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喜馬拉雅造山帶加里東期構(gòu)造作用:以馬拉山-吉隆構(gòu)造帶為例*

2015-07-21 08:54高利娥曾令森許志琴王莉
巖石學(xué)報(bào) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:造山片麻巖喜馬拉雅

高利娥 曾令森 許志琴 王莉

1.大陸構(gòu)造與動力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所,北京 100037

2.河南省有色金屬地質(zhì)勘查總院,鄭州 450052

青藏高原具有“多陸塊、多島弧”組成的基本格局及顯示“多洋盆、多俯沖、多期碰撞和多期造山”的動力學(xué)作用過程(Hsü et al.,1995;Yin and Harrison,2000;許志琴等,2006)。自新元古代以來,組成青藏高原的地體和造山帶經(jīng)歷了長期的構(gòu)造巖漿作用,最后拼貼、碰撞、隆升形成現(xiàn)今的高原,又稱為“造山的高原”(Dewe,2005;許志琴等,2006)。了解新生代喜馬拉雅造山帶的造山過程(包括構(gòu)造變形、地殼深熔和變質(zhì)作用等特征)一直以來是青藏高原研究重點(diǎn)之一。但要深入理解新生代以來喜馬拉雅造山帶的構(gòu)造演化過程,需要了解印度-歐亞大陸碰撞前喜馬拉雅地體可能經(jīng)歷的構(gòu)造作用,需要了解喜馬拉雅造山帶的物質(zhì)組成。

羅迪尼亞超大陸裂解之后,非洲、南美、澳大利亞、印度、阿拉伯、南極等陸塊向南漂移,在新元古代末期匯聚拼合成岡瓦納大陸,這些陸塊之間的造山帶統(tǒng)稱為泛非期造山系,形成時(shí)間為570~510Ma(Cawood et al.,2007)。早期研究認(rèn)為,喜馬拉雅造山帶古生代的巖漿作用和變質(zhì)作用都屬于泛非期(許志琴等,2005)。但越來越多的地質(zhì)年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)都揭示了花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的原巖形成年齡要明顯小于泛非期,可能對應(yīng)于原特提斯洋向?qū)呒{大陸北緣俯沖過程中的安第斯型造山作用(Kusky et al.,2003;Cawood et al.,2007;張澤明等,2008;董昕等,2009;Wang et al.,2012),主要表現(xiàn)為:(1)在喜馬拉雅、拉薩和羌塘,發(fā)育大量~480Ma 的巖漿巖和變質(zhì)巖(Foster,2000;Lee et al.,2000;Godin et al.,2001;Gehrels et al.,2003;DeCelles et al.,2004;Cawood et al.,2007;Lee and Whitehouse,2007;Quigley et al.,2008;Guynn et al.,2012;Zhang et al.,2012;Zhu et al.,2013);(2)寒武-奧陶統(tǒng)地層之間的角度不整合和奧陶統(tǒng)底礫巖(Kumar et al.,1978;Bagati et al.,1991;Le Fort et al.,1994;Wiesmayr et al.,1998;Gehrels et al.,2003;Myrow et al.,2006;劉文燦等,2002;周志廣等,2004);(3)沉積相的突變(Bordet et al.,1971;Funakawa,2001)。綜合以上地質(zhì)事件,在Cawood et al.(2007)模型基礎(chǔ)上,Wang et al.(2012)提出:530~500Ma,原特提斯洋向?qū)呒{大陸北緣俯沖;500~467Ma,俯沖板片斷離,東羌塘微陸塊(?)與東岡瓦納大陸北緣發(fā)生碰撞;467Ma 之后,東岡瓦納大陸北緣再次經(jīng)歷裂解作用,伴隨堆晶輝長巖的產(chǎn)生,喜馬拉雅地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍哟箨戇吘墶5撃P筒荒芙忉屢韵掠^測結(jié)果,包括:(1)特提斯沉積巖和新生代淡色花崗巖含大量年齡為460~410Ma 碎屑鋯石(Gehrels et al.,2011;高利娥,2014)或繼承性鋯石(Aikman et al.,2008;高利娥,2014);(2)喜馬拉雅造山帶高級變質(zhì)巖的石榴子石中包裹U-Th-Pb 年齡為420~400Ma的獨(dú)居石(Martin et al.,2007)。這些現(xiàn)象暗示著喜馬拉雅造山帶可能經(jīng)歷了加里東期構(gòu)造作用。

為了進(jìn)一步探討喜馬拉雅造山帶古生代的構(gòu)造熱事件及其構(gòu)造動力學(xué)意義,本文以馬拉山-吉隆構(gòu)造帶中的花崗巖、變沉積巖和花崗質(zhì)片麻巖為研究對象,來反演喜馬拉雅造山帶古生代的演化歷史,完善東岡瓦納大陸北緣的構(gòu)造演化模型。

1 地質(zhì)背景

喜馬拉雅造山帶呈E-W 向弧形展布(圖1a),自北向南依次劃分為4 個(gè)構(gòu)造單元:特提斯喜馬拉雅帶(也稱北喜馬拉雅片麻巖穹窿,NHGD)、高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系(HHCS)、低喜馬拉雅巖系(LHS)和次喜馬拉雅巖系(SHS)。它們之間的界限分別為藏南拆離系(STDS)、主中央逆沖斷層(MCT)、主邊界逆沖斷層(MBT)。在喜馬拉雅逆沖構(gòu)造體系形成的同時(shí),藏南地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了廣泛的伸展作用,表現(xiàn)為(1)沿喜馬拉雅北坡展布的藏南拆離系(STDS)和(2)南北向裂谷系(NSTR)。

北喜馬拉雅穹窿內(nèi),沿東西向斷續(xù)分布著一系列串珠狀穹窿(圖1a),不同的穹窿總體上顯示了相似的特征,核部由高級變質(zhì)巖和侵入其中的花崗巖組成,邊部為淺變質(zhì)或未變質(zhì)的特提斯沉積巖系,兩者之間是韌性拆離斷層。高級片麻巖具有與高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖相似的礦物組成、地球化學(xué)特征以及年代學(xué)特征,被認(rèn)為是高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系折返過程中侵入到特提斯沉積巖,主要包括含石榴子石的花崗質(zhì)片麻巖、眼球狀花崗片麻巖、含石榴子石和矽線石的片麻巖、石榴角閃巖、石榴輝石巖、大理巖等?;◢徺|(zhì)片麻巖的原巖形成于562~506Ma(Sch?rer et al.,1986;Harrison et al.,1997,1998;Lee et al.,2000;Lee and Whitehouse,2007;Quigley et al.,2008;Gao et al.,2012)。高喜馬拉雅帶內(nèi),淡色花崗巖東西向斷續(xù)延伸約兩千余千米,侵入高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系中,或卷入STDS 下部寬闊的剪切帶內(nèi)。高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系是一套原巖時(shí)代為古元古代-奧陶紀(jì)的高級變質(zhì)巖,包括榴輝巖相-角閃巖相的片麻巖(變泥質(zhì)巖和花崗質(zhì)片麻巖)、變基性巖(榴輝巖、石榴輝石巖、石榴角閃巖)、鈣硅質(zhì)巖和大理巖。該結(jié)晶巖系在喜馬拉雅帶中段被稱作聶拉木群,在東構(gòu)造結(jié)為南迦巴瓦巖群。大量的年代學(xué)研究表明:高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系中所獲得的古生代巖漿和變質(zhì)事件年代為530~460Ma(Cawood et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2012;許志琴等,2005;張澤明等,2008)。

馬拉山-吉隆裂谷系是藏南裂谷系中重要一支,位于喜馬拉雅造山帶內(nèi)部的吉隆縣,雅魯藏布江縫合帶和主中央逆沖斷層(MCT)之間,藏南拆離系(STDS)橫貫其中(圖1b)。橫穿研究區(qū)的剖面表明,吉隆周緣地區(qū)可劃分為5 個(gè)特征不同的構(gòu)造-巖石單元,由北向南依次是:馬拉山穹窿、晚新生代盆地、特提斯喜馬拉雅沉積巖系(THS)、藏南拆離系(STDS)、高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系(HHCS)。馬拉山穹窿位于北喜馬拉雅片麻巖穹窿的西部(圖1a),由錯(cuò)布二云母花崗巖、馬拉山二云母花崗巖和佩枯錯(cuò)復(fù)合淡色花崗巖體組成(圖1b),其中二云母花崗巖巖體規(guī)模較大,從錯(cuò)布往東延伸到波絨穹窿的北側(cè),東西展布~10km,南北~500m。圍巖為侏羅紀(jì)到白堊紀(jì)的泥質(zhì)和鈣質(zhì)片巖(Pan et al.,2004)。佩枯錯(cuò)淡色花崗巖是一復(fù)合巖體,由含電氣石淡色花崗巖、二云母花崗巖和含石榴石淡色花崗巖組成(Gao et al.,2013)。馬拉山二云母花崗巖由多期次“量子行為”的巖脈匯聚而成,形成于16.9~17.6Ma(高利娥等,2013),是水致白云母部分熔融的產(chǎn)物(Gao and Zeng,2014)。STDS 為一大型韌性剪切帶,在吉隆地區(qū)寬~8km,主要由眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖和面理化的淡色花崗巖組成,并被后期的淡色花崗巖體侵位(圖1b),眼球狀片麻巖的源巖為早古生代的花崗巖,形成于498.9 ±4.4Ma(Wang et al.,2012)。高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系(HHCS)主要由眼球狀片麻巖、黑云母花崗質(zhì)片麻巖、變泥質(zhì)巖、斜長角閃片麻巖、含透輝石的大理巖、石榴輝石巖等組成。呈巖脈、巖墻、巖枝狀或透鏡巖體產(chǎn)出的淡色花崗巖直接侵入到變泥質(zhì)巖、花崗質(zhì)片麻巖或含透輝石的大理巖中。

圖1 藏南喜馬拉雅造山帶地質(zhì)簡圖(a,據(jù)Zeng et al.,2009)和馬拉山穹隆地質(zhì)簡圖(b,據(jù)Yang et al.,2009)YTS-雅魯藏布江縫合帶;STDS-藏南拆離系;MCT-主中央逆沖推覆帶;MBT-主邊界逆沖推覆帶;LH-小喜馬拉雅巖系Fig.1 Simplified geologic map of the Himalayan orogenic belt,southern Tibet (a,after Zeng et al.,2009)and simplified geological map of the Malashan Gneiss Dome (b,after Yang et al.,2009)YTS:Yarlung-Tsangpo suture;STDS:Southern Tibet Detachment System;MCT:Main Center Thrust;MBT:Main Boundary Thrust;LH:Lower Himalayan Crystalline Sequence

為了探討喜馬拉雅造山帶古生代的構(gòu)造演化歷史,追蹤該造山帶物質(zhì)組成的來源,選擇了馬拉山片穹窿核部的石英片巖T0659-Q、高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系內(nèi)眼球狀花崗片麻巖TZC09 和馬拉山二云母花崗巖T0829 和T0830 樣品,測定了這些樣品的鋯石U-Pb 同位素年齡和Hf 同位素組成,分析了眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的地球化學(xué)組成。

2 分析方法

2.1 LA-MC-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 定年

為了查明眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖、石英片巖和二云母花崗巖的年代學(xué)特征,從樣品TZC09、T0659-Q、T0829 和T0830 中挑選鋯石,經(jīng)過手工挑選、制靶和拋光,然后進(jìn)行陰極發(fā)光(CL)和掃描電鏡背散射(BSE)成像觀察,揭示鋯石不同生長域的細(xì)微特征。陰極發(fā)光成像在中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所北京離子探針中心進(jìn)行。在中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所大陸構(gòu)造與動力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了BSE 圖像和鋯石內(nèi)部包裹體的成分測試。在陰極發(fā)光和BSE 圖像的指導(dǎo)下,選取鋯石U/Pb 測試點(diǎn)。鋯石U/Pb 同位素定年測試在中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院礦產(chǎn)資源研究所成礦作用與資源評價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行。所用儀器為德國Finnigan 公司生產(chǎn)的Neptune 型激光多接收等離子體質(zhì)譜(LA-MC-ICPMS),并結(jié)合美國New Wave 公司生產(chǎn)的UP 213nm 激光剝蝕系統(tǒng),激光剝蝕所用斑束直徑為25μm,頻率為10Hz,能量密度約為2.5J/cm2,以He為載氣。U 和Th 含量以鋯石標(biāo)樣M127(U:923 ×10-6;Th:439 ×10-6;Th/U:0.475)為外標(biāo)進(jìn)行校正。在測試過程中,每測定10 個(gè)樣品點(diǎn)前后重復(fù)測量兩次鋯石標(biāo)樣GJ-1 和一次鋯石標(biāo)樣Plesovice。分析數(shù)據(jù)的離線處理(包括對樣品和空白信號的選擇、儀器靈敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Th-Pb同位素比值和年齡計(jì)算)采用軟件ICPMSDataCal ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 完成(Liu et al.,2010),鋯石年齡諧和圖用Isoplot 3.0 程序獲得。測試結(jié)果見表1。

2.2 全巖主微量元素地球化學(xué)測試

為了確定眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的地球化學(xué)特征,進(jìn)行了全巖主量和微量元素組成測試。主量及微量元素的測試在國土資源部國家地質(zhì)實(shí)驗(yàn)測試中心進(jìn)行。主量元素通過XRF(X 熒光光譜儀3080E)方法測試,分析精度為5%。微量元素和稀土元素(REE)通過等離子質(zhì)譜儀(ICP-MS-Excell)分析,含量大于10 ×10-6的元素的測試精度為5%,而小于10×10-6的元素精度為10%。個(gè)別在樣品中含量低的元素,測試誤差大于10%。分析結(jié)果見表2。

圖2 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09)中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片(a)和LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb 定年諧和圖(b、c)Fig.2 Cathodoluminescence (CL)showing the texture,spot,and respective age of zircon U/Pb dating (a)and U/Pb concordia diagram (b,c)for the augen granitic gneiss (TZC09)

表1 馬拉山吉隆構(gòu)造帶中二云母花崗巖(T0829和T0830-B)、石英片巖(T0659-Q)和眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09)的LA-MC-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb定年數(shù)據(jù)Table1 U-Pb isotopic data for the two-mica granite(T0829 and T0830-B), graohiteschist(T0659-Q) and augen graniticgneiss(TZC09) in the Malashan-GyirongZone

續(xù)表1Continued Table1

續(xù)表1Continued Table1

續(xù)表1Continued Table1

表2 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09 和T0807)的主量(wt%)及微量(×10 -6)元素地球化學(xué)特征Table 2 Major (wt%)and trace (×10 -6)element data for the augen granitic gneiss (TZC09 and T0807)

2.3 鋯石Hf 同位素測試

鋯石Hf 同位素測試是在中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院礦產(chǎn)資源研究所國土資源部成礦作用與資源評價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Neptune 多接收等離子質(zhì)譜和Newwave UP213 紫外激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)(LAMC-ICP-MS)上進(jìn)行的,實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中采用He 作為剝蝕物質(zhì)載氣,剝蝕直徑采用40μm,測定時(shí)使用鋯石國際標(biāo)樣GJ1 和Plesovice 作為參考物質(zhì),分析點(diǎn)與U-Pb 定年分析點(diǎn)為同一位置,或者選擇結(jié)構(gòu)相似的點(diǎn)。相關(guān)儀器運(yùn)行條件及詳細(xì)分析流程見侯可軍等(2007)。分析過程中鋯石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GJ1 和Plesovice 的176Hf/177Hf 測試加權(quán)平均值分別為0.282007 ±0.000007(2σ,n=36)和0.282476 ±0.000004(2σ,n =27),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道值(Morel et al.,2008;Sláma et al.,2008;侯可軍等,2007)在誤差范圍內(nèi)完全一致。分析結(jié)果見表3。

3 數(shù)據(jù)及結(jié)果

3.1 鋯石年代學(xué)特征

3.1.1 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖( TZC09)

在該樣品中,鋯石呈自形長柱狀,棱角清晰(圖2a),長100~200μm,寬60~100μm,長寬比一般為2∶1。大部分鋯石為核-幔-邊結(jié)構(gòu),核部具有繼承性特征,幔部為模糊化的振蕩環(huán)帶,為變質(zhì)成因,邊部為較窄的均一化灰白色(<30μm),表明這些鋯石結(jié)晶之后經(jīng)歷了后期的變質(zhì)作用。對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的微區(qū)進(jìn)行了鋯石U-Pb 同位素測試。鋯石核部U 和Th 濃度都較低,分別為27 ×10-6~181 ×10-6和25 ×10-6~146 ×10-6,Th/U 變化較大但較高,為0.81~1.04,206Pb/238U 年齡分布于846~995Ma 之間。模糊化振蕩環(huán)帶的鋯石幔部,U 和Th 濃度也較低,95 ×10-6~650 ×10-6和6×10-6~106 × 10-6,大部分Th/U 比值為0.19~0.44,206Pb/238U 年齡分布廣泛,在410~465Ma 之間,在U-Pb 諧和圖上,集中分布于447Ma 處(圖2b),TuffZir 年齡值為447.0+3.0/-5.3Ma(26 個(gè)測點(diǎn),置信度為95%)(圖2c),是眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖源巖結(jié)晶之后經(jīng)歷的變質(zhì)作用的時(shí)間。在U-Pb 諧和線上還有另一組年齡集中于410Ma(圖2b),可能代表了另一期變質(zhì)作用時(shí)間。多數(shù)鋯石邊部較窄,較難于精確測定U-Pb 同位素年齡,3 粒邊部較寬的鋯石得到206Pb/238U 年齡為26.0~35.8Ma,表明眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的確經(jīng)歷了喜馬拉雅期變質(zhì)作用,但可能由于變質(zhì)作用過程中,流體有限,鋯石重結(jié)晶再生長有限。

3.1.2 石英片巖( T0659-Q)

在該樣品中,鋯石呈自形長柱狀,棱角清晰,長100~150μm,寬60~80μm,長寬比一般為2∶1。大部分鋯石整體顯示振蕩環(huán)帶,個(gè)別鋯石含繼承性的核部(圖3a-f)。這些特征預(yù)示著石英片巖的原巖可能形成于巖漿作用強(qiáng)烈的活動大陸邊緣,原巖物質(zhì)未經(jīng)歷遠(yuǎn)距離的搬運(yùn)作用。U-Pb 同位素測試主要集中在具有振蕩環(huán)帶的鋯石,分析結(jié)果表明,U和Th 濃度變化較大,為215 ×10-6~3504 ×10-6和88 ×10-6~509 ×10-6,Th/U 變化也較大,0.06~0.64。剔除幾個(gè)混合年齡點(diǎn),206Pb/238U 年齡為371~457Ma,在Pb/U 諧和圖上集中分布于一致線的374.8Ma 和447.0Ma 附近(圖3g),TuffZir年齡值分別為374.8 +4.0/-1.5Ma(9 個(gè)測點(diǎn),置信度為96.1%)和447.0 + 1.4/- 1.5Ma(26 個(gè)測點(diǎn),置信度為95%)(圖3h)。這兩組年齡數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)在諧和線上相對集中分布,可信度高,代表了石英片巖的物源含有447.0Ma 和374.8Ma 的兩期巖漿巖,對應(yīng)于東岡瓦那北緣經(jīng)歷的兩期構(gòu)造巖漿事件。

圖3 石英片巖(T0659-Q)中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片(a-f)和LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb 定年諧和圖(g、h)Fig.3 Cathodoluminescence (CL)showing the texture,spot,and respective age of zircon U/Pb dating (a-f)and U/Pb concordia diagram (g,h)for the quartz schist (T0659-Q)

3.1.3 二云母花崗巖( T0829)

在該樣品中,鋯石顯示核-幔-邊結(jié)構(gòu)(圖4a),但大部分鋯石核-幔-邊結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。核部為振蕩環(huán)帶或均一化變質(zhì)區(qū)域,幔部為均一化的灰白色,顯示了變質(zhì)作用的特征,邊部顯示典型的韻律生長環(huán)帶,記錄了二云母花崗巖的結(jié)晶年齡。為了了解二云母花崗巖的源巖經(jīng)歷的構(gòu)造巖漿作用,對結(jié)構(gòu)不同的微區(qū)進(jìn)行了U-Pb 同位素組成測試。在振蕩環(huán)帶的核部,U 和Th 含量變化較大,分別在117 ×10-6~848 ×10-6和58 ×10-6~360 ×10-6之間,Th/U 比值較變化較大(0.27~0.97),但206Pb/238U 年齡相對集中,從431Ma 到438Ma,9 點(diǎn)TuffZir 年齡值為434.7 +1.9/-2.9Ma(置信度為96.1%,圖4f)。韻律生長環(huán)帶表明二云母花崗巖的源巖含來自~434.7Ma的巖漿成因的組分。與振蕩環(huán)帶的鋯石巖漿核部相比,均一化的鋯石變質(zhì)核部U 和Th 含量較低,分別在165×10-6~1021 ×10-6和1 ×10-6~32 ×10-6之間,Th/U <0.05(圖4g),206Pb/238U 年齡相對分散,從315Ma 到432Ma,其中大部分年齡集中于425~432Ma 之間,8 點(diǎn)TuffZir 年齡值為431.3 +0.6/-2.5Ma(置信度為93%,圖4e)。這期年齡代表了二云母花崗巖源巖同時(shí)含有經(jīng)歷了~431.3Ma 變質(zhì)作用的組分。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,二云母花崗巖的源巖組分中含有大量經(jīng)歷了約430~440Ma 巖漿和變質(zhì)作用的物質(zhì),可能表明喜馬拉雅造山帶在約430~440Ma 期間經(jīng)歷了一期重要的構(gòu)造巖漿事件。

均一化的變質(zhì)鋯石幔部U 和Th 含量很低,分別在50 ×10-6~551 ×10-6和0~4 ×10-6之間,Th/U 比值較低(0.1~0.7),206Pb/238U 年齡相對分散,從17.0Ma 到20.5Ma(圖4b),其中4 點(diǎn)年齡集中于17.0~17.7Ma 之間,TuffZir 年齡值為17.5 +0.2/-0.6Ma(置信度為87.8%,圖4d)。對具有典型的韻律生長環(huán)帶的鋯石邊部進(jìn)行了16 點(diǎn)測試,U 含量較高(4484 ×10-6~16903 ×10-6),其中15 點(diǎn)沒有得到207Pb/206Pb 年齡,無法進(jìn)行計(jì)算,1 點(diǎn)得到的206Pb/238U 年齡為17.6 ±0.2Ma(圖4a)。從以上這些數(shù)據(jù)分析表明:二云母花崗巖的源巖記錄了約430~440Ma 期間的一期重要的構(gòu)造巖漿事件和17.0~20.5Ma 的喜馬拉雅期變質(zhì)作用。

3.1.4 二云母花崗巖( T0830)

圖4 馬拉山二云母花崗巖(T0829)中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片(a)和LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb 定年諧和圖(b-g)Fig.4 Cathodoluminescence (CL)showing the texture,spot,and respective age of zircon U/Pb dating (a)and U/Pb concordia diagram (b-g)for the Malashan two-mica granite (T0829)

在樣品T0830 中,大部分鋯石顯示核-邊結(jié)構(gòu)(圖5a),核部為振蕩環(huán)帶,邊部較窄(<30μm),顯示典型的韻律生長環(huán)帶。個(gè)別鋯石具有以下特征:(1)多期繼承性核部;(2)均一化灰白色幔部;(3)后期退火均一化邊部。同樣,對不同的結(jié)構(gòu)微區(qū)進(jìn)行了U-Pb 同位素組成測試。具有有振蕩環(huán)帶的巖漿核部U 和Th 含量較低,分別在259 ×10-6~4833 ×10-6和18 ×10-6~323 ×10-6之間,Th/U 比值變化較大(0.06~0.57),206Pb/238U 年齡相對分散,從108Ma 到487Ma,其中大部分年齡集中于436~458Ma 之間,5 點(diǎn)TuffZir 年齡值為445.3+12.9/-8.9Ma(置信度為93.6%,圖5b),這表明,與上述樣品相似,二云母花崗巖的源巖中包含~445.3Ma 的巖漿型繼承鋯石。2 點(diǎn)均一化的變質(zhì)幔部206Pb/238U 年齡為436Ma 和438Ma,Th/U 較低(<0.06)。其中一顆幔部變質(zhì)年齡為436Ma 的鋯石,核部年齡為486Ma,可能與喜馬拉雅造山帶經(jīng)歷的兩期古生代構(gòu)造熱事件相關(guān)。典型的韻律生長環(huán)帶邊部較窄,進(jìn)行了13 點(diǎn)測試,其中9 點(diǎn)打在核部和邊部的混合區(qū)域,2 點(diǎn)諧和度小于95%,剩余2 點(diǎn)得到的206Pb/238U 年齡為17.6Ma 和18.7Ma(圖5a)。2 點(diǎn)均一化的變質(zhì)邊部206Pb/238U 年齡分別為20.8Ma 和21.8Ma。

圖5 馬拉山二云母花崗巖(T0830)中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片(a)和LA-MC-ICP-MS U/Pb 定年諧和圖(b、c)Fig.5 Cathodoluminescence (CL)showing the texture,spot,and respective age of zircon U/Pb dating (a)and U/Pb concordia diagram (b,c)for the Malashan two-mica granite (T0830)

3.2 鋯石Hf 同位素組成

為了確定眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的Hf 同位素組成特征,利用MC-ICP-MS 對TZC09 中鋯石進(jìn)行了原位Hf 同位素測試。個(gè)別鋯石邊部的176Yb/177Hf 比值偏高(表3),為了保證Hf 同位素比值的合理性,我們最終選擇了176Yb/177Hf <0.20的測點(diǎn)進(jìn)行探討。測試結(jié)果顯示模糊化振蕩環(huán)帶具有高度變化的Hf 同位素含量,εHf(t)為-15.9~-3.0(圖6),地殼模式年齡tDM1對應(yīng)于1216~1732Ma。個(gè)別均一化的灰白色變質(zhì)邊部(年齡<36Ma)具有正的εHf,εHf(t)=0.1~5.0,地殼模式年齡tDM1為893~1070Ma,可能表明眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖在新生代變質(zhì)作用過程中有年輕的地殼流體加入。

3.3 全巖元素地球化學(xué)特征

圖6 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09)的εHf(t)-年齡圖解二云母花崗巖的數(shù)據(jù)來自于高利娥等,2013Fig.6 εHf(t)vs.age diagram for the augen granitc gneiss(TZC09)Data for two-mica granites are from Gao et al.,2013

從主量元素含量來看,眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖TZC09 和T0807 具有較高的SiO2(71.0%~75.9%),Al2O3(12.1%~14.5%)(圖7a),但較低的CaO(0.8%~1.9%)(圖7c)、FeO(0.8%~2.4%,圖7b)、MgO、MnO 和TiO2(表2),A/CNK >1.1,K2O/Na2O >1.4%(圖6d,除T0807-3 外)。總體來看,TZC09 和T0807 顯示富鉀過鋁質(zhì)的特征。在蜘蛛網(wǎng)圖上(圖8a),TZC09 和T0807 顯示Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Nb 和Ta 的負(fù)異常。Zr/Hf 比值和Nb/Ta 比值都低于球粒隕石,分別為25.5~29.4 和8.6~14.8(表2)。Rb/Sr 比值較高,為1.6~5.7。在稀土元素配分圖解中(圖8b),TZC09 和T0807 富集輕稀土(LREE),重稀土(HREE)平坦,(Gd/Yb)N=0.8~2.2,Eu 為明顯的負(fù)異常,Eu/Eu*=0.4~0.6。與喜馬拉雅造山帶多數(shù)眼球狀花崗片麻巖相比,這兩套眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖表現(xiàn)出類似的元素地球化學(xué)特征(圖8)。

4 討論及結(jié)論

4.1 馬拉山-吉隆構(gòu)造帶志留紀(jì)構(gòu)造熱事件

圖7 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09 和T0807)的Al2O3(a)、FeOT(b)、CaO(c)和K2O/Na2O 比值(d)與SiO2的關(guān)系圖解Fig.7 Selected major oxides of Al2 O3(a),F(xiàn)eOT(b),CaO (c)and K2 O/Na2 O ratio (d)plotted against SiO2 for the augen granitic gneiss (TZC09 and T0807)

喜馬拉雅造山帶是新生代印度板塊與歐亞板塊碰撞的產(chǎn)物,近年來在藏南、藏東南、羌塘、拉薩、印度、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦等地相繼報(bào)道了古生代巖漿作用和變質(zhì)作用(Argles et al.,1999;Catlos et al.,2000,2002;Foster,2000;Godin et al.,2001;Gehrels et al.,2003,2006a,b;Booth et al.,2004;DeCelles et al.,2004;Kohn et al.,2004;Cawood et al.,2007;Lee and Whitehouse,2007;Liu et al.,2007;Quigley et al.,2008;Zhang et al.,2012;Zhu et al.,2012;許志琴等,2005;張澤明等,2008;董昕等,2009;蔡志慧等,2013),認(rèn)為在印度-歐亞板塊碰撞前,喜馬拉雅地體經(jīng)歷了古生代構(gòu)造巖漿事件。這些古生代花崗巖和花崗質(zhì)片麻巖分布于北喜馬拉雅片麻巖穹窿核部、藏南拆離系和高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系內(nèi)等,年齡集中在518~460Ma(Frank et al.,1977;Bhanot et al.,1979;Debon et al.,1981;Sch?rer and Allègre,1983;Trivedi et al.,1986;Pognante et al.,1990;Rao et al.,1990;Kaphle,1991;Arita and Sharma,1992;Einfalt et al.,1993;Decelles et al.,1998;Girard and Bussy,1999;Schelling,1999;Foster,2000;Lee et al.,2000;Marquer et al.,2000;Godin et al.,2001;Johnson et al.,2001;Miller et al.,2001;Gehrels et al.,2006a,b;Cawood et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2007;Lee and Whitehouse,2007;Wang et al.,2012)。對該套巖石,除了開展了大量地質(zhì)年代學(xué)研究之外,有關(guān)巖石地球化學(xué)特征和變質(zhì)作用性質(zhì)等方面的研究程度較低。Wang et al.(2012)中對吉隆、定結(jié)和雅拉香波地區(qū)的花崗片麻巖進(jìn)行了巖石學(xué)、地球化學(xué)、全巖Sr-Nd 和鋯石Lu-Hf 同位素以及地質(zhì)年代學(xué)的研究,認(rèn)為高喜馬拉雅和特提斯喜馬拉雅中的早古生代眼球狀片麻巖具有相同的物質(zhì)和地球化學(xué)(元素和同位素)組成和侵位時(shí)代,二者可能屬于同一套巖石,為原特提斯洋在古生代向?qū)呒{超大陸北緣俯沖過程中形成的巖漿巖。

上面年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析表明:(1)馬拉山二云母花崗巖的鋯石核部記錄了U-Pb 年齡為445~431Ma 的構(gòu)造事件(圖4、圖5),同時(shí)包括巖漿和變質(zhì)成因的鋯石;(2)馬拉山穹窿內(nèi)石英片巖的碎屑鋯石主要為巖漿成因,年齡峰值為~447Ma和~375Ma(圖3);(3)高喜馬拉雅結(jié)晶巖系內(nèi)眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖中鋯石的變質(zhì)年齡為~447Ma(圖2)。對比以上不同來源的鋯石年齡數(shù)據(jù),可以看出在馬拉山-吉隆構(gòu)造帶中,無論是淡色花崗巖的源巖、還是變雜砂巖,甚至花崗質(zhì)巖石,都記錄了時(shí)代為447~431Ma 的巖漿作用和變質(zhì)作用,比已報(bào)道的古生代構(gòu)造熱事件晚30~60Myr。有趣的是,在二云母花崗巖T0830 中,一顆鋯石記錄了487Ma(巖漿成因)和436Ma(變質(zhì)成因)兩期繼承性核部(圖5a),進(jìn)一步支持奧陶紀(jì)形成的振蕩環(huán)帶鋯石在志留紀(jì)經(jīng)歷了變質(zhì)重結(jié)晶作用,表明喜馬拉雅造山帶的確存在早奧陶紀(jì)和早志留紀(jì)兩期的構(gòu)造作用。

從全巖地球化學(xué)特征來看,眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖含有較高的SiO2(>69.9%),Al2O3、較低FeOT、MgO、MnO 和TiO2(圖7)。所有樣品的K2O/Na2O >1.0,A/CNK >1.1,這些特征表明眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的源巖為過鋁質(zhì)富K 花崗巖。在蜘蛛網(wǎng)圖上(圖8a),這些巖石顯示Ba、Sr、P 和Ti 的負(fù)異常,虧損Nb 和Ta,Zr/Hf 比值和Nb/Ta 比值都低于球粒隕石。從稀土元素含量來看(圖8b),富集LREE,略虧損HREE,Eu 為明顯的負(fù)異常。與喜馬拉雅造山帶多數(shù)奧陶紀(jì)眼球狀花崗片麻巖相比,這兩套眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖表現(xiàn)出類似的元素地球化學(xué)特征(圖8)。在同位素組成特征上,眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的大部分鋯石的Hf 同位素比值(εHf(t)=-15.9~-3.0)高度變化(圖6),稍微高于馬拉山二云母花崗巖鋯石核部的Hf 同位素比值(εHf(t)=- 18.3~-9.5),但與Wang et al.(2012)報(bào)道的早奧陶紀(jì)花崗巖相似。這表明這些花崗質(zhì)片麻巖的原巖可能形成于相似的部分熔融作用或經(jīng)歷了相似的巖漿過程,同時(shí)這些花崗質(zhì)片麻巖具有較低的Hf 同位素組成,可能來自于地殼巖石的部分熔融作用。通過以上分析對比,推斷本文報(bào)道的早志留紀(jì)變質(zhì)巖的源巖可能為奧陶紀(jì)花崗巖,在志留紀(jì)經(jīng)歷了變質(zhì)作用,具有振蕩環(huán)帶的巖漿鋯石發(fā)生變質(zhì)重結(jié)晶作用,但沒有改變?nèi)珟r的地球化學(xué)特征。因此,喜馬拉雅地區(qū)可能經(jīng)歷了兩期古生代與碰撞造山相關(guān)的構(gòu)造事件,時(shí)代相差至少50Myr。

圖8 眼球狀花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(TZC09 和T0807)的原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖(a)和球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素配分圖(b)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989,藍(lán)色實(shí)線陰影區(qū)域數(shù)據(jù)來自于Wang et al.,2012,黃色虛線陰影區(qū)域?yàn)檠爬悴妨?nèi)518Ma 花崗質(zhì)片麻巖(未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))Fig.8 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element (a)and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (b)distribution patterns for the augen granitic gneiss (TZC09 and T0807)Normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989;The data in the blue shaded area are from Wang et al.,2012,and the yellow shaded area are granitic gneiss formed at 518Ma in the Yardoi dome(unpublished data)

4.2 喜馬拉雅造山帶古生代構(gòu)造演化過程

東岡瓦納大陸形成于中元古代,由澳大利亞、印度、馬達(dá)加斯加、東南極和南非卡拉哈里地塊拼合組成(Rogers and Santosh,2003;Cawood et al.,2007)。570~510Ma 期間,東岡瓦納和西岡瓦納拼合形成岡瓦納超大陸,這階段的一系列造山事件統(tǒng)稱為泛非造山作用。喜馬拉雅地區(qū)屬于東岡瓦納大陸的北緣,是在印度地體太古代基底上形成的元古代到第三紀(jì)沉積巖系(Cawood et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2012;Zhu et al.,2012;許志琴等,2005;張澤明等,2008;董昕等,2009),經(jīng)歷了古生代-新生代的構(gòu)造作用后,最終在喜馬拉雅期拼貼到歐亞大陸。已有研究揭示:(1)印度陸塊和喜馬拉雅地區(qū)普遍保存有古生代(寒武-奧陶紀(jì))巖漿事件(Frank et al.,1977;DeCelles et al.,1998,2004;DeCelles,2000;Lee et al.,2000;Godin et al.,2001;Gehrels et al.,2003,2006a,b;Booth et al.,2004;Cawood et al.,2007;Lee and Whitehouse,2007;Liu et al.,2007;Quigley et al.,2008;Guynn et al.,2012)和變質(zhì)作用(Argles et al.,1999;Catlos et al.,2000,2002;Foster,2000;Marquer et al.,2000;Godin et al.,2001;Kohn et al.,2004;Gehrels et al.,2006a,b;Zhang et al.,2012);(2)碎屑鋯石記錄了寒武-奧陶紀(jì)的構(gòu)造熱事件(DeCelles,2000;Hodges,2000;Kusky et al.,2003;Gehrels et al.,2006a;Myrow et al.,2010;Spencer et al.,2012;Zhang et al.,2012;張澤明等,2008;董昕等,2009);(3)存在奧陶統(tǒng)底礫巖(Kumar et al.,1978);(4)寒武-奧陶統(tǒng)之間的地層為角度不整合接觸(Garzanti et al.,1986;Bagati et al.,1991;Brookfield,1993;Le Fort et al.,1994;Valdiya,1997;Bhargava and Bassi,1998;Wiesmayr et al.,1998;Gehrels et al.,2003;Myrow et al.,2006;周志廣等,2004);(5)存在沉積相的突變(Bordet et al.,1971;Funakawa,2001)。以上這些地質(zhì)事件表明喜馬拉雅造山帶及其由東岡瓦那大陸北緣衍生的地體都經(jīng)歷了早古生代構(gòu)造作用,即:泛非造山作用結(jié)束之后,原特提斯洋向?qū)呒{主動大陸北緣俯沖,發(fā)生安第斯型造山作用(Kusky et al.,2003;Cawood et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2012;Zhu et al.,2012;張澤明等,2008;董昕等,2009;蔡志慧等,2013)。在此造山過程中,在印度、澳大利亞、伊朗、喜馬拉雅、西羌塘、拉薩、寶山等地體或微陸塊都經(jīng)歷了時(shí)代為530~490Ma 的巖漿作用,發(fā)育雙峰式火山巖(Zhu et al.,2012)。但對該期造山作用終止的原因和時(shí)代沒有形成統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識,目前存在以下四種模型:(1)在早奧陶紀(jì)全球板塊發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整引起俯沖作用結(jié)束(Cawood and Buchan,2007);(2)拉薩、羌塘等微陸塊不斷增生到印度大陸邊緣,俯沖帶發(fā)生堵塞導(dǎo)致俯沖作用停止(Lister et al.,2001;Collins,2002);(3)東羌塘微陸塊(?)與岡瓦納大陸北緣500~467Ma 發(fā)生碰撞(Wang et al.,2012),引起俯沖板塊斷離造山作用結(jié)束;(4)東羌塘微陸塊和華南陸塊與拉薩地體490Ma 發(fā)生碰撞,引起板塊斷離,軟流圈上涌(Zhu et al.,2012)。

馬拉山-吉隆構(gòu)造帶記錄了447~431Ma 的變質(zhì)作用和巖漿作用,比先前認(rèn)為的安第斯型造山作用晚30~60Myr。印度與歐亞陸陸碰撞引起的新生代同碰撞巖漿作用和變質(zhì)作用發(fā)生在70~35Ma(Zhu et al.,2011;Zeng et al.,2011;Gao et al.,2012),新特提斯洋俯沖引起的弧巖漿作用發(fā)生在145~50Ma(Zhu et al.,2011),兩者之前相差20~100Myr。由此推斷喜馬拉雅地區(qū)古生代構(gòu)造事件持續(xù)時(shí)間也許比已有認(rèn)識更長,在志留紀(jì),可能發(fā)生微陸塊與岡瓦納大陸北緣的碰撞作用,除了導(dǎo)致喜馬拉雅地體的志留紀(jì)巖漿活動外,還引發(fā)奧陶紀(jì)巖漿巖的變質(zhì)作用。綜合上述分析得出,喜馬拉雅地體可能經(jīng)歷了(1)寒武紀(jì)-奧陶紀(jì)安第斯型造山作用,原特提斯洋向南俯沖,在東岡瓦納大陸北緣形成一系列巖漿巖和變質(zhì)巖,導(dǎo)致寒武-奧陶紀(jì)地層之間的角度不整合,形成奧陶紀(jì)底礫巖;和(2)志留紀(jì)(加里東期)陸陸碰撞作用,東岡瓦納大陸北緣的周緣微陸塊(羌塘微陸塊?)在俯沖板片的牽引下,最終與東岡瓦納大陸北緣發(fā)生碰撞作用,導(dǎo)致奧陶紀(jì)花崗巖發(fā)生變質(zhì)作用,形成了志留紀(jì)花崗質(zhì)片麻巖,同時(shí)下地殼物質(zhì)發(fā)生部分熔融作用形成志留紀(jì)花崗巖。石炭紀(jì)的巖漿事件在郎縣也有報(bào)道(Ji et al.,2012;董昕等,2010;王莉等,2013),是東岡瓦納大陸北緣陸內(nèi)裂解巖漿作用的記錄(Veevers and Tewari,1995)。

除了上述報(bào)道之外,在青藏高原,加里東期構(gòu)造巖漿事件具有廣泛性,如:(1)羌塘地體明顯受到晚加里東運(yùn)動的影響,主要證據(jù)包括青藏高原羌塘中部日灣茶卡組的碎屑鋯石包含有加里東期的年齡段(彭虎等,2013)和龍木錯(cuò)以東的五指山等地發(fā)現(xiàn)中上泥盆統(tǒng)不整合于奧陶系-志留系之上(夏軍等,2009);(2)在青藏高原北部的柴北緣地體中,藍(lán)片巖、榴輝巖和麻粒巖的變質(zhì)時(shí)代為450~420Ma(Song et al.,2006;Mattinson et al.,2006,2009;Zhang et al.,2008,2009;Zhang et al.,2010;Yu et al.,2012)、北祁連包含有加里東期的俯沖雜巖(許志琴等,1994)。以上分析表明:喜馬拉雅地區(qū)和青藏高原內(nèi)部諸地體記錄的加里東期巖漿作用和變質(zhì)作用具有可對比性,對于恢復(fù)青藏高原古生代的古地理格架具有參考意義。

致謝 感謝張澤明研究員和戚學(xué)祥研究員仔細(xì)審閱稿件,提出眾多建設(shè)性修改意見。

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