鮑玉杰

【摘 要】英語長(zhǎng)句常含有一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句，理清主句與從句的關(guān)系是長(zhǎng)句分析的關(guān)鍵。而從句與主句之間的關(guān)系又疏密有別。在長(zhǎng)句分析中我們可以視其與主句的不同關(guān)系而采取不同的處理方法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】英語；從句；長(zhǎng)句；分析

英語從句可以簡(jiǎn)單分為三大類：名詞從句、形容詞從句和副詞從句。這三類從句與主句之間聯(lián)系的程度是有差別的，在分析英語長(zhǎng)句的過程中，主從句關(guān)系緊密的，從句不能與主句剝離開；主從句關(guān)系松散的，從句可以與主句分離開，獨(dú)立處理。

一、名詞從句

名詞從句包括：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。其中，主語從句、表語從句和賓語從句與主句關(guān)系較為緊密，在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)若將其與主句截?cái)鄤t容易造成句子成分殘缺。然而，同位語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和表意功能決定了它與主句關(guān)系相對(duì)松散，去掉后不會(huì)導(dǎo)致句子成分殘缺，因而分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以把同位語從句與主句分開，獨(dú)立分析。

（一）It has been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively， there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically： why should one develop a theory， carry out systematic observations or make predictions about the obvious？

句中，it 為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。若把主語從句去掉，句子主干就會(huì)缺失，因而也不能表達(dá)完整的意義。

（二）The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle， and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

句中，若把that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句與主句割裂開來，句子就會(huì)因?yàn)槿狈Ρ碚Z而成分殘缺，因而表語從句不適合與主句剝離開來。

（三）The examples of Virtual Vineyards， Amazon.com， and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity， hospitality， and security will attract online customers.

句中，that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity， hospitality， and security will attract online customers是show 的賓語從句，去掉后，show后邊沒有受動(dòng)對(duì)象，將表達(dá)不出完整的語義。

（四）California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling，particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.

句中，that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest為同位語從句，解釋說明assumption 的具體內(nèi)容。 暫時(shí)去掉后，句子尚有the old assumption作upsets的賓語，主干成分沒有缺失。所以，分析句子主干時(shí)，同位語從句可以與主句暫時(shí)割裂開來。

二、形容詞從句

形容詞從句即定語從句。從句子主干分析的角度看，定語從句并非句子主干必不可少的成分，所以長(zhǎng)句分析中可以暫時(shí)將定語從句，尤其是非限定性定語從句去掉。

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate will experience greater intellectual development.

句中who is raised in an environment， where there are many stimuli 和which develop his or her capacity for appropriate是三個(gè)連用的定語從句，分別修飾先行詞child，environment和stimuli，去掉后句子主干立即清晰呈現(xiàn)出來，對(duì)原句的主體成分沒有影響。

三、副詞從句

副詞從句即狀語從句。狀語從句作主句的狀語，并非句子的核心要素，分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以暫時(shí)將其去掉，不影響句子主要意思的表達(dá)。

I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake， chances were that no other surgeon could have， either.

句中because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake， chances were that no other surgeon could have， either是原因狀語從句，暫時(shí)剝離后句子長(zhǎng)度瞬間變短，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰可見。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]薄冰.薄冰高級(jí)英語語法[M].北京：世界知識(shí)出版社，2000.5.

[2]杜永文，新編英語語法分析全書[M].北京：知識(shí)出版社，2002.3.

[3]全國考研英語命題研究中心，考研英語歷年真題詳解[M].長(zhǎng)春：吉林出版集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司，2015.2.