崔月先,周娜磊,安建斌,王佳薇,張 斌,馬景學(xué)
(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院眼科,河北石家莊050000)
家族性滲出性玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變的熒光素眼底血管造影觀(guān)察
崔月先,周娜磊,安建斌,王佳薇,張 斌,馬景學(xué)
(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院眼科,河北石家莊050000)
目的觀(guān)察家族性滲出性玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變(familial exudative vitreoretinopathy,F(xiàn)EVR)在熒光素眼底血管造影(fluorescein fundus angiography,F(xiàn)FA)中的特征性表現(xiàn),并探討FEVR患者FFA的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以提高該類(lèi)疾病的早期臨床診斷率。方法 將臨床檢查確診為FEVR的患者13例、26只眼納入研究,經(jīng)過(guò)眼前節(jié)及眼底的詳細(xì)檢查,并依據(jù)Pendergast制定的FEVR分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)13例26只眼進(jìn)行FEVR分期,應(yīng)用海德堡眼底血管造影成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行檢查,記錄并分析其眼底特征。結(jié)果13例26只眼中,1期15只眼,表現(xiàn)為周邊視網(wǎng)膜出現(xiàn)無(wú)血管區(qū),多位于顳側(cè),視網(wǎng)膜血管變直、分支增多、異常吻合;2期7只眼,表現(xiàn)為視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成、熒光素滲漏;3期2只眼,表現(xiàn)為周邊視網(wǎng)膜淺脫離,脫離范圍較局限;4期2只眼,表現(xiàn)為黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜脫離;5期0只眼。結(jié)論FFA是診斷FEVR的特異檢查指標(biāo),對(duì)FEVR的分期起到至關(guān)重要的作用,有助于指導(dǎo)臨床早期診斷及選擇最佳治療方案。
玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病,增生性;熒光素血管造影術(shù);早期診斷
家族性滲出性玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變(familial exudative vitreous retinopathy,F(xiàn)EVR),是一類(lèi)多基因遺傳性眼病,多為常染色體顯性遺傳,近年來(lái)對(duì)本病的基因研究表明,常染色體隱性遺傳及X染色體隱性遺傳也是FEVR的遺傳方式[1-3]。該病通常雙眼同時(shí)或先后發(fā)病,表現(xiàn)為周邊視網(wǎng)膜無(wú)血管區(qū)及新生血管的形成,最終出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜脫離,累及黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜,嚴(yán)重影響患者視力。而在病變?cè)缙?,視力下降不明顯,常常被漏診。本研究應(yīng)用熒光素眼底血管造影(fluorescein fundus angiography,F(xiàn)FA)觀(guān)察FEVR早期周邊部視網(wǎng)膜血管的改變,探討其在FFA中的特征表現(xiàn)。
1.1 一般資料 2013年9月—2014年3月就診于我院眼科FEVR患者13例、26只眼,男性8例、16只眼,女性5例、10只眼,年齡5~42歲,平均(20.3±9.4)歲。均無(wú)嚴(yán)重全身疾病,能耐受FFA,屈光間質(zhì)清楚,能夠清晰成像。均否認(rèn)早產(chǎn)史及吸氧史,家系調(diào)查13例患者中2例為父子關(guān)系。均告知患者此研究目的,并簽署知情同意書(shū),18周歲以下患者則由其監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署。
1.2 方法 均應(yīng)用裂隙燈顯微鏡仔細(xì)觀(guān)察患者眼前節(jié)、間接檢眼鏡觀(guān)察患者眼底改變,并記錄分期。應(yīng)用0.5%復(fù)方托吡卡胺滴眼液充分散大雙側(cè)瞳孔,應(yīng)用德國(guó)產(chǎn)HRA Heidelberg Spectralis眼底血管造影分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行眼底彩色照相及FFA檢查,應(yīng)用美國(guó)Alcon公司產(chǎn)10%熒光素鈉注射液5 m L經(jīng)肘靜脈快速推注,連續(xù)拍攝后極部早期視網(wǎng)膜血管充盈情況圖片,而后拍攝周邊部視網(wǎng)膜血管圖像,共計(jì)拍攝15 min造影結(jié)束,選擇圖像清晰的圖片保存,與相應(yīng)位置的眼底彩照對(duì)比。造影時(shí),尤其注意周邊部視網(wǎng)膜是否存在無(wú)灌注區(qū)及新生血管情況。
將13例患者26只眼依據(jù)Pendergast進(jìn)行分期[4],處于1期共15只眼,表現(xiàn)為周邊視網(wǎng)膜產(chǎn)生無(wú)灌注區(qū),周邊視網(wǎng)膜無(wú)血管,多位于顳側(cè),正常視網(wǎng)膜與無(wú)血管區(qū)之間出現(xiàn)“嵴”樣白色條帶結(jié)構(gòu),視網(wǎng)膜血管結(jié)構(gòu)變直、分支增多、異常吻合,甚至形成纖維血管條索(圖1,2);2期7只眼,表現(xiàn)為視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成,可以觀(guān)察到新生血管區(qū)域熒光素的滲漏,同時(shí)伴有視網(wǎng)膜層間的滲出(圖3,4);3期病變2只眼,表現(xiàn)為周邊視網(wǎng)膜局限性脫離,脫離范圍較小,多為玻璃體牽拉所導(dǎo)致,不會(huì)累及黃斑區(qū)(圖5);4期表現(xiàn)2只眼,表現(xiàn)為累及黃斑區(qū)的視網(wǎng)膜脫離,患者視力嚴(yán)重受損(圖6);本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)FEVR 5期病變表現(xiàn)。
FEVR多為雙眼發(fā)病,以周邊部視網(wǎng)膜血管發(fā)育不全、分支增多、拉伸變直以及無(wú)灌注區(qū)形成,新生血管長(zhǎng)入,玻璃體積血,牽拉性視網(wǎng)膜脫離為最終結(jié)果。目前尚不能做到基因診斷[5-7],而臨床表現(xiàn)常常忽略了早期眼底的細(xì)微病變,以致延誤病情,F(xiàn)FA在FEVR的早期診斷中起到非常重要的作用。
本研究結(jié)果表明,F(xiàn)EVR在FFA中的表現(xiàn)總結(jié)為:Pendergast 1期,周邊視網(wǎng)膜無(wú)灌注區(qū)形成,正常視網(wǎng)膜與無(wú)血管區(qū)之間出現(xiàn)“嵴”樣白色條帶結(jié)構(gòu),視網(wǎng)膜血管結(jié)構(gòu)變直、分支增多,形成纖維血管條索;Pendergast 2期,表現(xiàn)為視網(wǎng)膜新生血管形成,新生血管區(qū)域熒光素的滲漏;Pendergast 3期,可見(jiàn)周邊視網(wǎng)膜局限性脫離,多為玻璃體牽拉所導(dǎo)致,尚未累及黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜;Pendergast 4期,表現(xiàn)為累及黃斑區(qū)的視網(wǎng)膜脫離,患者視力嚴(yán)重受損;Pendergast 5期表現(xiàn)為視網(wǎng)膜漏斗狀脫離。其中,周邊視網(wǎng)膜血管異常吻合、分支增多,“嵴”樣分界結(jié)構(gòu),纖維血管條索都是FEVR在FFA中的特征表現(xiàn),其他疾病在FFA中很少出現(xiàn)這些典型改變,因此可以說(shuō)FFA是臨床診斷FEVR的特異檢查。
FEVR常常需要與早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變及Coats病等相鑒別。對(duì)于早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變,兩者眼底表現(xiàn)都可以出現(xiàn)周邊視網(wǎng)膜血管發(fā)育不良,未覆蓋至鋸齒緣,而早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變的患兒多有早產(chǎn)和吸氧史,F(xiàn)EVR沒(méi)有明確的吸氧史[8];而Coats病則多為男童,單眼發(fā)病,眼底膽固醇樣黃白色結(jié)晶為主要表現(xiàn),也可伴有視網(wǎng)膜血管的迂曲擴(kuò)張,行FFA檢查可予以鑒別[9]。FFA也能對(duì)FEVR的治療起到指導(dǎo)性的作用[10],早期病變可先觀(guān)察,定期隨訪(fǎng);對(duì)于出現(xiàn)周邊部視網(wǎng)膜的無(wú)灌注區(qū)及新生血管的病例,則應(yīng)選擇光凝或冷凍療法;周邊部視網(wǎng)膜存在限局性視網(wǎng)膜脫離的患者,可以選擇鞏膜扣帶術(shù)使視網(wǎng)膜復(fù)位;而累及黃斑區(qū)的視網(wǎng)膜脫離患者,則應(yīng)選擇玻璃體切割術(shù),阻斷玻璃體對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜的牽拉作用,促使視網(wǎng)膜復(fù)位。
總之,F(xiàn)FA是診斷FEVR的特異、重要的檢查,對(duì)FEVR的早期診斷和治療意義重大。(本文圖見(jiàn)封二)
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(本文編輯:許卓文)
Observation of fundus fluorescein angiography in diagnosis of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
CUI Yue-xian,ZHOU Na-lei,AN Jian-bin,WANG Jia-wei,ZHANG Bin,MA Jing-xue
(Department of Ophthalmology,the Secon d Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050000,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the characteristics of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)on fluorescein fundus angiography(FFA),to discuss the FFA diagnostic criteria in patients who suffered from FEVR,and to improve the clinical diagnostic rate of this disease.MethodsThirteen patients(26 eyes)were diagnosed of FEVR by clinical examination in the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University.After detailed check in anterior segment and fundus,we classified the eyes according to the criteria of Pendergast for familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.Heidelberg fundus angiography imaging system was applied to inspect 13 patients,and then we recorded and analyzed the characteristics.ResultsIn 13 patients(26 eyes),15 eyes were at stage 1 with uncompleted vascularization of the periphery,especially in the temporal quadrant,very straight retinal vessels,and more branches of peripheral vessels on FFA;seven eyes were at stage 2 with neovascularization and fluorescein leakage on FFA;two eyes were at stage 3 with limited retinal detachement;two eyes with retinal detachement involving macula were classified as stage 4;no total retinal detachement(stage 5)were observed.ConclusionFFA,as a the specific diagnostic measurement of FEVR,plays an important role in the stage classification of FEVR,and FFA can guide the early diagnosis of FEVR and be of great help inchoosing the appropriate treatment.
vitreoretinopathy,proliferative;fluorescein angiography;early diagnosis
R735.7
A
1007-3205(2015)01-0027-03
2014-10-15;
2014-10-27
崔月先(1978-),女,河北保定人,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院主管護(hù)師,醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)士,從事眼科疾病護(hù)理研究。
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2015.01.010