胡倩雯 韓向暉
關(guān)鍵詞:上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;中藥;腫瘤;器官纖維化;研究進(jìn)展中圖分類號(hào):R273
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1007 - 2349( 2015) 03 - 0069 - 04
Greenfburg等[1]于1982年發(fā)現(xiàn)晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞在膠原凝膠中可變?yōu)殚g質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞,從而提出上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(Fpithelialmesench}-mal transitions,EMT)的概念。EMT的重要特征是細(xì)胞極性消失、細(xì)胞間黏附喪失、間葉細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物重新表達(dá)等[2]。EMT不僅在胚胎發(fā)育、創(chuàng)傷愈合及組織重建等生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,而且與慢性炎癥引起的纖維化形成以及上皮性腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等病理狀態(tài)密切相關(guān)[3]。EMT已成為腫瘤及器官纖維化等嚴(yán)重疾病治療的靶點(diǎn)。近年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),許多巾藥單體成分、中藥復(fù)方能夠調(diào)控不同的EMT特異性因子、轉(zhuǎn)錄岡子、信號(hào)通路等,顯示出對(duì)這類疾病的治療潛力和開發(fā)前景。本文就目前中藥干預(yù)腫瘤及纖維化疾病EMT研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。1 EMT的分子機(jī)制
EMT的發(fā)生存在復(fù)雜的分子機(jī)制,多種細(xì)胞網(wǎng)子、轉(zhuǎn)錄岡子和信號(hào)通路參與調(diào)節(jié)EMT的過程。研究表明,許多生長岡子如肝細(xì)胞生長因子、表皮生長因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(Transfor-ming growth factor,TGF)等都能夠激發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),促使細(xì)胞外信號(hào)進(jìn)入核內(nèi),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)特定基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié),誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生。TGF -β被認(rèn)為是EMT發(fā)生過程中必不可少的誘導(dǎo)因子,而TGF -3/Smads通路對(duì)胚胎發(fā)育、腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和纖維化等不同生物學(xué)過程中EMT的發(fā)生起到重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用.E-鈣黏蛋白(E- cadherin)和神經(jīng)性鈣黏蛋白(N - cadherin)是分別表達(dá)于上皮細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的兩個(gè)重要標(biāo)志性蛋白。E -Cadherin向N- cadherin的表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換是開啟FJMT的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制[4]。EMT涉及一系列轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如Snail、Twist、Slug,ZEBI、SIPI等,能下調(diào)E- cadherin表達(dá),從而使E- ca‘lherin介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞間黏附減少,細(xì)胞失去極性,向間質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變,促進(jìn)EMT的發(fā)生?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(Matrix metallo-protease,MMP)作為一組鋅依賴性的高度保守的蛋白水解酶,其中膜型-1 -基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(Embrane type -1 - matrixmetalloprotease,MTl - MMP)是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶家族中與EMT最密切相關(guān)的金屬蛋白酶。此外,TGF -β/Smad.Wnt/β-catenin、P13 K/AKT、NF - KB、HIF -1及整合素等多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路均參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞的EMT過程[5]。2 EMT在腫瘤及纖維化疾病中的作用2.1
EMT與腫瘤 許多研究證實(shí),EMT能促進(jìn)乳腺癌、肝癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、甲狀腺癌等多種上皮惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生和惡性進(jìn)展。在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,腫瘤細(xì)胞與其周圍的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞相互應(yīng)答,促使基質(zhì)細(xì)胞及腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞活化,釋放出大量生長因子、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、炎癥介質(zhì)及蛋白水解酶等,誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)、血管生成及腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生[6-7]。腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT后,細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生相應(yīng)改變,導(dǎo)致極性消失,失去與鄰近細(xì)胞的聯(lián)系和細(xì)胞問相互黏附的作用,形成局部擴(kuò)散,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)周圍組織的浸潤;其次,具有間充質(zhì)表型的腫瘤細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)了運(yùn)動(dòng)、遷移及侵襲能力,通過血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)或淋巴循環(huán)系統(tǒng)在體內(nèi)播散,達(dá)到遠(yuǎn)端部位定居、增殖,最終形成與原發(fā)灶形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)相似的轉(zhuǎn)移灶。2.2
EMT與器官纖維化此外,EMT與腎、肝、肺纖維化等多種器官纖維化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程密切相關(guān)。成熟上皮細(xì)胞受到不同損傷的刺激后能夠分泌多種細(xì)胞岡子,引起上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物如E - cadherin、整合膜蛋白、緊密連接蛋白等表達(dá)減少,間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物如N - cadherin、α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白α一Smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、波形蛋白、膠原蛋白及成纖維細(xì)胞特異性蛋白一1等表達(dá)增多,誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生,最終發(fā)展為肌成纖維細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)器官纖維化[8]。3 中藥對(duì)腫瘤及纖維化疾病中EMT的干預(yù)作用
具有抗腫瘤和抗纖維化活性的多種中藥單體、提取物及中藥復(fù)方能通過調(diào)控EMT特異性因子、蛋白及信號(hào)通路,對(duì)EMT的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程起到抑制作用,從而達(dá)到治療目的。3.1 中藥對(duì)腫瘤EMT的影響3.1.1 中藥單體對(duì)腫瘤EMT的影響 人們首次發(fā)現(xiàn),在缺氧條件下人參皂苷20(S) - Rg3可通過激活泛素一蛋白酶體通路降低低氧誘導(dǎo)分子,抑制EMT相關(guān)因子Snail的轉(zhuǎn)錄,上調(diào)E - cadherin的表達(dá),下調(diào)波形蛋白表達(dá),有效抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的卵巢癌細(xì)胞EMT發(fā)生[9]。Zhao等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),漢黃芩素處理過的非小細(xì)胞肺癌A549細(xì)胞中,E- cadherin表達(dá)增加,N - cadherin、波形蛋白、Snail、Twist表達(dá)降低,阻斷STAT3信號(hào)通路的激活。紫草素已用于大腸癌、乳腺癌和原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌的治療。Yang等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紫草素能劑量依賴性地抑制甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移,其分子機(jī)制在于紫草素能下調(diào)Slug和MMP -2、9和14的表達(dá),抑制Erk和Akt的磷酸化,顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的EMT。雷公藤內(nèi)酯、姜黃素具有下調(diào)NF - KB、波形蛋白表達(dá),阻斷TGF -βl誘導(dǎo)的EMT過程,進(jìn)一步降低癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力[12 -13]。蟲草素和漆樹黃酮能增加肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中E- cadherin表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)整合素/FAK信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),逆轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞EMT,抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲[14-15]。鹽酸小檗堿能夠通過降低與EMT相關(guān)的Twist表達(dá)發(fā)揮抑制鼻咽癌CNE -1細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移的作用[16]。和厚樸酚通過調(diào)控miR - 141/ZEB2通路減弱癌癥干細(xì)胞的活性,抑制腎癌EMT[17]。3.1.2 中藥復(fù)方對(duì)腫瘤EMT的影響 中藥復(fù)方肺巖寧方由生黃芪、女貞子、蜂房、七葉一枝花、山慈菇、黃精等組成,具有益氣養(yǎng)精功效。趙曉珍等[18-19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺巖寧方能有效地上調(diào)人高轉(zhuǎn)移肺癌細(xì)胞95 -D和Lewis肺癌小鼠腫瘤組織中E - cadherin的表達(dá),下調(diào)N- cadherin、纖連蛋白及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail、Twist基因和蛋白的表達(dá),抑制EMT的發(fā)生,降低腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移能力,發(fā)揮顯著的抗腫瘤作用。益氣除痰方主要由法夏、人參、白術(shù)、茯苓等中藥組成。體外研究顯示,益氣除痰方含藥血清作用于缺氧誘導(dǎo)的A549人肺腺癌細(xì)胞,可明顯降低波形蛋白基因及脯氨酸4-羥化酶β亞基(P4HB)表達(dá),抑制EMT的發(fā)生[20]。胃腸安由太子參、炒白術(shù)、茯苓、姜半夏、青皮、陳皮、牡蠣、夏枯草等組成。胃腸安一方面下調(diào)EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist、Snail蛋白、表達(dá),另一方面抑制AKT、TrkA/B、p3 - MAPK磷酸化,阻遏EMT的發(fā)生,發(fā)揮抗胃癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移作用[21-22]。中藥制劑片仔癀由牛黃、蛇膽等制成,清熱解毒,化瘀止痛。在促進(jìn)腫瘤凋亡、抑制細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤血管生成方面有重要的作用。片仔癀明顯降低人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞HCT-8的遷移和侵襲能力,其機(jī)制可能是其降低HIF -1和Twist基因和蛋白表達(dá),改善E - cadherin和N- cadherin的異常表達(dá),維護(hù)上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)改變,抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的EMT發(fā)生[23]。治療潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的經(jīng)驗(yàn)方芍藥湯可顯著提高結(jié)直腸癌小鼠生存率,改善結(jié)腸癌病變,具有調(diào)控EMT相關(guān)神經(jīng)元鈣黏附蛋白、纖維連接蛋白、波形蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail表達(dá)的作用[24]。3.2 中藥對(duì)器官纖維化EMT的影響3.2.1 中藥單體對(duì)器官纖維化EMT的影響 金銀花中分離的木犀草素具有很強(qiáng)的抗肺和肝纖維化活性。研究結(jié)果表明,木犀草素能明顯上調(diào)上皮標(biāo)志物E - cadherin及下調(diào)間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物纖維連接蛋白和波形蛋白的表達(dá),降低TGF -β1誘導(dǎo)的Smad3磷酸化,有效抑制成纖維細(xì)胞向肌成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,減少α- SMA、I型膠原表達(dá)及膠原沉積[25-26]。丹參中的活性成分丹酚酸B已用于治療腎纖維化。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),丹酚酸B能夠劑量依賴性地降低人腎近曲小管上皮HK -2細(xì)胞中α- SMA的表達(dá)及增加E- cadherin表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)TGF -β/Smad通路,逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT,促進(jìn)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的修復(fù),減緩腎纖維化的形成[27-28]。此外,苦參中的氧化苦參堿也具有類似的作用,通過增強(qiáng)TGF -β/Smad信號(hào)通路的負(fù)向調(diào)控作用,抑制腎纖維化EMT過程[29]。特發(fā)性肺纖維化是間質(zhì)性肺疾病常見的疾病,肺泡上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT,是這一疾病發(fā)生的主要病因之一。王昌明等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),青蒿琥酯劑量依賴性地增強(qiáng)RLE -6TN肺泡細(xì)胞Smad7基因和蛋白表達(dá),抑制Smad3、pSmad3、波形蛋白和α- SMA表達(dá),通過介導(dǎo)TGF -βl信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路抑制EMT過程,減少肺纖維細(xì)胞的生成,維持肺泡上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)和功能。3.2.2 中藥提取物對(duì)器官纖維化的影響 澤瀉是具有抗腎炎活性的經(jīng)典中藥。張瑞芳等[31]采用澤瀉提取物治療單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻導(dǎo)致的腎間質(zhì)纖維化大鼠。治療組大鼠的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞補(bǔ)體成分C3及d- SMA水平降低,E- cadherin表達(dá)增強(qiáng),腎小管上皮細(xì)胞EMT程度降低,進(jìn)而改善腎小管功能。郁金提取物可調(diào)控E - cadherin、纖維連接蛋白和α- SMA表達(dá),阻遏TCF - pi誘導(dǎo)的NRK - 52E腎小管導(dǎo)管上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT,減少腎纖維化的形成[32]。垂盆草提取物、肉桂提取物通過抑制TGF -β、NF - Kβ等信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑抑制EMT介導(dǎo)的肺、腎纖維化過程,起到保護(hù)器官的作用[33-35]。3.2.3 中藥復(fù)方對(duì)器官纖維化的影響 對(duì)抗纖維化中藥復(fù)方一一扶正化瘀方的研究顯示,扶正化瘀方能夠顯著上調(diào)大鼠腎間質(zhì)纖維化組織中E - cadherin的蛋白水平,下調(diào)α -SMA、TGF -β1、p- Smad2、p- Smad3蛋白水平,抑制TGF -βl誘導(dǎo)的腎纖維化EMT的發(fā)生[36]。此外,臨床用于治療慢性腎病的中成藥一一柴黃益腎顆粒能夠顯著降低糖尿病腎病大鼠腎臟組織的NF - KB p65、TGF -βl的基因和蛋白表達(dá),降低炎癥細(xì)胞因子及EMT相關(guān)因子的水平,延緩腎間質(zhì)纖維化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[37]。中藥制劑通心絡(luò)能夠劑量依賴性地調(diào)節(jié)腎臟組織或細(xì)胞中的miR - 21水平,上調(diào)E- cadherin表達(dá),降低α-SMA表達(dá)及IV型膠原、纖連蛋白的水平,調(diào)控TGF-β1/Smad通路,抑制EMT改善腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,起到防治糖尿病腎病的作用[38-39]。糖尿病腎病經(jīng)驗(yàn)方一一益氣清熱通絡(luò)方在益氣活血的基礎(chǔ)上兼以清熱之功,具降血脂、降血糖之效。朱?;鄣萚40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),益氣清熱通絡(luò)方明顯上調(diào)糖尿病腎病大鼠模型腎組織中的P - cadherin蛋白表達(dá)及降低纖維細(xì)胞特異性蛋白-1表達(dá),部分阻遏足細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT,對(duì)糖尿病腎病有顯著治療作用。此外,溫脾湯五苓散、益腎活血清利方、抗纖靈二號(hào)等中藥復(fù)方也可通過多信號(hào)途徑拮抗EMT的過程,改善腎臟病理損傷,對(duì)腎臟起保護(hù)作用[41-43]。楊婷等[44]選用中藥丹芍膠囊治療肺纖維化大鼠取得較好療效。其機(jī)制可能是通過影響Smad7的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,阻遏TCF -β1的激活,抑制肺纖維化EMT的發(fā)生。其他中藥復(fù)方如纖方系列驗(yàn)方、化瘀理肺方及剔肺絡(luò)方均能抑制肺泡細(xì)胞EMT,一定程度上控制肺炎和晚期肺纖維化的發(fā)展[45-47]。4結(jié)語
EMT作為一種生物現(xiàn)象,不但與機(jī)體的胚胎發(fā)育、損傷修復(fù)有關(guān),而且能夠促進(jìn)器官纖維化的形成及腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移。EMT涉及到眾多的調(diào)控機(jī)制,EMT特異性分子和信號(hào)通路已成為腫瘤及纖維化疾病的治療靶點(diǎn)之一。中醫(yī)中藥治療腫瘤及器官纖維化疾病具有一定的特色和優(yōu)勢,抑制EMT是中藥抗器官纖維化和抗腫瘤的重要機(jī)制。目前的研究多集中于單體成分和中藥復(fù)方,中藥提取物的研究相對(duì)較少。研究表明了一些中藥復(fù)方及單體能夠調(diào)控不同的EMT特異性因子、轉(zhuǎn)錄岡子、小RNA、信號(hào)通路等,顯示出對(duì)EMT相關(guān)疾病的治療潛力,同時(shí)為開發(fā)新藥及中藥復(fù)方的臨床運(yùn)用提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)和科學(xué)依據(jù)。EMT是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,其分子機(jī)制仍沒有完全闡明,目前的研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。隨著EMT研究的深入,以干預(yù)EMT為靶點(diǎn)開發(fā)有效的中藥活性成分、有效部位及復(fù)方將對(duì)腫瘤和纖維化方面疾病的治療具有重要意義。參考文獻(xiàn)[1] Cho HJ, Beak KE, Saika S, et al. Snail is required fortransforminggrowth factor - β - induced epithelial - mesenchymal transition by acti-vating P13kinase/Akt signal pathway[J] . Biochem Biophys Res Com-mun,2007 ,353 (2) :337.[2] Thiery J P.Epithelial - mesenchymal transition in tumourprogression [J] . Curr Op in Cell Bio,2003 ,15 (6) :740.[3] Jiao W, Miyazaki K. Kitajima Y. 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