馮家豪 楊偉金 孫政
[摘要] 目的 探討TWS119對(duì)結(jié)腸癌LOVO細(xì)胞系的耐藥性和增殖能力的影響。 方法 將LOVO細(xì)胞系分成3組,分別為2 μmol/L TWS119處理組、1 μmol/L TWS119處理組和陰性對(duì)照組,TWS119處理組加入2、1 μmol/L的TWS119,對(duì)照組加入等體積DMSO,培養(yǎng)24 h后分別進(jìn)行Western blot和qRT-PCR檢測(cè)β-鏈蛋白(β-catenin)多藥耐藥相關(guān)蛋白1 (MRP1)及P糖蛋白(P-gp)的表達(dá),用流式細(xì)胞分析檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期,用CCK8檢測(cè)細(xì)胞耐藥性變化。 結(jié)果 與陰性對(duì)照組比較,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組和1 μmol/L TWS119處理組細(xì)胞中MRP1、P-gp的mRNA和β-catenin、MRP1、P-gp的蛋白表達(dá),G2/M期細(xì)胞比例均明顯升高(P < 0.05)。雖然1 μmol/L TWS119處理組在5、10 μmol/L5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)作用下存活率無(wú)明顯變化(P > 0.05),但2 μmol/L TWS119處理組存活率明顯升高(P < 0.05);而且在15 μmol/L 5-FU作用下處理組存活率明顯升高(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,TWS119可以通過(guò)上調(diào)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路活性增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的耐藥性和增殖能力,揭示癌細(xì)胞耐藥性、Wnt/β-catenin通路和ABC轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體如P-gp、MRP1等存在聯(lián)系。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 結(jié)直腸癌;化療耐藥;TWS119;Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R73-36 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2015)09(a)-0027-05
[Abstract] Objective To discuss the impact of TWS119 on chemotherapy drug resistance and proliferation capacity of colon cancer cell line LOVO. Methods The cell line LOVO was divided into three group, 2 μmol/L TWS119 treatment group, 1 μmol/L TWS119 treatment group and negative control group, the TWS119 treatment groups were added 2, 1 μmol/L TWS119, the negative control group was added equal volume of DMSO, Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to test the expression of P-gp, β-catenin and MRP1 after 24 h treatment. Flow cytometry and CCK8 test were performed to analyze the cells tolerance change. Results Compared with the negative control group, the mRNA expression of MRP1, P-gp, the protein expression of P-gp, β-catenin and MRP1, the G2/M period cell rate in 2 μmol/L TWS119 treatment group and 1 μmol/L TWS119 treatment group significantly increased (P < 0.05); the survival rate with 5, 10 μmol/L 5-FU treatment had no significantly changed in 1 μmol/L TWS119 treatment group (P > 0.05), while those in 2 μmol/L treatment group significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the survival rate of both treatment group significantly increased with 15 μmol/L 5-FU treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion TWS119 can improve the chemotherapy drug resistance and proliferation capacity of colon cancer cell through increasing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro, these phenomena perhaps reveals there are some relationships among drug resistance of cancer cell, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the ABC transporter such as MRP1 and P-gp.
[Key words] Colorectal cancer; Chemotherapy resistance; TWS119; Wnt/β-catenin
在各種癌癥中,全球結(jié)直腸癌患病率居第3位,僅次于肺癌和乳腺癌[1]。東亞結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率正在上升,可能與生活方式西方化、高脂低纖維飲食、肥胖和吸煙的流行有關(guān)[2]。大部分新發(fā)案例可以接受根治性手術(shù)[3],但對(duì)于Ⅲ期結(jié)直腸癌患者,術(shù)后仍需化療[4];而且20%~30%新發(fā)病例有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,這些患者即使進(jìn)行根治性手術(shù),仍有近50%的患者發(fā)生局部復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移[5],對(duì)于這部分患者,系統(tǒng)化療顯得更為重要[4,6]。但單純化療并非根治手段,由于隨著治療的進(jìn)展,癌癥耐藥性會(huì)逐步增強(qiáng),這與患者藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)、藥物和腫瘤類(lèi)型、耐藥機(jī)制、腫瘤微環(huán)境有關(guān),機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜[7]。Wnt(wingless integration)信號(hào)通路被證實(shí)與人類(lèi)癌癥有關(guān)[8],分為Wnt/β-catenin(cadherin-associated protein,β-鏈蛋白,β-1)通路、Wnt/Ca2+通路和WNT/PCP(planar cell polarity)通路[9]。有研究顯示,相關(guān)基因突變導(dǎo)致的Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路調(diào)控失調(diào)出現(xiàn)在大部分結(jié)直腸癌病例中[10]。Wnt/β-catenin可以調(diào)節(jié)c-myc和cyclin D1基因,它們?cè)诩?xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖和分化中起重要作用,在結(jié)腸癌中這些基因常常被異常激活[11]。TWS119是一種人工合成的小分子化合物,它可以促進(jìn)老鼠胚胎腺癌細(xì)胞和胚胎癌細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞方向分化,而且發(fā)現(xiàn)其作用機(jī)制為抑制糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,GSK-3β)的磷酸化作用,可使胞內(nèi)β-catenin濃度升高進(jìn)而上調(diào)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路活性[12]。但TWS119對(duì)人類(lèi)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的作用仍未有報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究TWS119對(duì)LOVO細(xì)胞系的耐藥性和增殖性影響,探討其對(duì)人類(lèi)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的影響作用,進(jìn)一步揭示W(wǎng)nt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路與人類(lèi)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞耐藥性的聯(lián)系。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和藥物處理
LOVO細(xì)胞系(中山大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供)分為2 μmol/L TWS119處理組、1 μmol/L TWS119處理組和陰性對(duì)照組。在含10%胎牛血清、100 μg/mL鏈霉素和100 U/mL青霉素的RPMI1640培養(yǎng)基(Gibco),5%CO2、37℃無(wú)菌培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),TWS119(Selleck)溶于DMSO中-20℃避光保存,處理組分別加入2、1 μmol/L TWS119[13],陰性對(duì)照組加入等體積DMSO,培養(yǎng)24 h后進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2 qRT-PCR
收集細(xì)胞,用trizol試劑(invitrogen)提取細(xì)胞總RNA,用兩步法qRT-PCR SYBER試劑盒(TAKARA)檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞MRP1、P-gp mRNA表達(dá),各引物設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔,引物序列(由Invitrogen公司合成)見(jiàn)表1。
1.3 Western blot
收集細(xì)胞,用細(xì)胞裂解液提取總蛋白,經(jīng)聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離后轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h后一抗孵育過(guò)夜,二抗孵育1 h,曝光后掃描,使用Image J軟件分析灰度值。一抗、二抗均購(gòu)自北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司。
1.4 CCK8
調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至5×104/mL,接種于96孔板,5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)設(shè)5、10、15 μmol/L 3個(gè)濃度梯度,陰性對(duì)照加等體積培養(yǎng)基,各設(shè)5個(gè)復(fù)孔,無(wú)菌培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK8試劑(碧云天)作用4 h后酶標(biāo)儀分析吸光度,每組重復(fù)3次。
1.5 流式細(xì)胞分析
收集細(xì)胞,預(yù)冷PBS洗滌離心后用75%酒精固定過(guò)夜,碘化丙啶試劑(碧云天)染色30 min,流式細(xì)胞儀分析細(xì)胞周期。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 15.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組qRT-PCR結(jié)果
與陰性對(duì)照組比較,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組和1 μmol/L TWS119處理組細(xì)胞中P糖蛋白(P-gp)和多藥耐藥相關(guān)蛋白(MRP1)mRNA表達(dá)量顯著增加(P < 0.05),且2 μmol/L TWS119處理組較1 μmol/L TWS119處理組P-gp和MRP1 mRNA表達(dá)量顯著增加(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2、圖1。
2.2 三組Western blot結(jié)果
與陰性對(duì)照組比較,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組和1 μmol/L TWS119處理組細(xì)胞中β-鏈蛋白(β-catenin)、P-gp和MRP1蛋白表達(dá)量顯著增加(P < 0.05),且2 μmol/L TWS119處理組較1 μmol/L TWS119處理組β-cateniu、P-gp和MRP1蛋白表達(dá)量顯著增加(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2、3。
2.3 三組細(xì)胞在不同濃度5-FU作用下CCK8試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
在5 μmol/L 5-FU作用下,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組LOVO細(xì)胞存活率高于1 μmol/L TWS119處理組和陰性對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);但1 μmol/L TWS119處理組與陰性對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。在10 μmol/L 5-FU作用下,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組LOVO細(xì)胞存活率高于1 μmol/L TWS119處理組和陰性對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);但1 μmol/L TWS119處理組與陰性對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。在15 μmol/L 5-FU作用下,2 μmol/L TWS119處理組LOVO細(xì)胞存活率高于1 μmol/L TWS119處理組和對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);1 μmol/L TWS119處理組存活率明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3、圖4。
2.4 TWS119對(duì)增殖細(xì)胞比例的影響
陰性對(duì)照組G2/M期細(xì)胞比例為(6.42±2.62)%、2 μmol/L TWS119處理組G2/M期細(xì)胞比例為(17.8±1.60)%、1 μmol/L TWS119處理組G2/M期細(xì)胞比例為(11.63±1.59)%。與陰性對(duì)照組比較,2、1 μmol/L TWS119處理組中G2/M期細(xì)胞比例顯著升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);且2 μmol/L TWS119處理組G2/M期細(xì)胞比例明顯高于1 μmol/L TWS119處理組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
3 討論
通常情況下在細(xì)胞內(nèi)由軸抑制蛋白(axis inhibition protein,Axin)、結(jié)腸腺瘤樣息肉蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)、酪蛋白激酶1(casein kinase 1)和GSK-3β組成的復(fù)合體對(duì)β-catenin有磷酸化作用,磷酸化的β-catenin隨后被泛素-蛋白酶體降解,但Wnt與胞膜上的卷曲蛋白受體(frizzled class receptor)和低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白5/6(low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6,LRP5/6)結(jié)合后,通過(guò)蓬亂蛋白(dishevelled segment polarity protein,DVL)使上述蛋白復(fù)合體受到抑制,β-catenin在胞內(nèi)得以集聚,濃度升高。β-catenin通過(guò)核孔進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,可以與T細(xì)胞因子/淋巴增強(qiáng)結(jié)合因子家族(T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor,TCF/LEF)、環(huán)腺苷酸效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白結(jié)合蛋白[cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein,CBP]等結(jié)合,促進(jìn)多種轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)[14-16]。
P-gp和MRP1同屬ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(ATP binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)家族成員。P-gp由ABCB1基因編碼,在胞膜上有跨膜區(qū)-ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn),可以水解ATP釋放能量引起構(gòu)象改變,進(jìn)而使底物排出細(xì)胞[17]。P-gp被證實(shí)與腫瘤耐藥性有關(guān),使癌細(xì)胞抵抗蒽環(huán)類(lèi)、長(zhǎng)春堿類(lèi)和紫杉醇等化療藥的毒性[18]。MRP1是從P-gp表達(dá)缺失的耐藥細(xì)胞株中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,由ABCC1基因編碼,與P-gp類(lèi)似的是,MRP1也有跨膜區(qū)-ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn)這種功能性結(jié)構(gòu)[19]。在乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌等疾病中,MRP1過(guò)表達(dá)是化療效果不佳的預(yù)示性指標(biāo)[20]。
本研究結(jié)果表明TWS119可使人結(jié)腸癌LOVO細(xì)胞系β-catenin、P-gp和MRP1表達(dá)上調(diào),明顯提高細(xì)胞的增殖活性和5-FU耐藥性,且存在劑量依賴(lài)性。該機(jī)制可能是TWS119選擇性抑制GSK-3β磷酸化活性,導(dǎo)致β-catenin在胞內(nèi)濃度上升而使β- catenin/TCF轉(zhuǎn)錄活性增強(qiáng),其下游基因c-myc和cyclin-D1表達(dá)增加均可增強(qiáng)LOVO細(xì)胞增殖活性,而Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路可能與ABCB1和ABCC1兩個(gè)基因表達(dá)有關(guān),致使P-gp和MRP1表達(dá)增加,對(duì)5-Fu的外排作用增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞耐藥性增加。
1 μmol/L TWS119處理組雖然有P-gp和MRP1的表達(dá)上調(diào),但5、10 μmol/L 5-FU作用下耐藥性較陰性對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯增加,可能是由于胞內(nèi)P-gp和MRP1表達(dá)需提高至一定水平才能顯著影響LOVO細(xì)胞5-FU耐藥性;在15 μmol/L 5FU作用下1 μmol/L TWS119處理組也有顯著耐藥性,可能是因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)孜?-FU濃度較高時(shí),P-gp和MRP1的外排泵效率也相應(yīng)提高。
本研究揭示癌細(xì)胞耐藥可能與Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路有關(guān),希望可以為癌細(xì)胞耐藥機(jī)制的研究提供思路。此外,TWS119在人類(lèi)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞系中能影響信號(hào)通路的活性,可以用于信號(hào)通路的相關(guān)研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-04-08 本文編輯:蘇 暢)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2015年25期