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微創(chuàng)二尖瓣置換術(shù)與胸骨正中切口手術(shù)比較分析

2015-12-16 03:50王征陳保富朱成楚葉敏華馬德華
浙江臨床醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:胸骨體外循環(huán)置換術(shù)

王征 陳保富 朱成楚 葉敏華 馬德華

微創(chuàng)二尖瓣置換術(shù)與胸骨正中切口手術(shù)比較分析

王征 陳保富 朱成楚 葉敏華 馬德華

目的 探討右胸小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)的療效和安全性。方法 回顧性分析22例胸骨正中切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)(傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組)和45例右胸小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)(微創(chuàng)手術(shù)組)的臨床資料。比較兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)、近期并發(fā)癥及轉(zhuǎn)歸情況。結(jié)果 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。微創(chuàng)組的體外循環(huán)時(shí)間、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間較傳統(tǒng)組長(zhǎng)(P<0.05),而術(shù)后ICU住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間較傳統(tǒng)組短(P<0.05),術(shù)后引流量、用血量微創(chuàng)組較傳統(tǒng)組少(P<0.05)。在抗凝過度、三尖瓣關(guān)閉不全方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組心功能分級(jí)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 右胸小切口瓣膜手術(shù)安全、有效,創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。

心臟瓣膜 外科手術(shù) 微創(chuàng) 右胸小切口 胸骨正中切口

隨著現(xiàn)代麻醉、體外循環(huán)、心肌保護(hù)及手術(shù)器械等技術(shù)進(jìn)步,微創(chuàng)瓣膜手術(shù)近幾年迅速發(fā)展。但右胸小切口微創(chuàng)瓣膜手術(shù)因技術(shù)復(fù)雜、難度高、要求高,目前僅在國內(nèi)外少數(shù)醫(yī)療中心開展,且手術(shù)并發(fā)癥時(shí)有發(fā)生。本院自2010年12月以來開展右胸小切口與胸骨正中切口二尖瓣置換手術(shù)對(duì)比分析。報(bào)道如下。

1 臨床資料

1.1 一般資料 收集2010年12月至2014年10月67例患者,其中男23例,女44例;年齡21~63歲,平均(49.5±12.4)歲。其中風(fēng)濕性心臟病50例,退行性心瓣膜病16例,感染性心內(nèi)膜炎1例。心功能Ⅱ級(jí)26例、Ⅲ級(jí)35例、Ⅳ級(jí)6例。二尖瓣單純狹窄11例,單純關(guān)閉不全17例,狹窄合并關(guān)閉不全39例。合并主瓣病變9例,三尖瓣病變23例,房顫29例,左房血栓7例。行胸骨正中切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)22例(傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組),右胸小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)45例(微創(chuàng)組)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前均經(jīng)超聲心動(dòng)圖、胸部X線片和心電圖等檢查確診。(2)排除合并冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病、二次心臟手術(shù)病例。(3)術(shù)前向患者及家屬充分告知兩種手術(shù)的方法、特點(diǎn)、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),根據(jù)患者對(duì)手術(shù)方式的選擇進(jìn)行分組。(4)所有手術(shù)由同一手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)完成。(5)均行單純二尖瓣置換術(shù)。兩組年齡、性別、心功能分級(jí)(NYHA分級(jí))、瓣膜病變、瓣膜病因、合并心臟疾病等差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,組間具有可比性。1.2 手術(shù)方法 (1)微創(chuàng)組:所有患者均行氣管內(nèi)插雙腔管,靜脈吸入復(fù)合麻醉,左側(cè)單肺通氣。取右側(cè)抬高30°位,作右側(cè)腹股溝斜切口,分離股、動(dòng)靜脈,肝素化后穿刺并置入導(dǎo)絲,根據(jù)血管大小選擇合適導(dǎo)管,動(dòng)脈插管16~20#,靜脈插管24~28#,單純瓣膜置換病例股靜脈插管經(jīng)右房達(dá)上腔靜脈,單根引流;需同期行三尖瓣成形者股靜脈插管達(dá)下腔靜脈入口,再經(jīng)右胸小切口插上腔靜脈,雙根靜脈引流。二尖瓣置換組作右側(cè)乳房下弧形切口(6~8cm),經(jīng)第4肋間入胸腔,以長(zhǎng)爪牽開器撐開上、下肋間和切口的邊緣。距膈神經(jīng)上方2cm縱向切開心包,并懸吊固定。經(jīng)肺靜脈插左房引流管,升主動(dòng)脈根部插灌注管,于腋前線第3肋間作1cm小切口置入Chitwood主動(dòng)脈阻斷鉗。右腋中線第7肋間再做一長(zhǎng)1cm切口,通過左房減壓管及CO2吹氣管。單純二尖瓣置換病例經(jīng)房間溝切開進(jìn)入左房,牽引房間溝切口,顯露二尖瓣,切除二尖瓣,間斷縫合法行二尖瓣置換,專用打結(jié)器打結(jié)。需同期行三尖瓣成形則分別阻斷上下腔靜脈,經(jīng)右房途徑手術(shù)。體外循環(huán)之前,經(jīng)中心靜脈抽血,自體儲(chǔ)血,體外循環(huán)結(jié)束后回輸;使用自體血液回收機(jī),吸引回收術(shù)中出血,經(jīng)分離、清洗后回輸。(2)傳統(tǒng)組:經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)胸骨正中切口行二尖瓣置換手術(shù)。具體方法見參考文獻(xiàn)[1]。兩組患者術(shù)后均送重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室監(jiān)護(hù)治療,術(shù)后各項(xiàng)生命體征穩(wěn)定后轉(zhuǎn)回普通病房。

1.3 隨訪方法 采用門診復(fù)查隨訪和電話隨訪等方式。隨訪資料包括術(shù)后晚期并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后心功能分級(jí)、術(shù)后瓣膜B超檢查結(jié)果、術(shù)后常規(guī)檢查與血化驗(yàn)及X線胸片等。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS17.0軟件。計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者術(shù)中臨床資料比較 見表1。

表1 兩組患者術(shù)中臨床資料比較(x±s)

2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后臨床資料比較 見表2。

表2 兩組患者術(shù)后臨床資料比較(x±s)

2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后近期并發(fā)癥比較 見表3。

表3 兩組患者術(shù)后近期并發(fā)癥比較[n(%)]

2.4 兩組患者術(shù)后隨訪資料比較 見表4。

表4 兩組患者術(shù)后隨訪資料比較[n(%)]

3 討論

體外循環(huán)直視心臟手術(shù)技術(shù)日臻成熟,但切口長(zhǎng)、創(chuàng)傷大、恢復(fù)慢,故盡可能減小手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷和達(dá)到美學(xué)效果已成為心臟外科的一種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。隨著體外循環(huán)和麻醉技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,及專用手術(shù)器械、手術(shù)設(shè)備[2]的面世,微創(chuàng)心臟手術(shù)技術(shù)逐漸發(fā)展,且取得了良好的治療效果。為保障微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的安全性,術(shù)前必須嚴(yán)格掌握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證。結(jié)合臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),作者認(rèn)為該手術(shù)適應(yīng)人群有:對(duì)美容有要求的年輕人、既往有胸骨正中切口手術(shù)史者、糖尿病患者及有可能行再次心臟手術(shù)的高危人群等。對(duì)于有右胸手術(shù)史、右側(cè)胸膜炎、心功能差、聯(lián)合瓣膜病變,及合并冠心病、嚴(yán)重肺動(dòng)脈高壓等患者,選用正中切口較安全[3]。經(jīng)外周血管建立體外循環(huán),股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈穿刺插管[4],阻斷鉗經(jīng)胸或經(jīng)皮直接阻斷升主動(dòng)脈的方法建立體外循環(huán)[5],既能保證小切口術(shù)野的清楚顯露,又能保持下肢動(dòng)靜脈血流的連續(xù)性,避免術(shù)后下肢血管狹窄、肢體缺血壞死等并發(fā)癥[6],為微創(chuàng)心臟手術(shù)提供條件。術(shù)中麻醉師給予左肺單肺通氣及呼吸末正壓,有利于改善二尖瓣及瓣下結(jié)構(gòu)的暴露[7]。良好的股靜脈和肺靜脈引流可減輕心臟充盈,提供無血的手術(shù)視野,利于手術(shù)安全進(jìn)行。微創(chuàng)手術(shù)切口隱蔽,由胸部正中改為右乳緣下,長(zhǎng)度由15~20cm縮小至5~8cm,滿足了美觀的需求。對(duì)于既往有正中切口心臟手術(shù)史的患者,二次手術(shù)經(jīng)右側(cè)進(jìn)胸,可避開粘連,有利于心臟顯露,提高手術(shù)安全性;術(shù)后無縱隔粘連,可為部分二次正中切口心臟手術(shù)患者提供條件。 該術(shù)式避免胸骨正中切開,減少骨髓腔及骨膜術(shù)中、術(shù)后出血,從而減少建立或撤除體外循環(huán)過程中的血液丟失。隨著出血量及二次手術(shù)比例的減少,輸血的比例及輸血量也較前減少[8]。這與國內(nèi)外報(bào)道相似[9]。右胸小切口心臟手術(shù)保持了胸骨的完整性及胸廓的穩(wěn)定性,減輕切口疼痛,減少肺部感染的發(fā)生率,有助于術(shù)后肺功能的恢復(fù),縮短術(shù)后呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間、總住院日,從而縮短術(shù)后恢復(fù)時(shí)間[10]??偨Y(jié)文獻(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)微創(chuàng)手術(shù)在ICU住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后疼痛和恢復(fù)情況等方面較傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)有優(yōu)勢(shì),本資料與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符合[11]。本資料中兩組在術(shù)后近期、晚期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率等方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明右胸小切口手術(shù)的安全性與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)無顯著差別,但尚需擴(kuò)大樣本量,進(jìn)一步隨訪,觀察遠(yuǎn)期療果。微創(chuàng)組早期患者中出現(xiàn)右側(cè)膈神經(jīng)損傷及股神經(jīng)損傷,1例腋前線第三肋間(放置Chitwood主動(dòng)脈阻斷鉗)小切口因肋間血管損傷,術(shù)后大出血,再次進(jìn)胸止血??紤]與手術(shù)熟練程度有關(guān)。但右胸小切口微創(chuàng)心臟手術(shù)也有其局限性。手術(shù)野狹小,暴露相對(duì)較差,手術(shù)操作難度增加,一旦發(fā)生大出血,術(shù)中難以及時(shí)采用有效措施,造成搶救困難[12]。該研究結(jié)果顯示,體外循環(huán)時(shí)間、主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間均相對(duì)延長(zhǎng),考慮受早期技術(shù)熟練程度限制[13]。但因開胸、關(guān)胸時(shí)間較正中切口手術(shù)縮短,手術(shù)總耗時(shí)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

1 吳清玉.心臟外科學(xué).濟(jì)南:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2003:523~530.

2 Dogan S, Dzemali O, Wimmer-Greinecker G, et al. Minimally invasive versus conventional aortic valve replacement: a prospective randomized trial. J Heart Valve Dis, 2003,12(1):76~80.

3 Mihaljevic T, Cohn LH, Unic D, et al. One thousand minimally invasive valve operations: early and late results. Ann Surg, 2004,240(3):529~534.

4 Plass A, Scheffel H, Alkadhi H, et al. Aortic valve replacement through a minimally invasive approach: preoperative planning, surgical technique, and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009,88(6):1851~1856.

5 Colangelo N, Torracca L, Lapenna E, et al. Vacuum-assisted venous drainage in extrathoracic cardiopulmonary bypass management during minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Perfusion, 2006,21(6):361~365.

6 Brown ML, McKellar SH, Sundt TM, et al. Ministernotomy versus conventional sternotomy for aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009,137(3):670~679.

7 Bonacchi M, Prifti E, Giunti G, et al. Does ministernotomy improve postoperative outcome in aortic valve operation?A prospective randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002,73:460~465.

8 Lee S, Chang BC, Lim SH, et al. Clinical results of minimally invasive open- heart surgery in patients with mitral valve diaease:comparison of Parasternal and Low-sternal approach. J Yonsei Med, 2003,73:461~465.

9 Modi P, Hassan A, Chitwood WR Jr. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008,34(5): 943~52.

10 Lydia Richardsona, Michael Richardsona, Steven Hunter. Is a portacess mitral valve repair superior to the sternotomy approach in accelerating postoperative recovery?Interactive Cardio vascular and Thoracic Surgery, 2008,7:678~683.

11 Aris A, Camara ML, Montiel J, et al. Ministernotomy versus media sternotomy for aortic valve replacement:A prospective, randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg, 1999,67:1583~1587.

12 Morgan L, McKellar SH, Brown L, et al. Ministernotomy versus conventional sternotomy for aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2008, 137(3): 589~590.

13 Bakir I, Casselman FP, Wellens F, et al. Minimally invasive versus standard approach aortic valve replacement: a study in 506 patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006,81(5):1599~604.

Objective To explore and evaluate the feasibility, safety of right anterolateral mini-thoracotomy in mitral valve replacement. Methods Clinical data from 45 patients(minimally invasive group)received right anterolateral mini-thoracotomy from December 2010 to October 2014,and 22 patients(traditional group)underwent median sternotomy from January 2014 to October 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.The operative procedures and Postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results There were not signifi cant differences in the comparison of the preoperative datas(P>0.05). There were no significant differences in re-exploration for bleeding rate, new onset atrial fibrillation, pneumonia, cerebrovascular accident, septic wound of complications, phrenic nerve injury(P>0.05). The minimally invasive group were longer than the traditional group in the times of extracorporeal circulation and aortic clamp(P<0.05). But ICU stay,postoperative mechanical ventilation time,postoperative hospitalization time in the minimally invasive group were shorter than in the traditional group(P<0.05). The traditional group had more blood loss and needed more blood transfusion than the minimally invasive group(P<0.05). There were not signifi cant differences between the two groups(P>0.05). The differences in the cardiac function classifi cation between minimally invasive group and traditional group were not signifi cant(P>0.05).Conclusion The right anterolateral mini-thoracotomy in the mitral valve replacement is safe and effective. It can be performed with good cosmetic and clinic effectiveness. The surgeon should strictly control operation indications, choice cases, abide by the operation norm, take individual therapeutic methods in the minimally invasive surgery.

Heart valves Surgical procedures Minimally invasive Right anterolateral minithoracotomy Median sternotomy Case-control studies

317000 浙江省臺(tái)州醫(yī)院心胸外科

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