by Meera Senthilingam德孟 譯

Techtalk 最新科技

望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡 —— 失明患者的福音

by Meera Senthilingam德孟 譯

不知從什么時(shí)候起，隱形眼鏡悄悄地從一種視力矯正儀器變?yōu)橐环N流行風(fēng)尚。隱形眼鏡不僅幫助視力有障礙者擺脫厚重框架眼鏡壓迫帶來(lái)的疲勞和對(duì)美觀的影響，多彩的美容隱形眼鏡還成為了年輕人時(shí)尚的選擇。最近，科學(xué)家在研發(fā)一種置入望遠(yuǎn)鏡鏡片的智能隱形眼鏡。這種隱形眼鏡能讓佩戴者的眼睛變成“千里眼”嗎？佩戴起來(lái)舒適嗎？未來(lái)的隱形眼鏡會(huì)有怎樣的發(fā)展？一起來(lái)看看。?

1) embed [em'bed] v. 嵌入，埋置

2) miniscule ['m?n?,skj?l] adj. 極小的，細(xì)微的

3) incorporate [?n'k??p?re?t] v. 合并，并入

4) flter ['f?lt?(r)] n.濾光器，濾色鏡

5) macular ['m?kj?l?] adj. 有斑點(diǎn)的，有污點(diǎn)的

6) degeneration [d?d?en?'re??(?)n] n. 退化，惡化

7) retina ['ret?n?] n. 視網(wǎng)膜

8) magnifcation [m?gn?f?'ke??(?)n] n. 擴(kuò)大，放大

9) EPFL abbr. 瑞士洛桑聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院（école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne）

10) optical ['?pt?k(?)l] adj. 視力的，光學(xué)的11) invasive [?n've?s?v] adj. 入侵的，擴(kuò)散的12) polarization [,p??l?ra?'ze???n] n.偏振（現(xiàn)象）

13) peripheral vision外圍視野

14) zoom in （鏡頭）移近目標(biāo)，放大

15) scleral ['skl??r?l] n. 鞏膜的

16) diameter [da?'?m?t?(r)] n. 直徑

Lights, mirrors, action! Scientists are developing smart contact lenses1)embedded with2)miniscule mirrors that can magnify your vision by almost three times.

The 1.55mm-thick lenses3)incorporate a thin reflective telescope made of mirrors and4)filters; when light enters the eye it bounces off the series of mirrors and increases the perceived view of an object or person. It is hoped that the lens will improve the sight of people with age-related5)macular6)degeneration (AMD)—the third leading cause of blindness globally.

AMD causes the loss of central vision due to gradual damage to the eye’s7)retina and there are few options for cure or treatment. “AMD is the biggest problem where8)magnifcation is a proven visual aid,” says Eric Tremblay, research scientist at9)EPFL in Switzerland.

Making the Switch

A key innovation with the lenses is the added ability to switch between magnified and regular vision through a complementary pair of glasses. The battery-powered glasses use LCD technology to watch the movement of the eye and a simple wink can alter their12)polarization and determine whether light entering is magnified or not.“Having the ability to switch on demand is attractive,” says Tremblay.

The ability to selectively magnify your vision makes the design of the glass-lens combination more suitable for daily life. “When magnifed you lose a lot of your feld of view, your13)peripheral vision,” says Tremblay. A strategic wink will enable users to keep an eye on their periphery, such as cars approaching them as they cross a street, whilst also being able to14)zoom in and recognize the faces of those around them.

The team developed their technology on15)scleral lenses, which have an increased thickness and16)diameter, making them commonly used for more special purpose eye care. “They provide a lot more area to work with,”says Tremblay. The challenge these lenses bring with them, however, is comfort, as they 17)impede the amount of oxygen reaching the eye.

光線，鏡片，行動(dòng)！科學(xué)家目前正在研發(fā)一種置入細(xì)微鏡片的智能隱形眼鏡，它能把視覺(jué)成像放大將近三倍。

這1.55毫米厚的鏡片包含了由鏡面和濾光鏡組合而成的一片薄薄的反射望遠(yuǎn)鏡；當(dāng)光線進(jìn)入眼睛，這幾層鏡片會(huì)對(duì)其作出折射，增強(qiáng)眼睛對(duì)物體或人的感知。老年性黃斑變性是導(dǎo)致失明的全球第三大禍根，而這種隱形眼鏡有望改善該病患者的視力。

老年性黃斑變性會(huì)逐步損害視網(wǎng)膜，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致中心視力喪失，而現(xiàn)有的藥物和治療方案屈指可數(shù)。“老年性黃斑變性是最大的難題，已知的視覺(jué)輔助解決手段就是放大（視覺(jué)成像）?！比鹗柯迳Ｂ?lián)邦理工學(xué)院的科學(xué)家埃里克·特萊姆布雷說(shuō)道。

特萊姆布雷帶領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì)完成了這種望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡的光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。目前一些老年性黃斑變性患者通過(guò)外科手術(shù)把望遠(yuǎn)鏡鏡片植入到眼球中，望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡的光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)以這種手術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，但比外科手術(shù)少了侵入性。特萊姆布雷說(shuō)：“通過(guò)隱形眼鏡的形式，人們想要嘗試就容易了?！?/p>

最理想的狀態(tài)就是效益最大化以及高效率問(wèn)題，特別是設(shè)計(jì)單位的工程總承包的單位在具體運(yùn)營(yíng)中難以實(shí)現(xiàn)效益的最大化。主要原因表現(xiàn)在以下幾點(diǎn)：①不能實(shí)現(xiàn)有效地自身設(shè)備的采購(gòu)；②對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化的好處主體是指施工單位；③通過(guò)多項(xiàng)分包對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行控制。好的管理是在企業(yè)職能部門和項(xiàng)目部門有效配合的前提下，項(xiàng)目部所配置的專業(yè)人員非常少，缺乏專業(yè)性，職能部門缺乏針對(duì)性的服務(wù)，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率的管理。

開發(fā)切換功能

望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新之處就是配上一副框架眼鏡來(lái)增加切換放大視野和常規(guī)視野的功能。這副框架眼鏡由電池提供動(dòng)力，采用液晶顯示技術(shù)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)眼球的動(dòng)態(tài)，簡(jiǎn)單的一次眨眼就能更改光的偏振狀態(tài)，決定進(jìn)入的光線是否放大?！鞍葱枨袚Q功能很吸引人。”特萊姆布雷說(shuō)道。

選擇性放大視覺(jué)成像的功能讓這種結(jié)合框架眼鏡和隱形眼鏡的設(shè)計(jì)更適應(yīng)日常使用?！胺糯蟮臅r(shí)候，人眼能看到的外圍視野就減少了很多?！碧厝R姆布雷說(shuō)道。特意眨眼調(diào)整，能夠讓人留意外圍，如在過(guò)馬路時(shí)留意有沒(méi)有汽車開過(guò)來(lái)，但通過(guò)不同的眨眼方式，也能夠拉近視覺(jué)成像，使人看清近處的人臉。

研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)改進(jìn)了鞏膜透鏡的技術(shù)，通過(guò)增加其厚度和直徑，使其能普遍地適用于更特殊的眼睛保健用途。“更大更厚的鞏膜透鏡可開發(fā)的用途更多?！碧厝R姆布雷說(shuō)。然而，更大更厚的鏡片卻是對(duì)舒適度的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)檠劬δ芙佑|到的氧氣會(huì)受限。

The most recent18)prototype, unveiled by the team in February, overcame this challenge by introducing air channels to aid the fow of oxygen to the eye. But the team hopes to improve this further still by instead developing a contact lens solution19)saturated with oxygen, which can be stored and slowly released into the eye. “We will build20)reservoirs into the back of the lens,” says Tremblay.

The lenses have only been trialled on a handful of humans to test for comfort, with the majority of research to date performed in the lab using a model chemical eye. But more human trials are21)in the cards, with the eventual goal of daily wearable contacts to aid the visually impaired.

“We want it to move in the direction of a real world vision aid,” says Tremblay.

Getting Smarter

These are not the first smart contact lenses. Other prototypes have been developed to monitor, as well as improve, health in both the eye and across the body.

Alcon, the eye care division of22)Novartis, formed a partnership with23)Google X in 2014 to develop smart-lens technologies for a range of medical eye care applications. One of the first examples of using lenses in this form was24)Sensimed, a25)spin-off also emerging from EPFL. Sensimed’s Triggerfsh technology monitors the progression of26)glaucoma—the second leading cause of blindness, affecting more than 4.5 million people globally.

Glaucoma is a progressive cause of blindness caused by27)deterioration of the eye’s optic nerve. The traditional test used by28)optometrists to monitor patients uses29)puffs of air to measure pressure in the eye, but such measurements are not ideal.

研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)在二月揭曉的最新模型，通過(guò)置入空氣通道來(lái)幫助把氧氣流引入眼睛，克服了這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。但團(tuán)隊(duì)仍希望進(jìn)一步完善這個(gè)模型，不再采用空氣通道來(lái)解決阻氧問(wèn)題，而是研發(fā)一種溶入氧氣的隱形眼鏡護(hù)理液，護(hù)理液被儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)，再慢慢釋放，進(jìn)入眼睛?！拔覀儠?huì)在隱形眼鏡的背面建一個(gè)儲(chǔ)液室。”特萊姆布雷說(shuō)道。

望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡只經(jīng)過(guò)少數(shù)幾個(gè)人的試用來(lái)測(cè)試舒適度，到目前為止大部分研究的試驗(yàn)對(duì)象只是實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一只化學(xué)眼睛模型。不過(guò)更多的人體測(cè)試是肯定會(huì)有的，因?yàn)樽罱K目標(biāo)是研發(fā)出適宜日常佩戴的隱形眼鏡，來(lái)幫助視覺(jué)障礙患者。

“我們希望它能往實(shí)際應(yīng)用的方向發(fā)展，成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的視覺(jué)輔助工具。”特萊姆布雷說(shuō)道。

進(jìn)一步智能化

望遠(yuǎn)隱形眼鏡不是世界最早的智能隱形眼鏡。其他用于監(jiān)控并改善眼部及全身健康狀況的模型也有研發(fā)先例。

瑞士諾華公司旗下的眼保健公司愛(ài)爾康于2014年與谷歌X實(shí)驗(yàn)室建立了合作伙伴關(guān)系，共同為一系列醫(yī)用護(hù)眼產(chǎn)品開發(fā)智能隱形眼鏡技術(shù)。瑞士洛桑聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院的派生公司Sensimed公司研發(fā)的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)是最早把隱形眼鏡技術(shù)應(yīng)用到醫(yī)用護(hù)眼產(chǎn)品的例子之一。該公司的“扳機(jī)魚”技術(shù)可監(jiān)測(cè)青光眼的病變過(guò)程——青光眼是第二大致盲禍根，全球患者超過(guò)450萬(wàn)人。

青光眼由視神經(jīng)退化引起，是一種日益加重的致盲因素。驗(yàn)光師檢驗(yàn)青光眼所采用的傳統(tǒng)方法是用氣流來(lái)測(cè)量眼壓，但是這種測(cè)量方法效果并不理想。

17) impede [?m'pi?d] v. 妨礙，阻止

18) prototype ['pr??t??ta?p] n. 原型，模型

19) saturate ['s?t??re?t] v. 使?jié)B透，使充滿

20) reservoir ['rez?vwɑ?(r)] n. 蓄水庫(kù)，儲(chǔ)液器

21) in the cards 即將發(fā)生的，注定的

22) Novartis 瑞士諾華制藥集團(tuán)，于2008年收購(gòu)了雀巢旗下的愛(ài)爾康（Alcon）眼科藥品與醫(yī)療器械專業(yè)公司的股份，拓展眼部保健業(yè)務(wù)

23) Google X 谷歌公司的秘密科技實(shí)驗(yàn)室，位于美國(guó)舊金山，開展太空電梯、谷歌眼鏡、無(wú)人駕駛汽車和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等研究項(xiàng)目

24) Sensimed 全稱Sensimed AG，瑞士企業(yè)

25) spin-off 副產(chǎn)品，脫離母公司的公司

26) glaucoma [gl??'k??m?] n. 青光眼，綠內(nèi)障

27) deterioration [d?,t??r??'re???n] n. 退化，變壞，惡化

28) optometrist [?p't?m?tr?st] n. 驗(yàn)光配鏡師

29) puff [p?f] n. 一股（氣），一陣（煙）

30) strain gauge 張力計(jì)，應(yīng)變儀

31) sensor ['sens?(r)] n. 傳感器，感測(cè)器

32) surrogate ['s?r?g?t] adj. 代理的，代用的

33) telescopic [tel?'sk?p?k] adj.變焦的

34) clinical practice 臨床應(yīng)用，臨床實(shí)踐

35) rigid ['r?d??d] adj. 堅(jiān)硬的，不能彎曲的

36) corneal ['k??n??l] adj. 角膜的

37) physiology [f?z?'?l?d??] n. 生理系統(tǒng)，生理機(jī)能，生理學(xué)

38) insulin ['?nsj?l?n] n. 胰島素

“The big need in glaucoma is for a 24-hour picture of what’s happening inside the eye,” says David Bailey, CEO of Sensimed. Its smart lens uses30)strain gauges and31)sensors embedded inside a chip located in the lens to measure changes in the volume of liquid in the eye as a32)surrogate measurement of pressure. It can be worn over a 24-hour period to monitor pressure patterns and communicate data wirelessly to a recording device worn around the user’s neck.

Optometrist James Wolffsohn, spokesperson for the British Contact Lens Association, looks forward to one day using technologies like the33)telescopic lens in34)clinical practice.“The lens seems an interesting concept to provide optical magnification to the retina when required,” he says. But he adds that there will be challenges in reaching that stage: “It is currently a scleral lens and thick, including35)rigid mirror elements which are likely to affect36)corneal37)physiology and comfort.” Wolffsohn has seen colleagues trial the more established Triggerfish technology to monitor glaucoma, and is optimistic about the future of the feld. “There are also many other exciting developments in innovative uses of contact lenses,” he says.

“The eye is the window to many disease states,” says Bailey, who believes contact lenses are the future for eye care, both in terms of clinical use and lifestyle management. More than 30 million people wear contact lenses in the United States alone, according to the Centers for Disease Control, which means they could be a non-invasive path to health management—be it blindness progression or even38)insulin or alcohol level monitoring.

“Eye-sensing on contact lenses is here to stay...in one form or another,” says Bailey.

“全天候的眼內(nèi)監(jiān)測(cè)是治療青光眼的迫切需要。”Sensimed公司的執(zhí)行總裁大衛(wèi)·貝利說(shuō)道。該公司在智能隱形眼鏡的芯片中植入了應(yīng)變儀和感測(cè)器來(lái)測(cè)量眼中液體容量的變化，作為測(cè)量眼壓的替代方法。這種隱形眼鏡可以24小時(shí)佩戴，監(jiān)測(cè)眼壓變化情況并通過(guò)無(wú)線電向使用者佩戴在頸部的記錄儀傳送數(shù)據(jù)。

英國(guó)隱形眼鏡協(xié)會(huì)的發(fā)言人，驗(yàn)光師詹姆斯·沃爾夫佐恩，期盼有一天像變焦隱形眼鏡這樣的技術(shù)能在臨床實(shí)踐中應(yīng)用。他說(shuō)：“能按需把視覺(jué)成像放大到視網(wǎng)膜上，變焦鏡片似乎是個(gè)有趣的概念?！辈贿^(guò)他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)要發(fā)展到這一階段還會(huì)面臨一些挑戰(zhàn)：“目前的挑戰(zhàn)包括鞏膜透鏡的厚度和堅(jiān)硬的鏡片質(zhì)地，都會(huì)影響角膜的生理機(jī)能和舒適度?！蔽譅柗蜃舳髂慷猛聜冞\(yùn)用更成熟的“扳機(jī)魚”技術(shù)來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)青光眼的病變過(guò)程，他對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的前景持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。他說(shuō)：“在隱形眼鏡的創(chuàng)新運(yùn)用上，還有很多振奮人心的其他新進(jìn)展。”

“眼睛是觀測(cè)很多疾病狀況的窗戶?！必惱f(shuō)道。他相信，隱形眼鏡的眼保健功能在臨床應(yīng)用和生活管理方面都有著不錯(cuò)的前景。根據(jù)美國(guó)疾病控制中心的數(shù)據(jù)，僅在美國(guó)，就有超過(guò)3千萬(wàn)人佩戴隱形眼鏡，這意味著隱形眼鏡能夠成為不具侵入性的健康管理途徑——用于監(jiān)測(cè)失明的發(fā)病過(guò)程，甚至監(jiān)測(cè)胰島素水平或人體含酒精指數(shù)。

“利用隱形眼鏡來(lái)感知眼睛的狀況是大勢(shì)所趨……只是利用形式各異?！必惱f(shuō)道。

Contact Lens Telescopes Could Help Cure Blindness