥反應、細胞增殖與凋亡、組織分化以及惡性腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展等多種病理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。miR-132是當前研究熱點之一,它不僅在結(jié)腸癌和肺癌等多種惡性腫瘤細胞中表達下調(diào),同時與惡性腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移有著密切的關(guān)系[2-3]。本研究檢測miR-132在胰腺癌組織中的表達,并將miR-132轉(zhuǎn)染至胰腺癌細胞株SW1990,觀察其對SW1990細胞增殖和凋亡的影響,探討其作用機制。

材料與方法

一、材料

收集2004年8月至2013年7月間溫州醫(yī)學院附屬第二醫(yī)院肝膽外科行手術(shù)切除并經(jīng)病理證實的28例胰腺癌及匹配的癌旁正常胰腺組織標本。28例患者中男性15例,女性13例,年齡46~72歲,中位年齡54歲。術(shù)前均未行放、化療。全部標本取材后迅速置于-80℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。人胰腺癌細胞株SW1990購自中科院上海細胞庫,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)、傳代。4~6周齡雌性BALB/c-nu/nu品系裸鼠,體重18~20 g,購自中科院上海動物實驗中心,飼養(yǎng)于溫州醫(yī)學院動物實驗中心SPF級屏障系統(tǒng)的層流架內(nèi),室溫(25±1)℃,相對濕度40%~60%。

二、方法

1.胰腺癌組織miR-132表達的檢測:用Trizol試劑提取胰腺癌組織及癌旁正常胰腺組織的總RNA。采用PrimeScript逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(日本TakaRa公司)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,采用SYBR實時熒光定量試劑盒(Invitrogen公司)行實時定量PCR檢測miR-132表達,按說明書操作。PCR反應條件:95℃ 30 s,95℃ 5 s,60℃ 34 s,40循環(huán),72℃延伸7 min。以U6 snRNA作為內(nèi)參。通過儀器自帶軟件獲取Ct值,根據(jù)公式2-△△Ct計算miR-132的相對表達量。

2.miR-132轉(zhuǎn)染細胞及分組:取對數(shù)生長期SW1990細胞,按每孔4×106個細胞密度接種于6孔板,每孔2 ml。細胞貼壁后分為空白對照組、陰性對照組及轉(zhuǎn)染組,在培養(yǎng)基中分別加入濃度為50 nmol/L的Lipofectamine 2000、CyTM3標記miR-132錯義鏈、CyTM3標記miR-132 mimic(均購自銳博生物科技有限公司),培養(yǎng)24 h后收集細胞,在熒光顯微鏡下觀察細胞轉(zhuǎn)染效率。

3.轉(zhuǎn)染細胞miR-132表達檢測:取轉(zhuǎn)染48 h的SW1990細胞,用Trizol試劑提取細胞總RNA,采用Hairpin-itTMmiRNAs qPCR Quantitation Kit行實時定量PCR檢測miR-132表達,按說明書操作,以U6 snRNA作為內(nèi)參,根據(jù)公式2-△△Ct計算miR-132的相對表達量。

4.轉(zhuǎn)染細胞的增殖及凋亡檢測:取轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的SW1990細胞制成單細胞懸液,以每孔4×103個細胞密度接種于96孔板,每孔200 μl。細胞貼壁后分別培養(yǎng)24、48、72、96 h,每組設5個復孔,以僅加入等量PBS的孔調(diào)零。在各培養(yǎng)時間點結(jié)束前1 h加CCK-8溶液(南京凱基生物科技發(fā)展有限公司)0.01 ml,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)1 h,上酶標儀測各孔波長為490 nm的吸光度值(A490值)。細胞存活率=實驗組A490值/對照組A490值×100%。

取轉(zhuǎn)染24 h的SW1990細胞,調(diào)整細胞密度為1×105/ml。取1 ml細胞懸液滴于普通載玻片上培養(yǎng)過夜,用甲醛固定,再加DAPI溶液(南京凱基生物科技發(fā)展有限公司)染色5 min,置熒光顯微鏡下觀察。取20個低倍視野,每個視野計數(shù)200個細胞,計算凋亡細胞占總細胞數(shù)的百分率,取均值。

5.轉(zhuǎn)染細胞mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK、FAK蛋白表達檢測:取轉(zhuǎn)染miR-132的SW1990細胞,用細胞裂解液裂解細胞,用Bradford法測量蛋白濃度。取50 μg蛋白常規(guī)行蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK、FAK蛋白的表達,以β-actin為內(nèi)參。兔抗人mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK、FAK、β-actin一抗均購自Santa Cruz公司,工作濃度均為1∶1 000,HRP標記的羊抗兔IgG工作濃度1∶2 500。最后ECL發(fā)光,X片曝光、顯影,用Quantity One 4.6.2(BIO, RAD)軟件分析各條帶灰度值,以目的條帶與內(nèi)參條帶的灰度值比表示蛋白的相對表達量。

6.裸鼠皮下胰腺癌種植瘤模型建立及分組:將15只裸鼠按完全隨機法分成空白對照組、陰性對照組和轉(zhuǎn)染組,分別在裸鼠右側(cè)大腿背部皮下注射對數(shù)生長期的空白對照組、陰性對照組和轉(zhuǎn)染組的SW1990細胞,細胞密度為2×107/ml,每只裸鼠注射0.2 ml。注射4周后處死裸鼠,剝離裸鼠皮下種植瘤標本,稱重。

7.皮下種植瘤的細胞凋亡檢測:采用TUNEL法檢測種植瘤的細胞凋亡。按試劑盒(深圳晶美生物技術(shù)有限公司)說明書操作。TUNEL染色陽性細胞判定標準為胞質(zhì)不著色,胞核染成棕褐色,核固縮,染色質(zhì)凝集成塊或邊集。取5個低倍視野,每個視野計數(shù)200個細胞。凋亡指數(shù)=凋亡細胞數(shù)/細胞總數(shù)×100%,取均值。

8.種植瘤組織Ki-67、mucin-4蛋白表達檢測:取種植瘤組織,經(jīng)甲醛固定、石蠟包埋、切片,采用免疫組化法檢測瘤組織Ki-67、mucin-4蛋白表達。免疫組化SP試劑盒購自德國寶靈曼公司,按說明書操作。在低倍鏡下隨機選擇20個視野,用Image-Pro Plus6.0圖像處理軟件分析Ki-67、mucin-4的IOD值。

三、統(tǒng)計學處理

結(jié)果

一、胰腺癌及癌旁正常胰腺組織miR-132 表達

28例胰腺癌及癌旁正常胰腺組織miR-132的相對表達量分別為0.46±0.11和1.24±0.36,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=6.509,P<0.05)。

二、各組SW1990細胞miR-132的表達量

空白對照組、陰性對照組和轉(zhuǎn)染組SW1990細胞的miR-132表達量分別為0.73±0.15、0.84±0.17和2.95±0.46,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=52.181,P<0.05),轉(zhuǎn)染效率達到實驗要求(圖1)。

圖1 轉(zhuǎn)染miR-132的SW1990細胞

三、各組SW1990細胞增殖及凋亡的變化

轉(zhuǎn)染組SW1990細胞培養(yǎng)48、72、96 h時的存活率分別為陰性對照組56.5%、44.7%、37.4%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=127.947,P<0.05)。

熒光顯微鏡下觀察到空白對照組和陰性對照組細胞的核完整,大小一致,而轉(zhuǎn)染組細胞核出現(xiàn)明顯固縮和凋亡小體等改變(圖2)。轉(zhuǎn)染組、陰性對照組、空白對照組的細胞凋亡率分別為41.6%、5.7%和6.4%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=137.634,P<0.05)。

圖2 空白對照組(2A)、陰性對照組(2B)、轉(zhuǎn)染組(2C)細胞的凋亡(熒光顯微鏡 ×400)

四、各組SW1990細胞mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK、FAK蛋白表達

轉(zhuǎn)染組細胞mucin-4、HER-2和p-FAK蛋白的表達較兩對照組明顯下調(diào),而FAK的表達無明顯變化(表1,圖3)。

組 別mucin-4HER-2p-FAK空白對照組2.57±0.311.38±0.263.12±0.43陰性對照組2.94±0.421.75±0.332.74±0.24轉(zhuǎn)染組0.76±0.140.34±0.040.27±0.03F值18.12923.75342.889P值0.0030.001<0.001

圖3 空白對照組(1)、陰性對照組(2)、轉(zhuǎn)染組(3)SW1990細胞的mucin-4、HER-2、p-FAK、FAK蛋白表達

五、miR-132轉(zhuǎn)染對裸鼠胰腺癌皮下種植瘤生長的影響

各組裸鼠皮下種植瘤的成瘤率均為100%,實驗過程中裸鼠均無死亡??瞻讓φ战M、陰性對照組和轉(zhuǎn)染組平均種植瘤重量分別為(0.48±0.16)、(0.59±0.13)、(0.23±0.05)g(圖4),轉(zhuǎn)染組裸鼠種植瘤重量顯著低于空白對照組和陰性對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=25.107,P<0.05)。

圖4 各組裸鼠的皮下種植瘤大小

六、各組裸鼠胰腺癌皮下種植瘤的細胞凋亡

空白對照組、陰性對照組、轉(zhuǎn)染組種植瘤的細胞凋亡指數(shù)分別為(3.8±0.5)%、(5.2±0.7)%、(21.7±4.7)%(圖5),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=53.698,P<0.05)。

圖5 空白對照組(5A)、陰性對照組(5B)、轉(zhuǎn)染組(5C)裸鼠胰腺癌皮下種植瘤的凋亡細胞(TUNEL法 ×400)

七、各組裸鼠胰腺癌皮下種植瘤組織Ki-67、mucin-4表達

轉(zhuǎn)染組種植瘤組織的Ki-67和mucin-4的陽性表達強度均明顯低于空白對照組和陰性對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(圖6、表2)。

圖6 空白對照組(6A)、陰性對照組(6B)、轉(zhuǎn)染組(6C)裸鼠胰腺癌皮下種植瘤Ki-67(左)、mucin-4(右)的表達(免疫組化 ×400)

近年來研究表明,miRNAs與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展關(guān)系密切,其中miR-132 是目前比較公認的抑癌性miRNA。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)幾十種miR-132的靶基因,其中大多數(shù)已被證實可直接調(diào)控腫瘤細胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等[3-4]。但miR-132對胰腺癌生長和凋亡的作用尚未見報道。本研究結(jié)果表明,miR-132在胰腺癌組織中的表達明顯下調(diào),表明miR-132參與胰腺癌的發(fā)展過程。

表2 各組裸鼠種植瘤組織Ki-67和mucin-4的表達 ± s)

癌癥的發(fā)生是多基因和多因素共同參與的細胞增殖、分化以及凋亡異常的過程。既往的研究報道,miR-132能抑制惡性腫瘤生長,并誘導細胞凋亡[5-6],但尚無體內(nèi)實驗的研究報道。本研究將miR-132轉(zhuǎn)染胰腺癌SW1990細胞,結(jié)果顯示轉(zhuǎn)染細胞的miR-132表達顯著上調(diào),細胞的增殖被抑制,凋亡增加;轉(zhuǎn)染細胞種植于裸鼠皮下形成的胰腺癌皮下種植瘤的體積明顯縮小,重量明顯降低,且Ki-67陽性表達強度明顯下降,種植瘤內(nèi)細胞凋亡明顯增加,進一步證實miR-132對胰腺癌細胞增殖和凋亡的調(diào)控作用。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),mucins家族蛋白在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展以及逃避機體免疫監(jiān)視等多種病理生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,在惡性腫瘤的診斷中亦具有一定價值[7-8]。mucin-4在正常組織細胞中低表達或無表達,但在腫瘤組織細胞中高表達[9]。此外,mucin-4與惡性腫瘤細胞對化療藥物耐藥性關(guān)系密切[10]。膜蛋白HER-2/ErbB-2作為與mucin-4共存蛋白,在穩(wěn)定mucin-4蛋白中起關(guān)鍵作用,與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,SW1990細胞轉(zhuǎn)染miR-132后,mucin-4和HER-2蛋白的表達顯著下調(diào),表明mucin-4可能作為miR-132的靶蛋白,在調(diào)控胰腺癌細胞增殖和凋亡過程中發(fā)揮一定的作用。文獻報道,F(xiàn)AK作為HER-2的下游蛋白[13],其磷酸化(p-FAK)與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等行為密切相關(guān)[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-132后可顯著抑制SW1990細胞p-FAK的表達,與mucin-4和HER-2表達下調(diào)結(jié)果相一致。

參考文獻

[1]Wu R, Li F, Zhu J, et al. A functional variant at miR-132-3p, miR-212-3p, and miR-361-5p binding site in CD80 gene alters susceptibility to gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population[J]. Med Oncol, 2014, 31(8):60.

[2]Zheng YB, Luo HP, Shi Q, et al. miR-132 inhibits colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis via directly targeting ZEB2[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(21):6515-6522.

[3]You J, Li Y, Fang N, et al. MiR-132 suppresses the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells via targeting the EMT regulator ZEB2[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3):e91827.

[4]You J, Li Y, Fang N, et al. MiR-132 suppresses the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells via targeting the EMT regulator ZEB2[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3):e91827.

[5]Wong HK, Veremeyko T, Patel N, et al. De-repression of FOXO3a death axis by microRNA-132 and -212 causes neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer′s disease[J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2013, 22(15):3077-3092.

[6]Cheng AM, Byrom MW, Shelton J, et al. Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2005, 33(4):1290-1297.

[7]Dharmaraj N, Chapela PJ, Morgado M, et al. Expression of the transmembrane mucins, MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16, in normal endometrium and in endometriosis[J]. Hum Reprod, 2014, 29(8):1730-1738.

[8]Nakayama J. Dual roles of gastric gland mucin-specific o-glycans in prevention of gastric cancer[J]. Acta Histochem Cytochem, 2014, 47(1):1-9.

[9]Shibahara H, Higashi M, Koriyama C, et al. Pathobiological implications of mucin (MUC) expression in the outcome of small bowel cancer[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(4):e86111.

[10]Workman HC, Sweeney C, Carraway KL 3rd. The membrane mucin Muc4 inhibits apoptosis induced by multiple insults via ErbB2-dependent and ErbB2-independent mechanisms[J]. Cancer Res, 2009, 69(7):2845-2852.

[11]Kaur S, Sharma N, Krishn SR, et al. MUC4-mediated regulation of acute phase protein lipocalin 2 through HER2/AKT/NF-κB signaling in pancreatic cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 20(3):688-700.

[12]Chaturvedi P, Singh AP, Chakraborty S, et al. MUC4 mucin interacts with and stabilizes the HER2 oncoprotein in human pancreatic cancer cells[J]. Cancer Res, 2008, 68(7):2065-2070.

[13]Luo CW, Wu CC, Ch'ang HJ. Radiation sensitization of tumor cells induced by shear stress: the roles of integrins and FAK[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014, 1843(9):2129-2137.

[14]Owens LV, Xu L, Dent GA, et al. Focal adhesion kinase as a marker of invasive potential in differentiated human thyroid cancer[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 1996, 3(1):100-105.

(本文編輯:屠振興)

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