于智鵬　王曦　張效敏　等

摘要通過反相懸浮聚合法制備了三聚氰胺甲醛（MF）樹脂微膠囊包覆紅磷，采用紅外光譜（FIIR）、掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）、X射線光電子能譜（XPS）對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了表征，并對(duì)微膠囊紅磷與聚丙烯（PP）及尼龍6（PA6）形成的復(fù)合物的極限氧指數(shù)進(jìn)行了分析，評(píng)價(jià)了微膠囊紅磷的熱性能，測(cè)試了其在PP及PA6復(fù)合物中的阻燃效率.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，三聚氰胺甲醛樹脂被成功包覆在紅磷顆粒的表面.當(dāng)微膠囊紅磷的添加質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為15%時(shí)，PA6/MRP的極限氧指數(shù)LOI大于28.2%，而PP/MRP的極限氧指數(shù)LOI大于22.4%.

關(guān)鍵詞反相懸浮聚合； 三聚氰胺甲醛樹脂；微膠囊包覆；紅磷

Red phosphorus （RP） has become one of the efficient， ecological and the most harmless additives for fire retardant polymers [1]. As a fire retardant additive， the phosphorus is required to be in fine particle size to have less negative effect on the mechanical properties of fire retardant polymer composites. However， phosphorus with very fine particle is highly flammable especially at elevated temperature in the presence of moisture and atmospheric oxygen. In addition， surfacemodification is also required to improve the interfacial interactions between polymer matrix and phosphorus. The most widely used technique is inorganic or polymeric microencapsulation[29]. In polymeric microencapsulation， the thermosetting resins including epoxy resin， melamine formaldehyde， urea formaldehyde and phenolic formaldehyde resins were preferably used[1012]. Typically， phosphorus powders were suspended in a polymeric aqueous solution at higher temperature； once the temperature was cooled down， suspended phosphorus particles were coated with the precipitated polymers. The encapsulated phosphorus was obtained after filtration. In this process， a large quantity of water with dissolved polymers needs to be treated[13]. In this study， inverse suspension polymerization method was applied in the preparation of melamine formaldehyde resin coated red phosphorus. Higher coating efficiency of polymers and lower waste water were expected in this method.

1Experimental

1.1Materials

Red phosphorus powder with a particle size of about 600 mesh was provided by Luxi Songgong HiTech Co.， Ltd （China）； Soybean oil was provided by Xinsha cereals and oils Co.， Ltd （China）； Melamine and formaldehyde were purchased from Tianjin Hengxing reagent Co.， Ltd （China）. Chemicals including Span 80， acetic acid， ammonia aqueous solution and ethyl acetate were purchased from Tianjin Fengchuan chemical reagent Technology Co.， Ltd （China）； PA6 was purchased from Yueyang PetrolChemical Co.， Ltd （China）； PP was purchased from Chinese PetrolChemical Co.， Ltd （China）.

湖南師范大學(xué)自然科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)第38卷第5期于智鵬等：反相懸浮聚合法制備三聚氰胺甲醛樹脂包覆紅磷1.2Microencapsulation of RP

For a typical encapsulation process， 6.4 g of melamine and 3.8 g of paraformaldehyde was dispersed in 150 mL of water and was magnetically stirred at 85 ℃ for 0.5h until a clear solution was formed while the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8～9 with aqueous ammonia. And then 40 g of red phosphorus was added into the mixture. After kept stirring for another 20 min， a well dispersed mixture was obtained. Meanwhile， 450 mL of soybean oil and 2 g of Span 80 were stirred at 85 ℃ for 10 min. Then， the mixture of phosphorus was added dropwise into the mixture of soybean oil. And then the red phosphorus/melamine formaldehyde/soybean oil mixture was kept stirring for another 30 min to obtain a stable dispersion while the temperature was kept at 85 ℃. The pH of the dispersion was then adjusted to 4～5 with glacial acetic acid and the mixture was kept stirring at a constant temperature of 85 ℃ for another 2 h. After cooled to room temperature， the mixture was filtered， and the solid was washed three times with ethyl acetate， then the microencapsulated red phosphorus （MRP） was obtained after dried to constant weight in vacuum at 75 ℃.

1.3Preparation of PP/MRP and PA6/MRP composites

The PP/MRP and PA6/MRP composites were prepared by the melt blending method respectively. PP （PA6） and MRP at a loading of 15 wt% were premixed in a highspeed mixer， and then the mixture was extruded by a twinscrew extruder. Finally， the bars for LOI testing were prepared by injection molding in a size of 100 mm×30 mm× 6 mm.

1.4Characterization

1.4.1Ignition point and water absorption[14]One gram of pristine RP or microencapsulated RP sample was placed into a 10 mL porcelain crucible， then put into an electric furnace and heated to observe ignition point with a heating rate of 2 ℃/min.

Two grams of RP or microencapsulated RP sample were placed in a thermohydrostatic chamber at a constant temperature of 65 ℃ and a relative humidity of 95%. The samples were weighed before and after placed in the chamber for 5 days to calculate the percentage of increasing weight.

1.4.2Recovery of MFThe recovery of MF（Y） was calculated using Eq 1 as follows：

Y=（m1-m2）/m3（1）

where Y is the recovery of MF， m1 is the mass of MRP， m2 is the mass of red phosphorus， and m3 is the mass of MF.

1.4.3FTIR and XPS spectroscopyFTIR spectra were recorded in the range from 4 000 to 400 cm-1 with 50 scans and at a resolution of 4 cm-1 using KBr background at room temperature on PerkinElmer System 2000 FTIR spectrometer. XPS （Xray photoelectron spectroscopy） data was obtained with a KAlpha 1063 electron spectrometer from VG Scientific using 72 W Al Kα radiation. The base pressure was about 10-9 mbar.

1.4.4SEM microscopySurface morphology of pristine RP and microencapsulated RP were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） after coated with gold. SEM micrographs were taken on a HITACH TM3030 field emission scanning electron microscopy at an operating voltage of 12 kV.

1.4.5The limiting oxygen index （LOI）The LOI measurements were carried out on an oxygen index instrument according to GB 240680.

2Results and discussion

2.1Chemical composition analyzed by IR and XPS

A typical FTIR spectrum of the product from this process was shown in Fig.1. The absorption bands at 1 556， 1 489， 1 351 and 813 cm-1 were attributed to the vibrations of melamine rings and indicated the presence of melamine formaldehyde resin[15].

To confirm that the polymer resin was coated on the surface of phosphorus， XPS was applied to analyze the elements in the samples. XPS spectra obtained from RP and MRP were shown in Fig.2. The peaks at 188.0 eV and 129.0 eV were assigned to P（2s） and P（2p） binding energy of phosphorus atom； the peak at 532.3 eV was assigned to O（1s） binding energy； the peak at 399.1 eV was assigned to the N（1s） binding energy； the peak at 284.0 eV was assigned to C（1s） binding energy. It was obvious that there were peaks at 284.0 eV， 399.1 eV and 532.0 eV while there was no peak at 188.0 eV and 129.0 eV in the spectrum of MRP， indicating the surface of red phosphorus was well coated by the melamineformaldehyde resin.

Fig.1FTIR spectrum obtained from MRPFig.2XPS spectra obtained from： （a）RP； （b）MRP2.2Morphology characterization by SEM

In this work， SEM was used to observe the surfaces of pristine RP and MRP. It was obvious that the surface of RP was smooth while the surface of MRP was rough and uneven， indicating the achievement of polymer coatings on the surface of red phosphorus[16].

Fig.3SEM images obtained from： （a）RP； （b）MRP2.3Water absorption and ignition point

The water absorption and ignition point of MRP are directly related to the surface coverage of microcapsules， the pristine RP is easily ignited and the oxidized surface of phosphorus is the main cause of water absorption. The data for water absorption and ignition point of RP and MRP were listed in Tab.1. MRP exhibited lower water absorption and higher ignition point compared to that of RP which indicated that the surface of MRP was well coated[15].

Tab.1Water absorption and ignition point of pristine RP and MRP

SampleMass/gWater absorption/gWater absorption/%Ignition point/℃RP2.00.1477.35260MRP2.00.0100.053702.4The recovery of MF prepared by in situ polymerization and inverse suspension polymerization

In a typical industrial process， waste treatment and costing were big issues. The encapsulation rates of MF on RP prepared by in situ polymerization[2] and inverse suspension polymerization method were compared， and the experiment data on the recovery of MF from MRP prepared by in situ polymerization and inverse suspension polymerization were 73% and 85%， respectively. This data indicated that fewer polymers were wasted in the inverse suspension polymerization， and only one third of water was used in the inverse suspension polymerization.

2.5The fire retardant efficiency of microencapsulated RP

To evaluate the flame retardant efficiency of the microencapsulated RP， PA6 and PP were selected as the polymers for MRP polymer composites and LOI was selected as measurement； the LOI results of composites were reported in Tab.2. The experimental results showed that the LOI data for PA6 and PP MRP composites are 28.2 and 22.4， respectively when the loading of microencapsulated red phosphorus was at 15 wt%. These data are very similar to that reported in reference [17].

Tab.2Effect of different loading of MRP on the limiting oxygen index （LOI） of PP/MRP and PA6/MRP composites

SampleLOI/%PP17.3PP+5%MRP19.6PP+10%MRP20.5PP+15%MRP22.4PA622.5PA6+5%MRP24.4PA6+10%MRP26.7PA6+15%MRP28.23Conclusions

Melamine resin coated red phosphorus was obtained for the first time by inverse suspension polymerization. Experimental data from FTIR， SEM， XPS and LOI for PP/MRP or PA6/MRP composites indicated the wellcoated red phosphorus was obtained and this coated red phosphorus has high flame retardant efficiency in PP and PA6. Based on the evidences from experiments the treatment and application of melamine resin coated red phosphorus in this work was a promising project in the industrial production of coated red phosphorus due to costsaving and environment benefits.

References：

[1]BRAUN U， SCHARTEL B. Effect of Red Phosphorus and Melamine Polyphosphate on the Fire Behavior of HIPS[J]. J Fire Sci， 2005，23（1）：530.

[2]LIU Y， WANG Q. Melamine cyanuratemicroencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66[J]. Polym Degrad Stab， 2006，91（12）：31033109.

[3]RONALD L H， DALE E W， COLIN E D. Microencapsulated epoxy adhesive system： US 4536524[P].19850820.

[4]MATSUO S， USAMI I， KURIHARA M， et al. Adhensive containing microcapsules： EP 0543675A1[P].19930526.

[5]YUAN L， LIANG G Z， XIE J Q， et al. Preparation and characterization of poly（ureaformaldehyde） microcapsules filled with epoxy resins[J]. Polymer， 2006，47（15）：53385349.

[6]YIN T， RONG M Z， ZHANG M Q， et al. Selfhealing epoxy composites Preparation and effect of the healant consisting of microencapsulated epoxy and latent curing agent[J]. Compos Sci Technol， 2007，67（2）：201212.

[7]COSCO S， AMBROGL V， MUSTO P， et al. Properties of poly（ureaformaldehyde） microcapsules containing an epoxy resin[J]. J Appl Polym Sci， 2007，105（3）：14001411.

[8]XIAO D S， RONG M Z， ZHANG M Q. A novel method for preparing epoxycontaining microcapsules via UV irradiationinduced interfacial copolymerization in emulsions[J]. Polymer， 2007，48（16）：47654776.

[9]謝建強(qiáng)，梁國(guó)正，袁莉，等.聚苯乙烯包覆環(huán)氧樹脂微膠囊的研制[J].塑料工業(yè)， 2007，35（3）：6467.

[10]PECHT M， DENG Y L. Electronic device encapsulation using red phosphorus flame retardants[J]. Microelectron Reliab， 2006，46（1）：5362.

[11]WANG L J， HE X J， LU D H， et al. Flame retardancy of polypropylene （nano）composites containing LDH and zinc borate[J]. Polymers for advanced technologies， 2011，22（7）：11311138.

[12]JOU W S， CHEN K N， CHAO D Y， et al. Flame retardant and dielectric properties of glass fibre reinforced nylon66 filled with red phosphorous[J]. Polym Degrad Stabil， 2001，74（2）：239245.

[13]LIU Y， WANG Q. Melamine cyan ratemicroencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide66[J]. Polym Degrad Stab， 2006，91（12）：31033109.

[14]WU Q， LU J P， QU B J. Preparation and characterization of micro capsulated red phosphorus and its flameretardant mechanism in halogenfree flame retardant polyolefin[J]. Polym Int， 2003，52（8）：13261331.

[15]WANG H T， MENG X F， WEN B， et al. A simple route for the preparation of red phosphorus microcapsule with fine particle distribution[J]. Mater Lett， 2008，62（2122）：37453747.

[16]CHANG S K， ZENG C， YUAN W Z， REN J. Preparation and characterization of doublelayerde microencapsulated red phosphorus and its flame retardance in poly（lactic acid）[J]. J Appl Polym Sci， 2012，125（4）：30143022.

[17] LIU Y， WANG Q. Preparation of microencapsulated red phosphorus through melamine cyanurate selfassembly and its performance in flame retardant polyamide 6[J]. Polym Engineering Sci， 2006，46（11）：15481553.

（編輯楊春明）