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術中目標引導液體治療對高危老年患者術后預后的影響

2015-04-21 07:42張丹鳳朱賽楠王東信
中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2015年4期
關鍵詞:液體心血管發(fā)生率

徐 婧,張丹鳳,朱賽楠,王東信*

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術中目標引導液體治療對高危老年患者術后預后的影響

徐 婧1,張丹鳳1,朱賽楠2,王東信1*

(北京大學第一醫(yī)院:1麻醉科,2醫(yī)學統(tǒng)計室,北京 100034)

觀察基于動脈壓波形變化參數(shù)分析(FloTrac)的術中液體治療對老年高危手術患者術后預后的影響。這是一項前瞻性、標簽開放的隨機對照研究。將2013年10月至2014年11月138例≥65歲在北京大學第一醫(yī)院擬行腹部大手術的患者隨機分為兩組(每組69例)。對照組術中進行常規(guī)監(jiān)測、按臨床現(xiàn)有常規(guī)進行術中液體管理;目標引導液體治療(GDT)組術中使用FloTrac/Vigileo系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測動脈壓波形分析參數(shù),通過輸液和血管活性藥的使用維持每博量變異度(SVV)<13%、心臟指數(shù)(CI)≥2.5L/(min·m2)且平均動脈壓(MAP)≥65mmHg。GDT組術后心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯少于對照組[2.9%(2/69)11.6%(8/69),=0.049];GDT組術后感染并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率略少于對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[13.0%(9/69)26.1%(18/69),=0.053]。術后總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。基于Flotrac的GDT能減少高危老年患者術后心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,并有可能減少感染并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,但對整體預后的影響尚需更大樣本量的研究證實。

液體治療;血流動力學;監(jiān)測,術中;手術后并發(fā)癥;隨機對照試驗

高?;颊咝g中如何做到恰當補液一直是個令人困擾的問題。補液過多易導致心肺負擔過重和組織水腫,增加術后并發(fā)癥甚至死亡風險[1];而簡單地限制液體輸注有可能影響組織灌注,給患者造成危害[2]。研究顯示目標引導液體治療(goal-directed therapy,GDT)可以減少術后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[3?6]和死亡率[7]。對機械通氣期間動脈壓波形變化參數(shù)分析(FloTrac)是GDT的監(jiān)測目標之一,研究證實其監(jiān)測結果每搏量變異度(stroke volume variation,SVV)與容量反應性有很好的相關性[8?10]。但目前有關FloTrac監(jiān)測參數(shù)SVV指導術中液體治療能否改善高?;颊哳A后的資料有限而且有爭議。Benes等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)基于SVV監(jiān)測的容量優(yōu)化措施能改善術中血流動力學狀態(tài)、減少術后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;但另一項研究[12]并未發(fā)現(xiàn)SVV監(jiān)測的益處。本研究的目的是觀察基于機械通氣期間進行FloTrac監(jiān)測的術中液體治療對老年高危手術患者預后的影響。

1 對象與方法

這是一項前瞻性、標簽開放的隨機對照試驗。研究方案得到北京大學第一醫(yī)院倫理委員會審核批準(2013[662]),已在chictr.org注冊(ChiCTR-TRC-13003890)。所有受試者均簽署了知情同意書。本研究于2013年10月到2014年11月在北京大學第一醫(yī)院進行。

1.1 研究對象及分組

入選標準為年齡≥65歲、美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)≥Ⅱ級、擬行擇期大手術(預計手術時間≥2h或失血量≥800ml)的患者。存在以下情況之一者排除:(1)術前有心律失常;(2)因先天性心臟病存在心內分流;(3)因肺部疾病不能耐受8ml/kg潮氣量的機械通氣;(4)腎功能衰竭需要透析治療;(5)手術需開胸;(6)未取得知情同意。

由統(tǒng)計專業(yè)人員采用SAS9.2軟件按照區(qū)組隨機的方法生成隨機數(shù)字表,符合入選標準的患者,按照入組的先后順序根據(jù)隨機數(shù)字表的分組信息,按1∶1比例隨機分入對照組或GDT組。

1.2 麻醉和術中液體管理

術前常規(guī)禁食水和進行腸道準備。對照組術中監(jiān)測心電圖、有創(chuàng)動脈壓、中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)、脈搏氧飽和度、呼氣末二氧化碳、體溫和尿量;GDT組除上述常規(guī)項目外,還利用FloTrac(Adwards,美國)監(jiān)測SVV和心臟指數(shù)(cardiac index,CI)變化。所有患者均采用靜、吸復合麻醉,麻醉期間持續(xù)腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)值40~60水平。氣管插管后行間歇正壓通氣,潮氣量8ml/kg,根據(jù)呼氣末二氧化碳調節(jié)呼吸頻率使動脈血二氧化碳分壓維持在35~45mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)。

對照組按照現(xiàn)有臨床常規(guī)管理術中輸液,目標是維持平均動脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)≥65mmHg、CVP 8~12mmHg(腹腔鏡手術氣腹建立穩(wěn)定后根據(jù)CVP波動水平判斷)、尿量≥0.5ml/(kg·h)。醫(yī)師判斷容量足夠但MAP仍不能維持預計水平,則靜脈輸注去甲腎上腺素(noradrenaline)或多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine)維持血壓。

GDT組根據(jù)SVV和CI管理術中輸液:如SVV≥13%持續(xù)>5min或對前一次液體治療出現(xiàn)陽性反應(表現(xiàn)為CI增加>10%),則快速輸注乳酸林格液(lactated Ringer’s solution)250ml;5min后如SVV仍≥13%或者輸液后CI增加仍>10%,則重復上述步驟。目標是維持SVV<13%、CI≥2.5L/(min·m2)且MAP≥65mmHg。如醫(yī)師判斷容量足夠但MAP和(或)CI仍不能維持預計水平,則輸注去甲腎上腺素維持血壓和(或)輸注多巴酚丁胺維持CI。

1.3 觀察終點

主要觀察終點是術后住院期間(截至術后30d)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)的診斷依據(jù)對血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)和尿量的監(jiān)測,參照改善全球腎臟病預后組織(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)診斷標準(2012年版)[13]做出;其他并發(fā)癥由1名臨床經(jīng)驗豐富且對分組不知情的研究者進行最終判斷,定義為術后30d內新發(fā)的對患者有不良影響且需要醫(yī)療干預的情況。

1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理

采用SPSS14.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差或中位數(shù)(Q1,Q3)表示,計數(shù)資料用例數(shù)(百分率)表示。計量資料兩組間比較采用檢驗或Mann-Whitney檢驗,計數(shù)資料組間比較采用2檢驗。以術后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥為結局(其他情況為刪失)的變量進行生存分析,采用Kaplan-Meier進行描述,組間比較采用log-rank檢驗。并采用Cox比例風險回歸模型校正基線有統(tǒng)計學差異的變量后對兩組間進行比較。所有檢驗均為雙側檢驗,以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結 果

2.1 患者入選及隨訪情況

共138例符合入選標準的患者進入隨機分組,每組各69例,均完成了術中干預并隨訪至出院,其中GDT組有1例患者因家屬要求在術后第3天轉院治療。

2.2 兩組患者基線資料和圍術期情況比較

基線資料中,GDT組患者年齡高于對照組(=0.049),其他指標兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表1)。

表1 所有患者的基線資料

BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.*Alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) more than five times of the upper limit of normal.#Serum creatinine (SCr) >177μmol/L.△Smoking half a pack of cigarettes per day for at least 2 years

圍術期資料方面,GDT組麻醉時間和手術時間略短于對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(分別為=0.051和0.061);GDT組術中多巴酚丁胺的使用比率明顯高于對照組(=0.004),而麻黃堿的使用比率GDT組略低于對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(=0.087)。其他指標兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表2)。

2.3 兩組患者術后情況比較

GDT組術后心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組(=0.049);術后感染并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率GDT組略低于對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(=0.053)。其他術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、并發(fā)癥初發(fā)時間兩組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表3)。建立Cox比例風險回歸模型校正年齡和手術時間后,術中動脈波形衍生參數(shù)監(jiān)測并未顯著延遲術后并發(fā)癥初發(fā)時間(RR=1.209,95% CI 0.679~2.153,=0.518)。

表2 所有患者的術中資料

RBC: red blood cell; FFP: fresh frozen plasma.*Estimation of urine during surgery is impossible due to surgical practice, 8 and 3 patients in GDT group and control group respectively

3 討 論

本研究的結果顯示對于接受大手術的高危老年患者,術中根據(jù)機械通氣期間進行FloTrac/Vigileo監(jiān)測的GDT可降低術后心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,并有減少術后感染并發(fā)癥的趨勢。

綜合現(xiàn)有文獻結果,術后各系統(tǒng)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為心臟15.4%[6]、胃腸道15.9%[3]、AKI 8.3%[5]、感染25.5%[4]。本研究中對照組術后各系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為心血管11.6%、胃腸道11.6%、AKI 8.7%、感染26.1%。說明本研究所觀察患者的人群特征與以往研究基本一致。

Arulkumaran等[6]的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)GDT能減少高危手術患者術后心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,認為這與在心輸出量監(jiān)測下、通過補液和正性肌力藥物改善組織氧輸送有關[14,15]。但在該薈萃分析所納入的22項研究中僅有2項研究采用了FloTrac監(jiān)測,且結果并不一致[11,16]。本研究顯示根據(jù)FloTrac監(jiān)測結果指導的術中液體管理減少了老年患者術后心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。本研究資料顯示GDT組和對照組的術中輸液量無明顯差異,但GDT組使用了更多的多巴酚丁胺,這可能是GDT組術后心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率降低的主要原因。

表3 所有患者的主要觀察結果

Dalfino等[4]的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)GDT能減少術后感染并發(fā)癥的風險,認為這與其改善患者的組織氧供有關[17]。但該薈萃分析所納入的26項研究中僅3項小規(guī)模研究采用了FloTrac監(jiān)測技術,結果也不一致[11,18,19]。本研究結果中雖然兩組患者間術后感染并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,但GDT組亦呈減少趨勢(=0.053)。說明根據(jù)FloTrac監(jiān)測指導術中容量管理可能降低術后感染風險,但仍需更進一步的研究證實。

與以往的薈萃分析結果不同[3,5,20],本研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)GDT能減少術后胃腸道并發(fā)癥和AKI的發(fā)生,也未能減少總的術后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。但事實上在這些薈萃分析所納入的研究中僅有少數(shù)研究術中采用FloTrac監(jiān)測,而且這些研究均沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)FloTrac監(jiān)測組與對照組間有明顯差異。本研究結果中雖然術后總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,但GDT組確實低于對照組[30.4%(21/69)42.0%(29/69),=0.157]??紤]到本研究樣本量較小,術中以FloTrac動脈壓波形分析參數(shù)為目標的GDT對老年高?;颊哳A后的影響仍然值得進一步研究。

4 結 論

基于機械通氣期間FloTrac監(jiān)測的術中GDT能降低高危老年患者術后心血管并發(fā)癥的風險,并有可能減少感染并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,但對總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的影響尚需更大樣本量的研究證實。

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(編輯: 周宇紅)

Effects of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy by using arterial wave analysis on outcome of high-risk elderly patients

XU Jing1, ZHANG Dan-Feng1, ZHU Sai-Nan2, WANG Dong-Xin1*

(1Department of Anesthesiology,2Division of Medical Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China)

To investigate whether the intraoperative fluid therapy based on the parameters of arterial pressure wave analysis (FloTrac) could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications in the elderly patients after major surgery.This was a prospective, open-labeled, randomized controlled trial. One hundred thirty-eight patients at an age of ≥65 years who were scheduled for major abdominal surgeries in our department from October 2013 to November 2014 were randomized into 2 groups. In the control group, routine monitoring was performed and intraoperative fluid therapy was administered according to conventional practice. In the goal-directed therapy (GDT) group, hemodynamic monitoring was performed using the FloTrac/Vigileo system, and the intraoperative goals were to maintain stroke volume variation (SVV)<13%, cardiac index (CI) ≥2.5 L/(min·m2), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥65mmHg.The incidence of postoperative cardiovascular complications was significantly lower in the GDT group than in the control group[2.9%(2/69)11.6%(8/69),=0.049]. The incidence of postoperative infectious complications was slightly lower in the GDT group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant [13.0%(9/69)26.1%(18/69),=0.053]. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with regard to the overall incidence of postoperative complications.For the elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, intraoperative GDT based on arterial pressure wave analysis decreases the incidence of postoperative cardiovascular complications, and also tends to decrease the incidence of postoperative infectious complications after surgery. However, its effects on the outcomes of the elderly need further study on larger samples.

fluid therapy; hemodynamics; monitoring, intraoperative; postoperative complications; randomized controlled trial

R614.2; R592

A

10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.04.067

2014?12?24;

2015?02?02

王東信, E-mail: wangdongxin@hotmail.com

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