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微型文本輔助的高中英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)

2015-07-08 02:38章玉芳
關(guān)鍵詞:語料庫短語語境

現(xiàn)代大型語料庫最大的特點(diǎn)在于語料庫中包含有大量真實(shí)的語言事實(shí),利用語料庫輔助外語教學(xué)順應(yīng)了多方面的需求。然而,直接利用大型語料庫輔助教學(xué)存在著語料的繁雜、索引行內(nèi)容的不可預(yù)測(cè)性的問題[1]。教師可通過自建譯林版《牛津高中英語》教材語料庫[2]和全國及各省區(qū)2010~2014年高考完形填空及閱讀理解真題語料庫[3](以下合稱“語料庫”),采用語料庫分析軟件PowerConc 1.0在語料庫中對(duì)教學(xué)目標(biāo)詞進(jìn)行檢索,人工去除重復(fù)的索引行,隨機(jī)抽取得到語境相對(duì)完整的若干個(gè)索引行,將其保存為文本文件,得到源自真實(shí)語用、適用教學(xué)的微型文本。基于微型文本輔助進(jìn)行詞匯復(fù)習(xí),對(duì)于提高語料庫在詞匯復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)中的適用性有著積極的意義。

一、微型文本輔助的詞匯復(fù)習(xí)原則

(一)緊扣單元重點(diǎn) ?建構(gòu)整體框架

高考英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)是夯實(shí)學(xué)生的語言知識(shí)和提升學(xué)生的語言能力。詞匯復(fù)習(xí)不同于詞匯新授,教師需要基于高考詞匯要求,結(jié)合學(xué)情,建構(gòu)跨單元和模塊的詞匯復(fù)習(xí)整體框架。詞匯復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容包括常見同義詞、短語以及句式結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。

(二)凸顯高頻詞匯 ?建構(gòu)語用框架

最常見的前2000個(gè)詞匯覆蓋了80%的文本,學(xué)習(xí)這些高頻詞是學(xué)習(xí)英語詞匯的關(guān)鍵[4]。高頻詞既是學(xué)生應(yīng)該首先掌握的詞匯,也是高考詞匯、閱讀和寫作考查的重點(diǎn)。高頻詞的復(fù)習(xí)有助于提升學(xué)生的語用能力和應(yīng)試能力。

(三)提供豐富語境 ?選取典型例句

語境是指上下文,即指詞、短語、語句或篇章的前后關(guān)系,具體用來指位于某個(gè)詞、片語甚至長(zhǎng)至句子或段落的語言[5]。語境有利于消除詞匯的歧義。教師需要通過有目的、有計(jì)劃地將高考詞匯在豐富的上下文語境中集中呈現(xiàn)以幫助學(xué)生在較短的時(shí)期內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)大量的詞匯。微型文本提供的豐富語境,既能凸顯常見的搭配,也能滿足句與句之間的同義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)。同時(shí),微型文本編制的練習(xí)可以滿足詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的不同能力要求。

教師通過在線語料庫分析工具Sketch Engine進(jìn)行教學(xué)目標(biāo)詞的同義詞、搭配和句式結(jié)構(gòu)的檢索之后,確定教學(xué)內(nèi)容,然后從微型文本中選取典型的例句并進(jìn)行必要的加工。微型文本輔助的詞匯復(fù)習(xí)既適用又重點(diǎn)突出,有助于提升詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的有效性。

二、微型文本輔助的高中英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)實(shí)踐

筆者通過譯林版《牛津高中英語》教材的Module 3 Unit 1的三個(gè)教學(xué)片段來探討基于微型文本輔助的詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的方法。

(一)同義詞復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)

同義詞教學(xué)中,幫助學(xué)生在厘清同義詞在搭配和語體上的細(xì)微差別的同時(shí),還要通過同義詞共有搭配的替換訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)效果。Sketch Engine“同義詞檢索”結(jié)果表明,本單元中的recognize與高考詞匯表中的identify、acknowledge、realize、establish為常見的同義詞,這些同義詞中realize與recognize的共有搭配不及其他同義詞豐富。上述詞匯均屬于常見的前2000個(gè)詞匯,realize為初中已學(xué)詞匯,identify出現(xiàn)在高中教材的第7模塊,acknowlege和establish高中教材中沒有出現(xiàn),因此,將這組同義詞安排在本單元進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)。教師將recognize等的微型文本進(jìn)行加工并編制練習(xí)。

課堂上,首先讓學(xué)生歸納文本中recognize的常見搭配,然后讓他們歸納recognize、identify、acknowledge和establish的常見的共有搭配并給出釋義。部分文本如下:

(1)After treatment with oxytocin, mens ability to correctly recognize competitive relationship improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that get better.

(2)Arthur Miller is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Millers most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is powerful attack on the American system.

(3)Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time. Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the key to success, rather than customers speeding power.

(4)By studying sociology, we can identify important factors such as education that can help people more successful within society.

(5)Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even helpful if wed publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.endprint

學(xué)生歸納出上述詞常見的共有搭配:recognize/establish relationship/friendship/link etc“建立關(guān)系/友誼/聯(lián)系”;recognize/acknowledge/identify ...“承認(rèn)……”;be recognized/acknowledged as“被公認(rèn)為……”。教師在學(xué)生歸納的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步提醒學(xué)生:在“建立……”搭配中,establish用法更為常見,在各組搭配中recognize語體最為正式。

在鞏固環(huán)節(jié)中,教師設(shè)計(jì)了上述同義詞的替換練習(xí),利用同義詞替換訓(xùn)練,強(qiáng)化所學(xué)同義詞內(nèi)容。部分文本如下:

(1)I achieved success that year. I was recognized in the program as “Student Art Assistant” because of the time and effort Id put in.

(2)Dave has really changed a lot. Hes put on a lot of weight. You can hardly recognize him in the photo, can you?

(3)Now I am aware of what I look like and much happier, because I have realized it is your personality that decides who you truly are.

【參考答案:(1)acknowledged; (2)identify; ?(3)recognized】

在目標(biāo)詞常見搭配的呈現(xiàn)中,學(xué)生鞏固了該詞的基本用法,然后進(jìn)行同義詞辨析替換復(fù)習(xí),幫助學(xué)生厘清同義詞的細(xì)微區(qū)別以及強(qiáng)化共有搭配的正確使用。微型文本輔助的同義詞復(fù)習(xí),不僅能凸顯同義詞的差異和共有搭配,也能通過同義詞在同一文本中的復(fù)現(xiàn),形成“詞義網(wǎng)絡(luò)”,讓學(xué)生獲得比較全面的詞語搭配信息,學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中真正常見的搭配,提高詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的質(zhì)量。

(二)短語復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)

在單詞復(fù)習(xí)進(jìn)行之后,進(jìn)行短語的復(fù)習(xí)。本單元中的高頻詞contrary to和unlike都是標(biāo)志語篇邏輯關(guān)系的詞語,幫助學(xué)生掌握這些邏輯關(guān)系詞語對(duì)學(xué)生理解語篇有一定的幫助。教師設(shè)計(jì)了由contrary、comparison以及contrast構(gòu)成的表示“比較、對(duì)比”的短語辨析教學(xué)?!皍nlike + ...”雖不屬于短語,但也表示“對(duì)比”,因此將該詞也安排在短語部分進(jìn)行教學(xué)。教師先讓學(xué)生說出文本中畫線部分內(nèi)容的含義。部分文本如下:

(1)Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans.

(2)Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world. On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.

(3)One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark-and-crocodile

-free.

(4)Europe is falling behind, particularly in comparison with Japan and other countries of Pacific Rim.

(5)Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities.

【參考答案:(1)與……相反;(2)正好相反;(3)相比之下;(4)與……相比;(5)與……不同】

在學(xué)生正確識(shí)別了表示“對(duì)比、比較”的短語之后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行歸納:contrary to/on the contrary表示“相反”,by/in contrast/comparison(with)表示“對(duì)比”,unlike表示“不同”,學(xué)生對(duì)這些標(biāo)識(shí)語篇邏輯關(guān)系的短語的語義的差異有了全面的認(rèn)識(shí)。

在鞏固環(huán)節(jié)中,教師設(shè)計(jì)了填詞練習(xí)。讓學(xué)生利用這些短語所標(biāo)志的邏輯關(guān)系的差異正確填詞。部分文本如下:

(1)Most positive emotions are associated with ? ? ? ? ?behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we ? ? ? ? ?or that make us anxious.

(2)Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to turn their children off touching dirt. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist, ? ? ? ? ?children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.endprint

(3)Red can cause a persons blood pressure to rise and increase peoples appetites ... Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to ? ? ? ? ?appetite. So if you want to eat ? ? ? ? , some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.

(4)Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any crop. On the contrary, studies shows that the most crown GM soybeans has suffered ? ? ? ? ?productivity. For instance, a report that analysed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly ? ? ? ? ?US crop production.

【參考答案:(1)approach, dislike; (2)encourage;(3)lose, less; (4)reduced, increase】

填詞練習(xí)幫助學(xué)生利用表示“比較、對(duì)比”的短語理解語義并能正確猜詞。短語復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)中的微型文本的編制可以提供更豐富的上下文語境,甚至可以采用文本中的完整段落。這與完形填空根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系來填詞要求一致,學(xué)生可以依據(jù)對(duì)標(biāo)志上下文邏輯關(guān)系的短語的正確理解,提高完形填空中的語境填詞能力。

(三)句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)

詞匯復(fù)習(xí)中,除了進(jìn)行詞匯和短語的復(fù)習(xí)之外,常見句式結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)習(xí)也尤為必要。本單元中出現(xiàn)了高頻詞once引導(dǎo)從句的用法,通過PowerConc 1.0對(duì)語料庫檢索發(fā)現(xiàn),once的微型文本中涵蓋大量省略句式結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,教師設(shè)計(jì)了由once引出省略結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)習(xí)。首先呈現(xiàn)了once表示“一旦”的例句,讓學(xué)生找出并補(bǔ)全省略結(jié)構(gòu)。部分文本如下:

(1)Today women are seldom dressed by servants, but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them. Is it interesting? Actually, a standard, once set, resists change.

(2)Once familiar with each others presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together in the sofa.

(3)Once at the office, you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.

(4)Once introduced to Steinbecks writing, one boy went to read The Grapes of Wrath and told me repeatedly how amazing it was that “all these people hate each other, and theyre all white.”

【參考答案:(1)once it is set, a standard resists change; (2)Once they are familiar; (3)Once you are at the office; (4)Once he was introduced】

在學(xué)生完成任務(wù)后,教師追問學(xué)生:什么時(shí)候可以使用省略結(jié)構(gòu)?學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)如果從句謂語動(dòng)詞包含be動(dòng)詞,主從句的主語又一致就可以使用省略。

在鞏固環(huán)節(jié)中,教師設(shè)計(jì)改寫成省略句的練習(xí)來鞏固常見省略結(jié)構(gòu)。文本如下:

(1)Once we are in the office after we get a cup of coffee, wed click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.

(2)Once people who break the rules are caught, they will be punished.

(3)Once she was out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.

(4)Once a person is homeless, he often finds it impossible to find a job, since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application.

【參考答案:(1)Once in the office ... ; (2)Once caught, people who breaks the rules will be punished; (3)Once out in the street ...; (4)Once homeless, a person often ...】

改寫練習(xí)可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語用能力。同時(shí),改寫練習(xí)不僅幫助學(xué)生鞏固省略句式結(jié)構(gòu),還讓學(xué)生注意到代詞的正確使用,如第(2)(4)句,省略后原來從句中的主語就變成了主句的主語。微型文本輔助的句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)習(xí),既幫助學(xué)生鞏固了常見結(jié)構(gòu),也能提升他們的句式轉(zhuǎn)換能力和寫作連貫?zāi)芰Α?/p>

三、教學(xué)啟示

高中英語教材語料庫和高考閱讀真題語料庫中語料的語言難度、體裁選擇、題材范圍都體現(xiàn)高考要求,既避免了通過在線語料庫檢索出的文本的語言難度、體裁和題材的不可控制性,也避免了詞典例句語境提示的不豐富性。通過語料庫提取的微型文本編制的例句和練習(xí)可以提高詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的有效性。

詞匯和語境相互依存,詞匯只有在具體語境中才能獲得準(zhǔn)確的詞義,語境在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和積累中起著重要作用。微型文本輔助的詞匯復(fù)習(xí)是語境中復(fù)習(xí)詞匯的有效途徑。微型文本也是日常教學(xué)、語言測(cè)試的重要資源。微型文本庫經(jīng)過不斷更新、不斷完善,對(duì)提高英語教學(xué)尤其是詞匯教學(xué)的有效性有著積極的意義。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 梁茂成. 微型文本及其在外語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].外語電化教學(xué),2009,127(3):8.

[2]何鋒. 空間隱喻在高中英語詞匯教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2015 (2):36.

[3]章玉芳. 語料庫輔助的高考應(yīng)用文閱讀分析及教學(xué)啟示[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2014(9):65.

[4] 桂詩春.英語詞匯學(xué)習(xí)面面觀[J].外語界,2006(1):59.

[5] 陜雪梅.語境策略與英語詞匯教學(xué)[J].西北民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2007(6):65.endprint

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