錢巧霞周敬茹丁 月楊亞軍,2金 力,2王笑峰,2王久存,2△
(1復(fù)旦大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院現(xiàn)代人類學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 上海 200438;2復(fù)旦大學(xué)泰州健康科學(xué)研究院 泰州 225300)
絕經(jīng)前后尿酸與代謝綜合征的關(guān)聯(lián)分析
錢巧霞1周敬茹1丁 月1楊亞軍1,2金 力1,2王笑峰1,2王久存1,2△
(1復(fù)旦大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院現(xiàn)代人類學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 上海 200438;2復(fù)旦大學(xué)泰州健康科學(xué)研究院 泰州 225300)
目的分析比較絕經(jīng)前、后女性血清尿酸水平與代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)的關(guān)系。方法采取多階段整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法于2013年抽取江蘇省泰興市根思鄉(xiāng)、姚王鎮(zhèn)等12個(gè)自然村,調(diào)查40~65歲的女性3 187人,其中未絕經(jīng)1 457人,已絕經(jīng)者1 730人。分別分析未絕經(jīng)組和絕經(jīng)組尿酸水平與MS的關(guān)系。結(jié)果MS的總患病率為15.34%,絕經(jīng)女性為18.68%,明顯高于未絕經(jīng)女性(11.41%,P<0.001)。MS的患病率均隨尿酸水平的升高而升高(趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn),P<0.001),同一尿酸水平時(shí)絕經(jīng)女性的MS患病率高于未絕經(jīng)女性。多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示無論是否絕經(jīng),尿酸均是MS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但同一尿酸水平時(shí)絕經(jīng)女性患的MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于未絕經(jīng)女性。結(jié)論絕經(jīng)對(duì)尿酸和MS的關(guān)系具有“修飾”作用,絕經(jīng)后尿酸對(duì)MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作用有所增加。
絕經(jīng); 代謝綜合征; 尿酸
尿酸是經(jīng)腎臟排泄的嘌呤代謝產(chǎn)物。隨著生活水平提高和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)改變,高嘌呤食物攝入不斷增多,體內(nèi)尿酸水平也逐年增高[1]。研究表明,尿酸水平升高會(huì)增加代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2-3]。
女性絕經(jīng)后失去雌激素的保護(hù),體內(nèi)尿酸水平將顯著升高。Wingrove等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),絕經(jīng)后女性血清尿酸濃度比未絕經(jīng)女性高10%;多因素校正后,該比例達(dá)到16%,且具有更顯著的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后MS的患病率也顯著增加。Eshtiaghi等[5]研究顯示,校正年齡因素后,絕經(jīng)后MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了2.85(1.31~6.20)倍。
然而,絕經(jīng)是否會(huì)影響尿酸與MS之間的關(guān)系?目前僅有韓國的一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)其進(jìn)行了初步研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后尿酸對(duì)MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有所增加[6]。由于不同種族間疾病的發(fā)生存在異質(zhì)性,近年來中國人特別是女性群體,尿酸水平普遍升高且MS的患病率也存在增加趨勢(shì)[7-9],在中國人群中絕經(jīng)是否會(huì)影響尿酸與MS之間的關(guān)系尚不清楚。本研究以3 187例40~65歲女性作為研究對(duì)象,通過比較絕經(jīng)前、后女性血清尿酸水平與MS的關(guān)系,來探究絕經(jīng)對(duì)于尿酸和MS之間關(guān)系的影響,為女性MS的防控提供新思路。
研究對(duì)象采取多階段整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法于2013年抽取江蘇省泰興市根思鄉(xiāng)、姚王鎮(zhèn)等12個(gè)自然村。以具有當(dāng)?shù)貞艏蛟诋?dāng)?shù)鼐幼 ?年的40 ~65歲的女性為研究對(duì)象,排除有嚴(yán)重認(rèn)知障礙等不能完成和不配合受訪者?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)共調(diào)查3 456人,其中259人因非自然絕經(jīng),7人因檢查指標(biāo)不全而被剔除,最終共納入3 187人進(jìn)入分析。
問卷調(diào)查受訪者清晨在村衛(wèi)生室集合,由經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)并考察合格的調(diào)查員對(duì)其進(jìn)行一對(duì)一面對(duì)面調(diào)查。內(nèi)容包括:一般人口學(xué)特征、疾病史、藥物治療史、是否絕經(jīng)、絕經(jīng)方式等。
生化檢查調(diào)查對(duì)象血液標(biāo)本的采集在清晨統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行,抽取調(diào)查對(duì)象禁食10 h以上的空腹靜脈血5 m L,分離血清并在5 h內(nèi)應(yīng)用東芝40 FR全自動(dòng)生化分析儀進(jìn)行尿酸、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,F(xiàn)PG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)等生化指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)。
人體體質(zhì)指標(biāo)及測(cè)量方法調(diào)查對(duì)象脫去鞋、帽、外衣,身高、體重的測(cè)量通過已校準(zhǔn)的自動(dòng)測(cè)量?jī)x(KIKER PIUS GL-310)來完成;腰圍為平靜呼吸狀態(tài)下臍上1 cm水平的周長,臀圍為臀部的最大周長,身高和腰臀圍均精確到0.1 cm,體重精確到0.1 kg。采用進(jìn)口全自動(dòng)血壓計(jì)(EASY-X-900)對(duì)右側(cè)肱動(dòng)脈血壓進(jìn)行測(cè)量,測(cè)量前30 min內(nèi)禁止吸煙、飲茶、取坐位休息15 min,連續(xù)測(cè)量2次,間隔1~2 min,血壓取平均值。體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)=體重(kg)/身高2(m2),腰臀比(WHR)=腰圍(cm)/臀圍(cm)。
診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)糖尿病分會(huì)MS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(CDS2004)[10],需符合以下5項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的3項(xiàng)及以上:(1)超重或肥胖,BMI≥25.0 kg/m2;(2)高血糖,F(xiàn)PG≥6.1 mmol/L和(或)已確診為糖尿病并治療者;(3)高血壓,收縮壓≥140 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa,下同)和(或)舒張壓≥90 mm Hg和(或)已確診高血壓并治療者;(4)高血脂,空腹血TG≥1.7 mmol/L;(5)空腹血HDL-C<0.9 mmol/L(男),<1.0 mmol/L(女)。停經(jīng)≥12個(gè)月定義為絕經(jīng)[11]。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法將調(diào)查對(duì)象分為未絕經(jīng)女性和絕經(jīng)女性進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。服從正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)型資料用±s表示,兩組間的均數(shù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn),率的比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn)采用χ2趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn)。尿酸水平與MS關(guān)聯(lián)因素相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson's相關(guān)分析。根據(jù)尿酸水平四分位進(jìn)行劃分,4個(gè)組別以Q1~Q4表示,以Q1為參照,利用Logistics回歸分析比較女性絕經(jīng)前后血清尿酸水平與MS的關(guān)系。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為α=0.05,采用SPSS 18.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
人口學(xué)特征本研究共納入3 187人,平均年齡(52.28±7.28)歲,未絕經(jīng)女性1 457人,占45.72%,絕經(jīng)女性1 730人,占54.28%。絕經(jīng)者的年齡、腰臀比、收縮壓、舒張壓、HDL-C、LDL-C、FPG、尿酸、TG、TC、MS患病率均高于未絕經(jīng)者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);兩者BMI差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表1)。
表1 研究對(duì)象的一般人口學(xué)特征Tab 1 Demographic data of the population based on menopausal status(±s)
表1 研究對(duì)象的一般人口學(xué)特征Tab 1 Demographic data of the population based on menopausal status(±s)
BMI:Body mass index;WHR:Waist-to-hip ratio;SBP:Systolic blood pressure;DBP:Diastolic blood pressure;HDL-C:High density lipoprotein-cholesterol;LDL:Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol;FPG:Fasting plasma glucose;TG:Triglycerides;TC:Total cholesterol;SUA:Serum uric acid;MS:Metabolic syndrome.The difference between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women was analyzed by t-test.
MS患病率與尿酸水平正相關(guān)無論是未絕經(jīng)女性還是絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病率均隨著尿酸水平的升高而升高(趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn),P<0.001);同一尿酸水平絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病率高于未絕經(jīng)女性(圖1)。
圖1 不同尿酸水平下MS的患病率Fig 1 Prevalence of MS according to serum uric acid level
尿酸水平與MS相關(guān)因素顯著相關(guān)BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、HDL-C、FPG、TG都是MS的重要組分,而年齡、腰臀比、LDL-C、TC均與MS有密切關(guān)聯(lián)。女性尿酸水平與MS諸多相關(guān)因素是否相關(guān),(表2),總體上,尿酸水平除與FPG無關(guān)(P>0.05)外,與其余因素均相關(guān)(P<0.001),相關(guān)系數(shù)最高的前5位因素依次為腰圍(r=0.257)、TG(r= 0.243)、BMI(r=0.240)、LDL-C(r=0.187)、年齡(r=0.186),尿酸與HDL-C呈負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為r=-0.147;進(jìn)一步分析顯示,未絕經(jīng)女性尿酸水平與年齡和空腹血糖無關(guān)聯(lián),與其余因素均相關(guān),(P <0.001)。相關(guān)系數(shù)最高的前5位因素依次為TG、BMI、腰臀比、LDL-C、收縮壓,尿酸與HDL-C呈負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為r=-0.126;絕經(jīng)女性尿酸水平與FPG無關(guān)聯(lián),與其余因素均相關(guān)(P<0.01),相關(guān)系數(shù)最高的前5位因素依次為BMI、TG、HDL-C(r=-0.216)、腰臀比、收縮壓。
尿酸是MS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素根據(jù)尿酸水平進(jìn)行四分位劃分,4個(gè)組別以Q1~Q4表示。以Q1為參照,利用兩個(gè)模型進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析后顯示,在總?cè)巳?、未絕經(jīng)女性、絕經(jīng)女性,尿酸都是MS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。同一個(gè)尿酸水平絕經(jīng)女性患MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于未絕經(jīng)女性,如校正年齡、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、HDL-C、FPG、TG、腰臀比、LDL-C、TC后(Model 2),當(dāng)尿酸水平Q1為199~240 μmol/L時(shí),絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為2.03(1.05 ~3.93),高于未絕經(jīng)女性1.27(0.62~2.60)。當(dāng)尿酸水平Q2為241~280μmol/L時(shí),絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為2.25(1.19~4.28),高于未絕經(jīng)女性的1.23(0.60~2.51)。當(dāng)尿酸水平Q3>280μmol/L時(shí),絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為2.31(1.26~4.24),高于未絕經(jīng)女性的1.79(0.89~3.59)(表3)。
表2 尿酸水平與MS相關(guān)因素Pearson相關(guān)性分析Tab 2 Pearson bivariate correlation between serum uric acid and MS related variables
MS是個(gè)體多種代謝異常情況的集聚狀態(tài),發(fā)病以胰島素抵抗或肥胖為核心,是心血管疾病、Ⅱ型糖尿病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。我國MS的患病率正在逐年增長,盧偉等[12]在上海人群的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),女性45歲以后MS的患病率有明顯上升趨勢(shì),且患病率超過男性。本研究MS的總體患病率為15.34%,絕經(jīng)女性MS的患病率高達(dá)18.68%,是未絕經(jīng)女性(11.41%)的1.64倍。
表3 不同尿酸水平發(fā)生MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的多因素Logistic回歸分析Tab 3 Adjusted odds ratio(95%confidence interval)for risk of MS according to uric acid concentration derived from multivariate Logistic regression analysis
本研究證實(shí)尿酸是MS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并且尿酸與MS諸多相關(guān)因素關(guān)聯(lián),與文獻(xiàn)一致[12-15]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)2 222名山東人(>25歲)隨訪6年的研究結(jié)果顯示,校正TC、LDL-C后,尿酸是MS發(fā)病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.69,P<0.001)[15]。目前有學(xué)者建議把尿酸用于預(yù)測(cè)女性MS,且已有研究報(bào)道利用尿酸值診斷女性MS的曲線下面積可達(dá)0.82[16-17]。
之前的研究多側(cè)重于尿酸與MS的關(guān)系,而很少關(guān)注絕經(jīng)這一因素對(duì)尿酸與MS關(guān)系的影響。本研究多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)中國人群中無論是否絕經(jīng),尿酸水平的升高都會(huì)獨(dú)立增加MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是,絕經(jīng)后尿酸對(duì)MS的作用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。Lee等[6]在韓國的研究(1 018名未絕經(jīng)女性和626名已絕經(jīng)女性)結(jié)果顯示,校正了年齡和BMI后,未絕經(jīng)女性第四分位尿酸水平MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是第一分位尿酸水平的2.08 (1.21~3.97)倍,而絕經(jīng)女性第四分位尿酸水平MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是第一分位尿酸水平的2.38(1.33~4.03)倍。這說明絕經(jīng)對(duì)尿酸和MS的關(guān)系具有“修飾”作用,絕經(jīng)后尿酸對(duì)MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作用有所增加。
絕經(jīng)如何影響尿酸與MS關(guān)系的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。一方面,已有研究證實(shí)尿酸是MS的危險(xiǎn)因素會(huì)增加胰島素抵抗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線為高尿酸血癥的患者15年后發(fā)展成胰島素抵抗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是正常人的1.36倍[18]。高尿酸患者進(jìn)行降低血尿酸治療后,患者的胰島素抵抗及胰島β細(xì)胞功能都有所改善[19]。另一方面,絕經(jīng)后體內(nèi)最大的變化是卵巢功能逐漸衰退和雌激素水平逐漸下降,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致血清尿酸水平升高,胰島素敏感性降低,炎性因子水平升高。雌激素對(duì)尿酸水平的調(diào)節(jié)具有重要作用,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用雌激素替代治療的絕經(jīng)后女性的尿酸水平及高尿酸患病率明顯下降[20-21]。Nicholls等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),雌激素水平越高,腎臟對(duì)尿酸的清除能力越高,尿酸再吸收能力越低。大量研究表明絕經(jīng)是胰島素抵抗的危險(xiǎn)因素。絕經(jīng)后雌激素水平下降,而雌激素可以增強(qiáng)胰島素的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),增強(qiáng)糖脂代謝關(guān)鍵酶的活性,促進(jìn)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的表達(dá)和轉(zhuǎn)位,增強(qiáng)胰島素的敏感性[23-24]。絕經(jīng)后一些細(xì)胞因子(如IL-6、TNF-a、瘦素、脂聯(lián)素等)水平升高,增加了胰島素抵抗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25-26]。如IL-6作為一種前炎性因子能下調(diào)胰島素受體底物和葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,阻礙葡萄糖的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[26],從而直接使得胰島素抵抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。絕經(jīng)后,腎尿酸清除能力下降導(dǎo)致血清尿酸水平升高,同時(shí)胰島素敏感性降低,增加了尿酸與MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系。絕經(jīng)、尿酸、MS三者之間可能存在更為復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,有待更多的研究去探索。
本研究為橫斷面研究,樣本量有限,因果論證的強(qiáng)度較為局限,絕經(jīng)對(duì)尿酸與MS的關(guān)系的影響尚需擴(kuò)大樣本量或者通過前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步論證。在MS的防控工作中,絕經(jīng)女性應(yīng)成為重點(diǎn)人群,加強(qiáng)尿酸水平的監(jiān)測(cè),倡導(dǎo)健康飲食和健康的生活方式。
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The relationship between serum uric acid concentration and metabolic syndrome according to different menopausal status
QIAN Qiao-xia1,ZHOU Jing-ru1,DING Yue1,YANG Ya-jun1,2,JIN Li1,2,WANG Xiao-feng1,2,WANG Jiu-cun1,2△
(1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology,School of Life Sciences,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai 200433,China;2The Taizhou Health Research Insitute,F(xiàn)udan University,Taizhou 225300,Jiangsu Province,China)
ObjectiveTo compare the relationship between uric acid and the metabolic syndrome (MS)according to different menopausal status.MethodsIn 2013,3 187 women age ranged from 40 to 65 and including 1 457 premenopausal women and 1 730 postmenopausal women were enrolled from 12 villages of Gensi township and Yaowang township of Taixing city though three-stage stratified sampling method.The study subjects were divided into premenopausal women group and postmenopausal women group for the analysis on the relationship between serum uric acid concentration and metabolic syndrome.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MS was 15.34%,while in the premenopausal women it was 18.68%,which was significantly higher than premenopausal women (11.41%,P<0.001).The prevalence of MS was increasing as the level of serum uric acid(P<0.001,trend test),however the prevalence was higher among postmenopausal women.Logistic regression analysis showed that Uric acid was an independent factor for MSin neither postmenopausal women nor premenopausal women.However,postmenopausal women had greater risk of MS than the premenopausal women with the same uric acid level.ConclusionsMenopause has a“modified”effect on the relationship between uric acid level and MS,and menopause would increase the risk effect of uric acid to MS.
menopause; metabolic syndrome; uric acid
E-mail:xiaofenggautomatic@gmail.com
R589
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.05.003
2014-12-01;編輯:段佳)
上海市科委基礎(chǔ)研究重大項(xiàng)目(11DJ1400102),國家科技支撐重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2011BAI09B00)△
*This work was supported by the Major Fundamental Research of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(11DJ1400102)and the National Key Technology Suppor program(2011BAI09B00).