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新疆準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣早石炭世金-銅-鉬成礦事件:年代學(xué)證據(jù)*

2015-07-21 08:53王玉往王京彬龍靈利丁汝福石煜趙路通
巖石學(xué)報 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:準(zhǔn)噶爾鋯石斑巖

王玉往 王京彬 龍靈利 丁汝福 石煜 趙路通

1.北京礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)研究院,北京 100012

2.有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,北京 100012

3.中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院,北京 100083

4.昆明理工大學(xué)國土資源工程學(xué)院,昆明 650093

新疆北部準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣地區(qū)地處西伯利亞板塊和準(zhǔn)噶爾-哈薩克斯坦板塊的結(jié)合部位,屬中亞造山-成礦帶的一部分,是中國重要的銅多金屬成礦帶之一。該區(qū)多年來一直作為我國和新疆地礦部門找礦的重點地區(qū),目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)了多處大-中型銅鎳、銅金、銅鉬,以及銅多金屬、鐵和金礦。它們主要形成于2 個構(gòu)造-巖漿活動期,即泥盆紀(jì)的洋陸俯沖期和二疊紀(jì)的后碰撞伸展期(或幔柱疊加造山期)。前者主要形成了晚泥盆世島弧型斑巖銅(金)礦,如卡拉先格爾礦集區(qū)的喀臘蘇、玉勒肯喀臘蘇、卡拉先格爾等礦床,成巖成礦年齡多集中在374~381Ma(張招崇等,2006;閆升好等,2006a;吳淦國等,2008;趙戰(zhàn)鋒等,2009;楊富全等,2010);后者主要產(chǎn)有兩類礦床:一是巖漿型銅鎳硫化物型礦床,如喀拉通克礦集區(qū)(包括1 號、2 號、3 號等礦床),成巖成礦年齡多集中在280~298Ma(王潤民和趙昌龍,1991;趙昌龍,1991;韓寶福等,2004;張作衡等,2005);二是造山型(或剪切帶型)Au 礦,如額爾齊斯剪切帶中的多納拉薩依、賽都、沙爾布拉克、科克薩依等礦床,成礦年齡多集中在275~293Ma(李華芹等,1998;閆升好等,2006b,c;陳克強等,2010)。而介于泥盆紀(jì)和二疊紀(jì)之間的石炭紀(jì),特別是早石炭世成巖和成礦事件報道較少。

作者近年來在對該區(qū)地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和礦床的研究中獲得了一批早石炭世成巖成礦年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。本文將對這些年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)進行系統(tǒng)的整理和分析,并結(jié)合以往的年代學(xué)資料和區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景研究,探討該區(qū)構(gòu)造演化特征和成礦活動事件的關(guān)系,以期對該區(qū)找礦預(yù)測工作有所啟迪和幫助。

1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景

新疆北部北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)位于阿爾泰山南緣(圖1a)。該區(qū)以額爾齊斯-齋桑縫合帶為界,北部屬于西伯利亞板塊,以南屬于準(zhǔn)噶爾-哈薩克斯坦板塊(肖序常等,1992;何國琦和李茂松,2000;李錦軼等,2006;吳波等,2006)。自縫合帶向南依次為Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 島弧、Boshchekule-Chengiz-Yemaquan 巖漿島弧帶和西準(zhǔn)噶爾增生雜巖。一般地,準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣系指烏倫古河以北、額爾齊斯河以南的地區(qū),大致包括額爾齊斯-齋??p合帶和Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 島弧帶(Xiao et al.,2008;韓寶福等,2010)。

額爾齊斯-齋桑(-南蒙古)縫合帶是古亞洲洋的一部分(Buslov et al., 2001, 2004; Badarch et al., 2002;Yakubchuk,2004;Xiao et al.,2004,2009;Rippington et al.,2008),其形成于早古生代或更早(Coleman,1989;Mossakovsky et al.,1993;Xiao et al.,1994),東哈薩克斯坦查拉蛇綠混雜巖中發(fā)育有奧陶紀(jì)的洋底玄武巖、層狀硅質(zhì)巖和燧石,并發(fā)育早古生代俯沖雜巖(Dobretsov et al.,1992;Iwata et al.,1996;Buslov et al.,2001,2004),該洋盆最早閉合于泥盆紀(jì)末-早石炭世,沿該縫合帶發(fā)育一系列洋脊俯沖有關(guān)的巖石組合。中國境內(nèi),瑪因鄂博一帶發(fā)育有早泥盆世蛇綠混雜巖,層狀輝長巖、枕狀玄武巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡分別為403Ma 和397Ma,代表古亞洲洋的殘余(劉崴國,2011);科克森套蛇綠混雜巖帶中發(fā)育晚泥盆世蛇綠混雜巖(吐爾庫班套輝長巖鋯石U-Pb 年齡363Ma,Wang et al.,2012)、MORB 型拉斑玄武巖和深海復(fù)理石建造,以及喬夏哈拉-老山口地區(qū)中泥盆統(tǒng)北塔山組地層(D2b)中發(fā)育洋脊俯沖有關(guān)的苦橄巖、玄武巖(陳毓川等,2004;Zhang et al.,2005)等等,屬于準(zhǔn)噶爾洋盆俯沖的產(chǎn)物。

Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 島弧帶的北界為額爾齊斯蛇綠混雜巖帶,其南界為烏侖古-阿爾曼臺-洪古勒楞蛇綠巖帶,其中的斜長巖、斜長花崗巖的年齡在475~503Ma 之間(Jian et al.,2005;肖文交等,2006;張元元和郭召杰,2010),是一條早古生代發(fā)育起來的蛇綠混雜巖帶。該帶以發(fā)育一套泥盆系島弧型火山巖系為特點,區(qū)內(nèi)主要出露晚古生代地層(圖1b,c),局部零星出露有早古生代上奧陶統(tǒng)大理巖。其中泥盆系中、下統(tǒng)為深海-淺海相復(fù)理石建造,基性-中基性火山巖、中酸性火山巖、火山碎屑巖建造,并含放射蟲硅質(zhì)巖,其中發(fā)育鈣堿性-拉斑玄武巖系列的雙峰式火山巖、苦橄巖,形成于俯沖環(huán)境(未成熟島弧,Zhang et al.,2009),上泥盆統(tǒng)為火山碎屑巖、粗碎屑巖夾安山巖等,形成于成熟島弧環(huán)境;下石炭統(tǒng)主要為濱海、淺海相碎屑巖和中酸性火山巖,上石炭統(tǒng)則主要為淺海-濱海相碎屑巖;二疊系主要出露下統(tǒng),巖性以陸相雙峰式火山巖為主,形成于后碰撞拉張環(huán)境(周濤發(fā)等,2006)。

區(qū)內(nèi)侵入巖漿巖主要形成于二疊紀(jì),少量為石炭紀(jì),以堿長花崗巖、二長花崗巖類為主,多形成幾到百余平方千米的巖基、巖株,另有少量淺成、超淺成中-中酸性小巖株、巖脈發(fā)育(童英等,2010),個別地區(qū)發(fā)育中基性、基性脈巖,以及鎂鐵-超鎂鐵質(zhì)雜巖。區(qū)內(nèi)礦產(chǎn)以銅多金屬為主,主要有以下幾種類型:1)斑巖型Cu(Au)礦(如喀拉蘇、玉勒肯喀拉蘇礦床等);2)斑巖型Mo-Cu 礦床(如希勒庫都克);3)矽卡巖型Mo-Cu 礦床(如索爾庫都克礦床);4)矽卡巖型或IOCG 型Fe-Cu(-Au)礦(如喬夏哈拉礦床);5)淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒虯u 礦床(如闊爾真闊臘礦床);6)(脈巖)構(gòu)造蝕變巖型Au 礦(如布爾克斯岱、201 礦床);7)造山型Au 礦(如沙爾布拉克、科克薩依礦床);8)巖漿型CuNi 硫化物礦床(如喀拉通克礦床)。它們均與晚古生代小型巖體、巖脈有關(guān)。

2 樣品采集及分析測試

圖1 新疆北部地質(zhì)構(gòu)造輪廓圖(a)、北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)西部(b)和東部(c)地質(zhì)簡圖Fig.1 Sketch geological map of northern Xinjiang (a),western part of NMJB (b)and eastern part of NMJB (c)

進行鋯石定年的樣品分別取自下面2 個金礦區(qū)和科克森套蛇綠混雜巖帶(圖1b,c),均為小型花崗巖類巖體:1)A201 樣品來自阿克塔斯金礦與成礦有關(guān)的花崗閃長巖,Au礦化即產(chǎn)于花崗閃長巖巖株旁側(cè)的片理化黃鐵絹英巖中,根據(jù)礦體與圍巖的產(chǎn)出關(guān)系、巖體地球化學(xué)特征,以及物化探異常與礦體的關(guān)系,認為花崗閃長巖(前人稱為斜長花崗巖)為成礦母巖(潘東等,2012;紀(jì)珊珊等,2012);2)X49 樣品來自201 金礦與成礦有關(guān)的閃長質(zhì)巖脈,Au 礦直接產(chǎn)于蝕變閃長巖及巖脈旁側(cè)的片理化、黃鐵絹英巖化凝灰質(zhì)砂板巖中,按照王京彬等(1997,1999,2006)的分類,屬典型的脈巖-構(gòu)造蝕變巖型金礦,脈巖即為Au 礦的成礦母巖;3)K3 樣品來自科克森套蛇綠混雜巖帶吐爾庫班套地區(qū),巖性為侵入于復(fù)理石建造中的花崗巖脈;4)K28 樣品來自科克森套地區(qū),巖性為侵入于復(fù)理石建造中的巖枝狀花崗閃長斑巖。

鋯石的挑選在河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所進行,首先將原巖樣品破碎至150μm 左右,然后使用常規(guī)的重液浮選和電磁分離方法挑選出鋯石,在雙目鏡下根據(jù)鋯石的顏色、自形程度、形態(tài)、透明度等特征初步分類,挑選出具有代表性的鋯石,將鋯石樣品顆粒粘貼在環(huán)氧樹脂靶上,對其拋光直至鋯石露出一半晶面。在上機分析前,先在顯微鏡下對鋯石進行透射光、反射光及陰極發(fā)光(CL)照相,以檢查鋯石的表面及內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu);結(jié)合陰極發(fā)光圖像、透、反射光圖像,對鋯石進行分析,選定最佳的待測鋯石部位,然后將樣品靶在真空下鍍金以備分析。鋯石的陰極發(fā)光(CL)圖像分析在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所掃描電鏡實驗室采用德國LE01450VP 掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)及MiniCL 陰極放光裝置完成。

圖2 阿克塔斯金礦花崗閃長巖的鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像(a)和U-Pb 年齡圖(b)Fig.2 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from granodiorite in the Aketasi Au deposit

圖3 201 金礦閃長巖的鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像(a)和U-Pb 年齡圖(b)Fig.3 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from diorite in the“201”Au deposit

鋯石的LA-ICP-MS 微區(qū)U-Pb 年齡測定在北京大學(xué)造山帶與地殼演化教育部重點實驗室進行,將德國Lambda Physik公司的ComPex 102 ArF 準(zhǔn)分子激光器(工作物質(zhì)ArF,波長193nm)與Agilent 7500ce 型ICP-MS 以及MicroLas 公司的GeoLas 200M 光學(xué)系統(tǒng)連接。采用He 氣作為剝蝕物質(zhì)的載氣,用美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)研究院研制的人工合成硅酸鹽玻璃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考物質(zhì)NIST610 進行儀器最優(yōu)化,采用Plesovice 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石外部校正法進行鋯石原位U-Pb 分析。采用的激光束斑直徑為30μm,頻率為5Hz,能量密度為15J/cm2,激光剝蝕深度為30~40μm。數(shù)據(jù)采集為20s 氣體空白和60s 激光剝蝕。測試過程中在每5 次測定后就測定兩次Plesovice 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石對樣品進行校正,同位素比值數(shù)據(jù)處理和U-Pb 表觀年齡計算采用Glitter 程序進行,單個數(shù)據(jù)點誤差均為1σ,加權(quán)平均值誤差為2σ。年齡計算及諧和圖采用Isoplot(ver3.0)完成(Ludwig,2003)。

3 分析結(jié)果

分析和計算所測鋯石的年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)及參數(shù)如表1 所示。

阿克塔斯花崗閃長巖(A201)樣品共獲得15 個有效數(shù)據(jù)點(表1)。測試數(shù)據(jù)點年齡值主要分布在319~336Ma 之間,加權(quán)平均值為328.0 ±3.8Ma,數(shù)據(jù)點均分布在諧和線上或其附近,由此獲得206Pb/238U 諧和年齡值為327.4 ±3.8Ma(圖2b)。鋯石粒度為60~100μm,晶體形態(tài)為短柱狀、雙錐狀,發(fā)育清楚的韻律環(huán)帶(圖2a),其Th/U 比值較高(在0.9~1.8,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈現(xiàn)較好的正相關(guān)性,具典型巖漿鋯石特征(吳元保和鄭永飛,2004)。因此諧和年齡327.4 ±3.8Ma 可能代表花崗閃長巖的成巖年齡。

201 金礦的閃長巖(X49)樣品共獲得12 個有效數(shù)據(jù)點(表1)。測試數(shù)據(jù)點年齡值主要分布在317~339Ma 之間,加權(quán)平均值為324.2 ±3.8Ma,數(shù)據(jù)點均分布在諧和線上或其附近,由此獲得206Pb/238U 諧和年齡值為323.7 ±3.4Ma(圖3b)。鋯石粒度為60~150μm,晶體形態(tài)為柱狀、雙錐狀、半錐狀,發(fā)育清楚的韻律環(huán)帶(圖3a),其Th/U 比值均>0.4(在0.4~0.6),且Th、U 呈現(xiàn)較好的正相關(guān)性,具典型巖漿鋯石特征。因此諧和年齡323.7 ±3.4Ma 可能代表閃長巖的成巖年齡。

表1 準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣花崗質(zhì)巖類鋯石U-Pb 測試結(jié)果Table 1 Zircon U-Pb data for granitoid from the NMJB

圖4 吐爾庫班套花崗巖的鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像(a)和U-Pb 年齡圖(b)Fig.4 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from the Tukuerbantao granite

圖5 科克森套花崗閃長斑巖的鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像(a)和U-Pb 年齡圖(b)Fig.5 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from the Ketesentao granodiorite-porphyry

吐爾庫班套花崗巖(K3)樣品共獲得8 個有效數(shù)據(jù)點(表1)。測試數(shù)據(jù)點年齡值主要分布在311~330Ma 之間,加權(quán)平均值為322.3 ±5.1Ma,數(shù)據(jù)點均分布在諧和線上或其附近,由此獲得206Pb/238U 諧和年齡值為323.0 ±9.7Ma(圖4b)。鋯石粒度為50~90μm,晶體形態(tài)為長柱狀、雙錐狀、半錐狀,發(fā)育清楚的韻律環(huán)帶(圖4a),其Th/U 比值較高(在1.5~2.0,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈現(xiàn)較好的正相關(guān)性,具典型巖漿鋯石特征。因此諧和年齡323.0 ±9.7Ma 可能代表花崗巖的成巖年齡。

科克森套花崗閃長斑巖(K28)樣品共獲得13 個有效數(shù)據(jù)點(表1)。測試數(shù)據(jù)點年齡值主要分布在319~333Ma 之間,加權(quán)平均值為327.8 ±3.8Ma,數(shù)據(jù)點均分布在諧和線上或其附近,由此獲得206Pb/238U 諧和年齡值為328.3 ±4.5Ma(圖5b)。鋯石粒度為50~200μm,晶體形態(tài)為長柱狀、短柱狀、雙錐狀、半錐狀,發(fā)育清楚的韻律環(huán)帶(圖5a),其Th/U比值較高(在2.1~7.4,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈現(xiàn)較好的正相關(guān)性,具典型巖漿鋯石特征。因此諧和年齡328.3 ±4.5Ma可能代表花崗閃長斑巖的成巖年齡。

上述各類巖體的形成年齡被限定在323~328Ma 之間,屬早石炭世巖漿活動產(chǎn)物,并集中在中晚期維憲階(Visean)和謝爾普霍夫階(Serpukhovian)。

4 討論

4.1 北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)早石炭世的大地構(gòu)造背景

北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)屬阿爾泰山南緣造山帶,屬中亞造山帶的一部分。前已述及,阿爾泰山南緣造山帶是一條以增生為特點的古生代造山帶(?eng?r et al.,1993;Yin and Nie,1996;Jahn et al.,2004;Safonova et al.,2004,2011;Xiao et al.,2004,2009;張招崇等,2007),其前身為古亞洲洋,發(fā)育于早古生代或更早。該區(qū)出露最晚的蛇綠巖,如吐爾庫班套蛇綠巖中輝長巖鋯石U-Pb 年齡為363Ma(Wang et al.,2012)及布爾根地區(qū)具蛇綠巖性質(zhì)的拉斑玄武巖SHRIMP 鋯石年齡為352Ma(吳波等,2006)表明其至少持續(xù)到晚泥盆世末-早石炭世初。關(guān)于該洋盆閉合的時限,各種證據(jù)表明應(yīng)發(fā)生在晚泥盆世末-早石炭世初:吐爾庫班套地區(qū)片麻狀花崗巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡為355Ma,早石炭世納林卡拉組(C1nl)底部的磨拉石建造不整合在同碰撞期片麻狀花崗巖之上(Wang et al.,2012);在那林卡拉地區(qū),富含珊瑚、菊石的下世炭統(tǒng)那林卡拉組(C1nl)(相當(dāng)于維憲階頂部層位)底部發(fā)育厚170m 的花崗質(zhì)底礫巖,與下伏中泥盆統(tǒng)蘊都喀拉組呈角度不整合接觸(王京彬和徐新,2006);新疆北部廣泛發(fā)育的C/D 區(qū)域性不整合(夏林圻等,2006)及區(qū)域變形和變質(zhì)作用等,可能代表了該洋盆閉合及其后相繼拼貼事件的產(chǎn)物。

按照Liegeois(1998)的定義,以蛇綠巖就位為特點,洋盆閉合之后進入到兩個大陸之間的碰撞階段,并可劃分為主碰撞和后碰撞亞階段,后碰撞發(fā)生在主碰撞之后,通常為陸內(nèi)環(huán)境,但仍有較大的地體位移。后碰撞距主碰撞的時間較短,一般20~30Myr,甚至10~20Myr,(Sylvester,1998)。后碰撞造山為以伸展環(huán)境為特點(不同時期和地區(qū)也可出現(xiàn)擠壓環(huán)境)(錢青和王焰,1999;侯增謙等,2006;楊鑫等,2012)。關(guān)于后碰撞構(gòu)造階段的巖漿活動特點,許多學(xué)者認為以發(fā)育堿性-過堿性雜巖、出現(xiàn)“雙峰”巖石組合、含有一定量幔源或殼源的新生組分為特點(Hou et al.,2003,2004)。北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)早石炭世和早二疊世均發(fā)育雙峰式火山巖,特別是早二疊世薩吾爾地區(qū)裂陷盆地中陸相偏堿性玄武質(zhì)-堿性長英質(zhì)火山噴發(fā),標(biāo)志著后碰撞伸展階段強烈的巖漿活動特征。該區(qū)堿性巖類(包括堿性花崗巖、富堿花崗巖、A2型花崗巖)主要形成于晚石炭世和早二疊世:如南鄰卡拉麥里地區(qū)堿性花崗巖類的鋯石U-Pb 年齡在302~314Ma(林錦富等,2007;唐紅峰等,2007;蘇玉平等,2008),西準(zhǔn)噶爾大紅山富堿花崗巖的U-Pb 鋯石年齡305 ± 4Ma(徐新等,2010),薩吾爾地區(qū)恰其海和闊依塔斯A2型花崗巖鋯石U-Pb年齡分別為291Ma 和298Ma(周濤發(fā)等,2006)。由此可見,該區(qū)進入后碰撞構(gòu)造階段的時間基本限定在晚石炭世-早二疊世。

綜上所述,若把洋盆閉合之后到后碰撞之前的構(gòu)造階段定義為主碰撞階段,則北疆地區(qū)早石炭世-晚石炭世(早期)應(yīng)處于主碰撞階段。本文所測定的幾個花崗質(zhì)小巖體/巖脈年齡(323~328Ma)應(yīng)屬于主碰撞造山階段。上述大部分巖石屬高鉀鈣堿性系列(圖6a),均具相似的稀土及不相容元素特征(圖6b),形成于相似的構(gòu)造環(huán)境(圖6c,d),即島弧/碰撞造山環(huán)境。

早石炭世時期,北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)主要沉積了一套淺海-濱海相火山-碎屑巖地層,下部黑山頭組(C1h)為碎屑巖、凝灰質(zhì)砂巖、凝灰質(zhì)粉砂巖夾大理巖,底部有安山質(zhì)火山巖;上部那林卡拉組(C1nl)為雜色泥、砂質(zhì)巖夾生物灰?guī)r,南明水組(C1n)為一套雜色細碎屑巖、炭質(zhì)頁巖、硅質(zhì)巖、鈣質(zhì)泥巖夾凝灰質(zhì)粉砂巖、凝灰?guī)r等。該一時期,北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)的侵入巖漿活動出露零星,主要見于薩吾爾山地區(qū),如薩吾爾堿長花崗巖(321Ma,Chen et al.,2010)、沃肯薩拉二長花崗巖(324Ma,Zhou et al.,2008)、森塔斯二長花崗巖(328Ma,Zhou et al.,2008)、塔斯特二長花崗巖(337Ma,范裕等,2007),以及南部西準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)的塔爾巴哈臺巖體(325~346Ma,Chen et al.,2010)。這些巖體以富鉀的I 型花崗巖為特征,地球化學(xué)構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖落入VAG(火山弧花崗巖)、WPG(板內(nèi)花崗巖)的過渡區(qū)域,指示巖體處于后碰撞演化階段擠壓向拉張過渡的時期(Zhou et al.,2008;Chen et al.,2010)。由此看來早石炭世時期在北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)的巖漿活動并不太明顯,目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的早石炭世巖漿活動事件以小型的巖枝、巖脈或淺成-超淺成巖為主,推測可能與剝蝕程度有關(guān)。

4.2 碰撞-后碰撞階段是斑巖型Cu-Mo-Au 礦成礦的有利構(gòu)造環(huán)境

近年來的研究表明,大陸造山帶(包括陸內(nèi)和碰撞環(huán)境)是我國最重要的斑巖型礦床成礦環(huán)境(侯增謙等,2007;侯增謙和楊志明,2009),青藏高原的玉龍、岡底斯斑巖Cu-Mo-Au 成礦帶和秦嶺Mo(-PbZn)成礦帶就是典型實例(侯增謙等,2008;張正偉等,2001;李永峰等,2005)。研究表明,在碰撞造山環(huán)境,陸內(nèi)俯沖板片的拆沉導(dǎo)致軟流圈(上地幔)上涌,并誘發(fā)下地殼物質(zhì)熔融,產(chǎn)生含礦巖漿,由于碰撞后地殼伸展系統(tǒng)可為斑巖侵位提供運移通道,并導(dǎo)致巖漿流體大量分凝和銅鉬金沉積(侯增謙,2004),因此碰撞造山環(huán)境是斑巖銅礦最有利的構(gòu)造背景之一。一般認為,即使大陸環(huán)境中的斑巖型銅礦,直接起源于古老下地殼物質(zhì)的長英質(zhì)巖漿也是不利于成礦的,仍需要有幔源物質(zhì)參與。中國大陸環(huán)境斑巖銅礦研究表明,主要成礦物質(zhì)Cu、Mo、Au 等也是來自于地幔,巖漿混合(獲取大量的S、揮發(fā)份和金屬元素)導(dǎo)致幔源物質(zhì)的加入是斑巖含礦性的主導(dǎo)因素,成礦作用主要是通過幔源巖漿的底侵成殼、軟流圈物質(zhì)對古老地殼的滲透交代、初生熔漿與地幔巖反應(yīng)這三種方式從地幔中獲取成礦金屬元素(侯增謙等,2007)。

新疆北部碰撞后巖漿活動以地殼垂向增生為特點,石炭-二疊紀(jì)巖漿活動,不論是基性-超基性巖類,還是花崗質(zhì)巖石,均具有低的Sr 初始比值和正的εNd值特征,顯示強烈的殼幔相互作用特點(韓寶福等,1998,2006;童英等,2010)。另外,該區(qū)碰撞-后碰撞階段形成的花崗質(zhì)巖石普遍具有巖漿混合成因,希勒庫都克礦區(qū)巖漿混合作用研究表明,巖漿混合對斑巖型銅鉬金礦床成礦作用的制約主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面:幔源巖漿提供大量的金屬物質(zhì)和含礦母巖漿的結(jié)晶分異作用。巖漿混合作用恰是形成斑巖型銅鉬礦床所需MASH 過程的重要環(huán)節(jié)(王玉往等,2012b)。

圖6 準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣早石炭世有關(guān)巖石地球化學(xué)圖解(a)K2O-SiO2圖(仿Middlemost,1994);(b)原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化多元素配分曲線(原始地幔值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989);(c)Nb-Y 圖(據(jù)Pearce et al.,1984);(d)Rb-(Y+Nb)圖(據(jù)Pearce et al.,1984).原始數(shù)據(jù)均據(jù)本文未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù)Fig.6 Geochemical diagrams of related Early Carboniferous rocks in the NMJB(a)K2O vs.SiO2 diagram (after Middlemost,1994);(b)primordial mantle-normalized multi-elements pattern (normalized values after Sun and McDonough,1989);(c)Nb vs.Y diagram (after Pearce et al.,1984);(d)Rb vs.(Y+Nb)diagram (after Pearce et al.,1984).All data is from this paper

北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的(已發(fā)現(xiàn)的引人矚目的礦床)成礦時代主要是泥盆紀(jì)和二疊紀(jì),前者主要是俯沖期形成的斑巖Cu(Au)礦和矽卡巖型Fe-Cu(-Au)礦,斑巖型礦床如喀拉蘇、玉勒肯喀拉蘇、卡拉先格爾等Cu(Au)礦床,成礦與晚泥盆世中酸性花崗質(zhì)小巖株、巖脈有關(guān),成巖成礦年齡集中在374~381Ma(張招崇等,2006;閆升好等,2006a;吳淦國等,2008;趙戰(zhàn)鋒等,2009;楊富全等,2010);矽卡巖型礦床如喬夏哈拉Fe-Cu(-Au)礦床,成礦與晚泥盆世閃長玢巖有關(guān),閃長玢巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡377.6 ±1.4Ma,輝鉬礦Re-Os 等時線年齡377.4 ±4.3Ma(張志欣等,2012)。二疊紀(jì)成礦作用以巖漿型銅鎳硫化物礦床(如喀拉通克)和造山帶型金礦(如沙爾布拉克、科克薩依礦床等)著稱,分別與二疊紀(jì)韌性剪切帶(275~293Ma,李華芹等,1998;閆升好等,2006c)和二疊紀(jì)鎂鐵-超鎂鐵雜巖(280~298Ma,韓寶福等,2004;張作衡等,2005)有關(guān)。

其實,研究區(qū)內(nèi)還發(fā)育了一系列早石炭世碰撞期的斑巖-矽卡巖型Mo(Cu)礦和淺成低溫?zé)嵋篈u 礦,以及脈巖-構(gòu)造蝕變巖型Au 礦,已構(gòu)成一早石炭世斑巖系列有關(guān)的Au-Cu-Mo 成礦帶,但尚未引起廣大地質(zhì)學(xué)家的重視。希勒庫都克Mo(Cu)礦床為一典型的早石炭世斑巖型礦床,其含礦流紋斑巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡為329Ma,輝鉬礦Re-Os 等時線年齡為327Ma(龍靈利等,2009,2011);索爾庫都克矽卡巖型Cu-Mo 礦床是該區(qū)較早發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個中型礦床,以前被認為形成于二疊紀(jì),石榴石、綠簾石的Sm-Nd 等時線年齡為284 ±4Ma(周肅等,1996)。然而,最近Liu and Liu (2013)獲得輝鉬礦Re-Os 平均年齡323Ma,Mo 的成礦時代與希勒庫都克斑巖Cu-Mo 礦床相近。在薩吾爾地區(qū),產(chǎn)有闊爾真闊臘和布爾克斯岱等2 個中型金礦,其中闊爾真闊臘為淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒虯u 礦(尹意求等,1996);而相鄰的布爾克斯岱Au 礦,屬淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒团c脈巖構(gòu)造蝕變巖型金礦的復(fù)合型(王玉往等,2012a),其流體包裹體Ar-Ar 年齡在332~337Ma,但被認為形成于島弧環(huán)境(Shen et al.,2005)。除此之外,主碰撞階段的造山型金礦也是重要的成礦類型,盡管目前北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)這類金礦尚不發(fā)育,但北鄰阿爾泰南緣的薩熱闊布大型金礦很可能是一造山型金礦(徐九華等,2007;秦雅靜等,2012),其礦石礦物石英的Ar-Ar 年齡為320Ma ±6Ma(丁汝福等,2001),亦屬早石炭世晚期謝爾普霍夫階。根據(jù)青藏高原等地區(qū)碰撞造山成礦規(guī)律,造山型金礦一般賦存于主碰撞縫合帶及側(cè)翼(侯增謙等,2008),推測本區(qū)額爾齊斯縫合帶兩側(cè)均具有尋找該類型金礦的潛力。

圖7 準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣晚古生代俯沖-碰撞構(gòu)造-成礦演化示意圖Fig.7 Schematic model of the Late Paleozoic subductioncollision tectonic and metallogenetic evolution of the NMJB area

結(jié)合本文對201 和阿克塔斯兩個小型Au 礦的含礦巖體精確定年推測,早石炭世中晚期(主要在維憲階和謝爾普霍夫階)發(fā)育的構(gòu)造-巖漿-成礦事件可能具有普遍性,其含礦巖體均以小巖體形式出現(xiàn)。該期成巖、成礦事件發(fā)生在主碰撞階段(圖7),大地構(gòu)造背景和地質(zhì)條件對形成斑巖-淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒蚆o-Cu-Au 礦、脈巖-構(gòu)造蝕變巖型Au 礦,以及造山型Au 礦有利。

本文早石炭世巖漿-成礦事件的厘定暗示準(zhǔn)噶爾北緣可能發(fā)育一套碰撞型成礦組合,使該區(qū)成礦作用的認識構(gòu)成了一個完整的成礦譜系:俯沖型成礦作用→碰撞型成礦作用→后碰撞型成礦作用。這一認識對于進一步理解中亞造山帶構(gòu)造-成礦背景提供了依據(jù);同時,明確提出北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)可能構(gòu)成一潛在的早石炭世與碰撞有關(guān)的Mo-Cu-Au 成礦帶,建議找礦部門引起重視。

5 結(jié)論

本文對新疆北部北準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)部分礦區(qū)和地區(qū)巖體進行了鋯石U-Pb 定年分析,獲得201 金礦閃長斑巖年齡323.7±3.4Ma,阿克塔斯Au 礦區(qū)花崗閃長巖年齡327.4 ±3.8Ma,科克森套地區(qū)花崗閃長斑巖年齡328.3 ±4.5Ma,庫爾吐班套地區(qū)花崗巖年齡323.0 ±9.7Ma,這些年齡數(shù)據(jù)集中在323~328Ma,即早石炭世(主要在維憲階和謝爾普霍夫階)。

結(jié)合前人資料和區(qū)域地質(zhì)分析認為,在早石炭世該區(qū)洋盆已經(jīng)閉合,從而結(jié)束板塊俯沖階段進入碰撞造山階段,該階段中酸性巖漿活動發(fā)育,殼幔相互作用強烈,對形成大陸碰撞型斑巖系列的銅-鉬-金礦床較為有利。

該區(qū)目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)的早石炭世礦床主要有斑巖-矽卡巖型Mo(Cu)礦、淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒虯u 礦、脈巖-構(gòu)造蝕變巖型Au礦等類型,成礦與這一時期中-酸性的小巖體、巖脈有關(guān),構(gòu)成一早石炭世與大陸碰撞帶斑巖系列有關(guān)的銅-鉬-金成礦帶。

致謝 實驗過程中得到北京大學(xué)造山帶與地殼演化教育部重點實驗室季建清研究員、涂繼耀老師、孫榮雙老師的幫助;兩位評審專家提出了有益的建議和修改意見;在此一并表示摯謝!

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