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整合多元文本 構(gòu)建三維課堂

2015-07-08 16:36朱東陽姚寶梁
關(guān)鍵詞:虛擬語氣語法形式

朱東陽+姚寶梁

Larsen-freeman提出語言的三分法,即形式、意義和功能(語用),這三者缺一不可,是動態(tài)相互作用的整體。[1]因此,英語教學(xué)中如何將語法項(xiàng)目的形式、意義和功能三個(gè)維度整合起來,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語法能力就成了教師亟待解決的問題。此外,僅僅思考如何教還不夠,更重要的是教什么。一旦為學(xué)習(xí)者備好“料”,記憶和保持就更長久,課堂也更容易吸引學(xué)生的注意。這里的“料”就是指多元文本。如果教師可以根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo)的需要,補(bǔ)充多樣化的文本作為語法教學(xué)的素材,把師生共有的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、文化體驗(yàn)融入學(xué)習(xí)中,這樣不僅能激活課堂氛圍,而且能將學(xué)生的積極情感融入學(xué)習(xí)中,從而達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。因此,教師應(yīng)開發(fā)多元文本作為教材的補(bǔ)充,設(shè)計(jì)由淺入深的活動達(dá)成對于一個(gè)語法項(xiàng)目“形式、意義、功能”三個(gè)維度的掌握,從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生語用能力的發(fā)展。

多元文本可以是真實(shí)未經(jīng)加工的語言素材,如報(bào)紙、雜志、廣播影視節(jié)目、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源、文學(xué)作品等,也可以是其他版本的教材,甚至是教師自編自創(chuàng)的詩歌、故事,學(xué)生的作業(yè)等等。[2]未經(jīng)加工的素材真實(shí)地道,具有時(shí)代性,但這類材料往往信息密度大,存在不熟悉的詞匯和干擾理解的句式,因此要根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行一定的取舍;而來源于學(xué)生或教師自編的文本,具有生成性,對學(xué)生有強(qiáng)烈的吸引力,涵蓋了學(xué)生所學(xué)的內(nèi)容,無形中起到了復(fù)習(xí)的作用。當(dāng)然,這類文本沒有前者語言地道,也需要經(jīng)過篩選和加工才能使用。

下面就以虛擬語氣中與過去事實(shí)相反的教學(xué)內(nèi)容為例(在此之前已經(jīng)完成了與現(xiàn)在、將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的學(xué)習(xí)),在實(shí)踐操作層面說明如何整合多元文本,構(gòu)建三維語法課堂,提升語法教學(xué)效果。

一、經(jīng)典片段呈現(xiàn) ?提取語法意義

在教學(xué)之前,筆者先播放一段電影《泰坦尼克號》主題曲“My Heart Will Go On”的小視頻。該電影是每一個(gè)學(xué)生所熟知的:來自于不同階層的兩個(gè)人——窮畫家Jack和貴族女Rose拋棄世俗的偏見墜入愛河。在郵輪即將沉沒時(shí),Jack把生的機(jī)會讓給了Rose。學(xué)生被故事的場景和音樂所吸引,隨即筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)換視角,提問:Suppose you were Rose, what would you like to convey if Jack could read your letter in the heaven?學(xué)生紛紛陷入了沉思,隨即筆者分享了一首事先準(zhǔn)備好的小詩。

How I wish ...

How I wish that I could have become a snowflake,

Telling you my heart melts the moment you look into my eye.

How I wish that I could have become a bonfire,

Warming the icy ocean and brightening your pale face.

How I wish that I could have become a bunch of sunflowers,

Sending out fragrance and bringing a bright color in the darkness.

How I wish that I could have become a seagull,

Silently circling around you, whether it is cloudy or clear.

How I wish that I could have become a clock,

Setting my hand on the day before the disaster till eternity.

這首自編的小詩迅速吸引了學(xué)生的注意力,隨即筆者讓學(xué)生根據(jù)詩的內(nèi)容回答以下問題:

1. Am I a snowflake?

2. Can I actually warm the icy ocean?

3. Is it likely that I become a bunch of sunflowers?

4. Could Rose accompany Jack no matter what the weather is? Why not?

5. Why cannot I stop time?

這一系列的問題都屬于Concept Checking Questions,旨在通過提問的方式確認(rèn)學(xué)生是否真正理解了含義。由于“我”既不是雪花,又不是篝火、海鷗或鐘表,因而my wish也就無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。這一步對于學(xué)生對虛擬語氣意義的理解是至關(guān)重要的,對后面的教學(xué)也起到了鋪墊作用。

二、學(xué)生作品欣賞 ?關(guān)注語法形式

Scott Thornbury [2]認(rèn)為,學(xué)生文本是最有效的學(xué)習(xí)資源。比起那些由教師或教材介紹的內(nèi)容,學(xué)習(xí)者對同伴的創(chuàng)作更感興趣。由于其中使用了他們熟悉和接受的語言,也更容易記憶。于是在確認(rèn)意義理解的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者將上一屆學(xué)生創(chuàng)作的小詩作為學(xué)習(xí)材料予以呈現(xiàn)。

閱讀后,學(xué)生不難看出這首小詩講述了作者沒被告知征兵的消息,所以沒有發(fā)生后續(xù)的這一連鎖反應(yīng)。在共同欣賞了小詩的內(nèi)容后,筆者再次呈現(xiàn)這首詩,將畫線部分挖空并給出動詞原形,要求學(xué)生獨(dú)立完成,目的是讓學(xué)生關(guān)注與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的典型形式。endprint

在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),允許學(xué)生在獨(dú)立思考的基礎(chǔ)上,與鄰座同學(xué)核對答案,同時(shí)討論虛擬語氣與過去事實(shí)相反的典型形式。教師可以提示學(xué)生,為了和陳述語氣相區(qū)別,虛擬語氣要用動詞的特殊形式來表現(xiàn)。經(jīng)過思考,學(xué)生回答這首詩在主句部分都使用了“主語+would have done ...”的形式。這時(shí)教師反問:“只能用would have done嗎(重讀would)?如果表示可能性很小呢?(用might have done) 表示過去本來應(yīng)該做的事,但最后沒做成呢?(用should have done) 或者表達(dá)原本能夠或可能呢?(用could have done)”在這一系列問題的引導(dǎo)下,最后學(xué)生總結(jié)道:If引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的形式是:If+主語+ had done ... , 主語+ would/could/should/ might have done ... 在此基礎(chǔ)上,再次回到語篇中體會并強(qiáng)化虛擬語氣的典型形式。最后在屏幕上將這些關(guān)鍵部分用紅色突出,要求學(xué)生誦讀、記憶。

三、巧用歷年真題 ?理解語法功能

為了進(jìn)一步讓學(xué)生體會虛擬語氣是形式與功能統(tǒng)一的整體,并深入理解虛擬語氣的言外之意,可以將近幾年的高考和各區(qū)模擬題改編加以利用。例如,讓學(xué)生比較、選出以下每組中更能強(qiáng)化說話者感情色彩的句子。

1. a. I would have gone to my cousins birthday party last night, but I was not available. ( √ )

b. I didnt go to my cousins birthday party as I was not available last night. ( ? ?)

2. a. —It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella.

—Yeah, if we forgot to take one, we would get wet all over. ?( ? ?)

b. —It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella.

—Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we hadnt. ?( √ )

3. a. Without joint effort of all the members, we couldnt have accomplished the task in such a short time. ( √ )

b. With joint effort of all the members, we accomplished the task in such a ?short time. ( ? ?)

在核對答案的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合以上三組句子,讓學(xué)生討論:1.選出來的句子都有什么共同特點(diǎn)? 2.選出的句子分別都表達(dá)了什么情感?3.何時(shí)需要使用虛擬語氣?

通過思考,學(xué)生能夠說出每組中選出的句子都采用了虛擬語氣的形式,體會到虛擬語氣不僅僅出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)選擇題中,更廣泛地應(yīng)用于日常交流中。當(dāng)人們要表達(dá)諸如“愿望、后悔、遺憾、慶幸、歉意、感激”等情感時(shí)使用,有時(shí)亦可以推斷某個(gè)設(shè)想的后果。虛擬語氣的使用是為了強(qiáng)化感情色彩或使表達(dá)更加委婉。通過回答以上三個(gè)問題,學(xué)生逐步認(rèn)識到虛擬語氣是形式和功能的結(jié)合,這有利于在后面的語言輸出環(huán)節(jié)選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言形式進(jìn)行表達(dá)。

四、博采文學(xué)經(jīng)典 ?整合語法“三維”

優(yōu)秀的文學(xué)作品是語言的精華,涵蓋了大量可供模仿與學(xué)習(xí)的真實(shí)語料。對于學(xué)習(xí)者而言,經(jīng)典作品可以極大地喚起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)語法教學(xué)沉悶繁雜的弱點(diǎn)。在前三步教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步整合語法的“形式、意義、功能”三個(gè)維度,深化學(xué)生對于語法項(xiàng)目的理解與使用。例如在下題中,首先需要根據(jù)上下文的語義確定空格中空缺的詞,其次判斷該句應(yīng)采用的語氣,從而填寫出正確的詞形。

根據(jù)語境選詞填空,并根據(jù)需要變化其形式。

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth president of the United States, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, while he was riding in an open car. Many people think it was foolish of him to be in an open car. He should ? ? ?1 ? ? ? a covered bulletproof car, as most world leaders do today. His death could ? ? ?2 ? ? ?. Immediately after the assassination, a suspect, Lee Harvey Oswald, was arrested. Two days later, as Oswald was being transferred to a jail, he himself was killed by a gunman in the crowd.endprint

An investigation ? ? ?3 ? ? ? to find out the truth behind the assassination. After examining a lot of evidence and questioning many people, the investigating committee determined that Lee Oswald must have been the person who shot Kennedy. However, many theories have been made about why he did it. Some people think Oswald could have been a crazy person who thought he could ? ? ?4 ? ? ? by killing a famous man. Another theory states that he might ? ? ? 5 ? ? ? the agent of another government, possibly Russia or Cuba. According to another theory, organized crime (the Mafia) may have been behind the assassination. Some witnesses report gunshots coming from two different directions. If this is true, Oswald could not ? ? ? ?6 ? ? ? alone; there must have been more than one gunman. Even though the assassination occurred many years ago, people are still fascinated with this event.

【答案:1. have had; 2. have been prevented; 3. took place; 4. get attention; 5. have been; 6. have acted】

這段文字記錄了肯尼迪總統(tǒng)遇刺后各方的推測,可以說保持了語言的原汁原味,負(fù)載了許多可供借鑒的表達(dá)方式,折射出社會生活的許多層面。因而適當(dāng)選取經(jīng)典作品作為教材的補(bǔ)充,不僅關(guān)注了語法項(xiàng)目的形式、意義與功能,而且有助于為學(xué)生提供最佳的語言輸入材料,了解西方文化。

五、回歸電影場景 ?深入內(nèi)化所學(xué)

體會虛擬語氣是形式、意義與功能相統(tǒng)一的語法項(xiàng)目后,教師應(yīng)增加練習(xí)內(nèi)化所學(xué),并將練習(xí)形式由完全控制轉(zhuǎn)向半控制甚至是完全開放。在這一環(huán)節(jié)上,我們將視線再一次拉回到電影《泰坦尼克號》郵輪沉沒的片段,并在Jack付出生命挽救Rose的一刻將鏡頭靜止。然后讓學(xué)生設(shè)想在生死關(guān)頭,Jack會想些什么,完成這段心理獨(dú)白。

學(xué)生的輸出如下:

在展示學(xué)生作品后,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考“為什么這段文字要使用虛擬語氣而不是陳述語氣”。通過上一環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能夠回答“因?yàn)樵贘ack看來,為了真摯的愛情即使?fàn)奚松彩菬o怨無悔的。為了表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的決心,就需要用虛擬語氣”。而虛擬語氣的使用恰恰加強(qiáng)了戲劇的張力。

最后,筆者提出:If you were Jack, what would you say to Rose at the last moment? 學(xué)生通過思考,彼此交流了自己的想法,隨后筆者展示電影中的臺詞:Jack said, “Rose, if we were alive, I would marry you some day. If we married, we would live a happy life in the future.” 電影的主題不是描寫災(zāi)難,而是人性,不是反映社會的不平等,而是宣揚(yáng)超越了貧富差異的愛情。

筆者最后總結(jié)道:We all know the end of the story. So there is no “ifs” in reality. As we all know, Jack sacrificed his own life for Roses. But it is because of so many “ifs” that our life is full of hopes and wishes, tragedies and comedies. 從而升華了學(xué)生對虛擬語氣形式與功能的理解。

六、借助其他教材 ?綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)

除人教版高中教材外,北師大版、外研版及譯林版相應(yīng)學(xué)段的教材亦在課文中巧妙融入了虛擬語氣的語法項(xiàng)目,成為教材外很好的課程資源。例如,外研版高中教材模塊6就有以下語篇,教師可將其改編為練習(xí),鞏固所學(xué)。

The D-Day Landings

The soldiers of Able Company crossed the English Channel in seven boats early on the morning of 6 June 1944. When they were about 5 kilometers from the beach, the Germans started firing artillery shells at them but the boats were too far away. The Germans continued firing and Boat 5 was hit one kilometer from the beach. Six men drowned before help arrived. Twenty men fell into the water and were picked up by other boats. As a result, they missed the fighting on the beach. They were lucky. If they had reached the beach, they would probably have been killed.endprint

What do we know about the soldiers of Able Company?

A. They were killed by Germans.

B. They were beaten but survived the battle.

C. They reached the beach and conquered the Germans.

D. They reached the beach but suffered heavy loss.【答案為B】

最后,筆者設(shè)置完全開放的寫作任務(wù),讓學(xué)生在書面表達(dá)中鞏固語法形式,體會虛擬語氣的語用功能,如要求學(xué)生在下列題目中任選一個(gè)寫作。

1. If I had/had not done ...

2. I wish I had been/had done ...

3. If only ... had done/had been ...!

以下是一位學(xué)生以少年P(guān)i為第一人稱創(chuàng)作的小詩。

綜上所述,對于語法教學(xué)的認(rèn)識應(yīng)由單純的知識傳授轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榕囵B(yǎng)學(xué)生的語用能力。相應(yīng)地,在教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)有意識地從“形式、意義、功能”三個(gè)維度設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),全方位地提升學(xué)生運(yùn)用語法項(xiàng)目的能力。具體到一節(jié)課的設(shè)計(jì),可以遵循“提取—整合—應(yīng)用”的路徑。在提取階段,從學(xué)生熟悉的內(nèi)容或方式入手,激活學(xué)生頭腦中對于該語法項(xiàng)目形式和意義的記憶,通過對比、討論等方式,逐步深化學(xué)生對于語法功能的理解;在整合、應(yīng)用階段,同樣關(guān)注“形式、意義、功能”這三個(gè)維度,設(shè)計(jì)恰當(dāng)?shù)那榫尺M(jìn)行練習(xí),鞏固內(nèi)化所學(xué)。

如果說語法教學(xué)的目標(biāo)是從三個(gè)維度全方位地掌握語法項(xiàng)目,提升學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用能力,那么多元文本就是促進(jìn)有效教學(xué)的途徑?!队⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀》指出,在教學(xué)中除使用教科書外,還應(yīng)將其他課程資源作為教學(xué)的補(bǔ)充,盡可能讓學(xué)生從不同渠道接觸、學(xué)習(xí)和使用英語。[3]教師應(yīng)巧妙改編教材資源和習(xí)題集,積累報(bào)紙、歌曲、影視作品等真實(shí)語料,開發(fā)教師文本和學(xué)生文本,將其融入語法教學(xué)之中,從而真正提高學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 桂詩春.外語教學(xué)的認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,2005,37(4):247.

[2] THORNBURY S.如何教語法[M].鄒為誠,編譯. 北京:人民郵電出版社,2011:90-91.

[3] 中華人民共和國教育部.全日制義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿)解讀.[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2002:142-143.endprint

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