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馬克思交往理論的哲學(xué)人類學(xué)內(nèi)涵

2015-03-17 02:06劉懷玉
關(guān)鍵詞:手稿本質(zhì)共同體

王 巍,劉懷玉

(南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系,江蘇南京 210046)

馬克思交往理論的哲學(xué)人類學(xué)內(nèi)涵

王 巍,劉懷玉

(南京大學(xué)哲學(xué)系,江蘇南京 210046)

國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對于《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中“交往”概念的研究是延續(xù)了傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)研究范式,即從抽象人本主義的異化邏輯來闡述其理論內(nèi)涵,認(rèn)為此時馬克思的“交往”概念是指在資本主義生產(chǎn)勞動過程中“交往關(guān)系”的異化。事實(shí)上,在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中,馬克思主要是從哲學(xué)人類學(xué)的思維范式出發(fā),從自我意識、審美和共同體這三個方面闡釋了“交往”概念的內(nèi)涵。首先,馬克思提出了自我意識是人類社會交往的基本前提這一理論觀點(diǎn),并指認(rèn)了自我超越是人類社會交往方式發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動力;其次,馬克思認(rèn)為審美性的交往是解決人與社會矛盾的重要途徑;第三,馬克思指出人類社會交往的理想目標(biāo)是建立真正的共同體即自由人的聯(lián)合體。

交往;哲學(xué)人類學(xué);自我意識;審美;共同體

20世紀(jì)90年代,馬克思的“交往”理論在馬克思主義哲學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域中倍受矚目,成為馬克思思想研究中的理論焦點(diǎn)之一,甚至在馬克思主義哲學(xué)界掀起了一輪研究熱潮。實(shí)際上,關(guān)于“交往”概念的研究由來已久,只是長期以來,傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)研究范式導(dǎo)致了其深刻的理論內(nèi)涵和巨大的思想史張力始終處于被遮蔽狀態(tài)。從已有的研究成果來看,國內(nèi)學(xué)者普遍認(rèn)為馬克思的交往理論主要體現(xiàn)在《德意志意識形態(tài)》中,這一文本中的“交往”(交往方式)概念是馬克思生產(chǎn)方式與生產(chǎn)關(guān)系概念的原型,因而學(xué)界往往以對“生產(chǎn)關(guān)系”理論的研究遮蔽甚至取代了交往理論的研究。

這種研究思路也影響到對馬克思另一個重要文本《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》(以下簡稱《手稿》)的理解。國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對于《手稿》中“交往”概念的研究也正是延續(xù)了這種傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)研究范式,即從抽象人本主義的異化邏輯來闡述其理論內(nèi)涵,認(rèn)為此時馬克思的“交往”概念是指在資本主義生產(chǎn)勞動過程中“交往關(guān)系”的異化。事實(shí)上,在不同的思維范式下,交往概念具有截然不同的意義。從人類思想史的發(fā)展以及哲學(xué)思維范式的演進(jìn)趨勢來看,從古代哲學(xué)開啟的本體論思維范式到由笛卡爾開啟的近代哲學(xué)的認(rèn)識論轉(zhuǎn)向,進(jìn)而在康德的“有限理性”下引發(fā)了20世紀(jì)以來非理性主義思潮的躁動和生活世界的凸顯,在此背景下,哲學(xué)人類學(xué)異軍突起。如何基于哲學(xué)人類學(xué)的理論視野來重新理解馬克思的哲學(xué)思想,正成為當(dāng)前馬克思主義哲學(xué)研究的一個全新發(fā)展方向。筆者擬從哲學(xué)人類學(xué)的研究視角出發(fā),從以下三個方面對《手稿》中的“交往”概念進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新性闡釋。

一、自我意識是人類社會交往的基本前提

鑒于國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對于哲學(xué)人類學(xué)研究范式尚未作出系統(tǒng)性研究,達(dá)成統(tǒng)一的共識,因此,在對馬克思《手稿》中的“交往”概念進(jìn)行解讀之前,首先對本文中運(yùn)用的“哲學(xué)人類學(xué)”研究范式進(jìn)行一點(diǎn)說明。事實(shí)上,哲學(xué)人類學(xué)具有廣義和狹義之分,廣義上的哲學(xué)人類學(xué)是指哲學(xué)上一切關(guān)于人的理論、觀點(diǎn)、學(xué)說,其思想內(nèi)涵直接涉及不同時期對于“人”的本質(zhì)研究的各種思想學(xué)說,即包括古希臘哲學(xué)、基督教神學(xué)、文藝復(fù)興思潮、近代的理性主義學(xué)說,現(xiàn)代非理性主義理論,乃至現(xiàn)代人類學(xué)的諸多流派思想等。而狹義上的哲學(xué)人類學(xué)則特指20世紀(jì)初由德國思想家馬科斯·舍勒創(chuàng)立并由同時期的文化人類學(xué)家米契爾·蘭德曼等發(fā)展壯大的現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)人類學(xué)。筆者對馬克思“交往”概念的解讀,是從廣義的哲學(xué)人類學(xué)范式出發(fā),即立足于對“人的本質(zhì)”研究的總體性的思想史。

縱觀西方哲學(xué)史,人的自我意識是最為經(jīng)久不衰的核心研究對象之一,對人的自我意識的探求貫穿于數(shù)千年的哲學(xué)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)之中。通過無數(shù)思想家長期而執(zhí)著地理論探索與思考,“自我意識”所具有的自覺性、反思性、創(chuàng)造性和獨(dú)立性等豐富內(nèi)涵逐步凸顯,成為人類區(qū)別于動物的根本性標(biāo)志。對于自我意識問題,馬克思既繼承了過往思想家對“自我意識”的理論認(rèn)知,認(rèn)為“人則使自己的生命活動本身變成自己意志的和自己意識的對象。他具有有意識的生命活動。這不是人與之直接融為一體的那種規(guī)定性。有意識的生命活動把人同動物的生命活動直接區(qū)別開來”[1]162;又批判性地超越了以往哲學(xué),指出自我意識不僅僅是人自娛自樂的抽象思辨活動,而是以實(shí)踐活動揭示了自我意識和外部對象的關(guān)系,并指出自我意識是通過自身的對象化活動顯示出來。正是基于此,馬克思才進(jìn)而將自我意識指認(rèn)為社會交往的前提。在馬克思看來,自我意識并不神秘, 它扎根于平凡的實(shí)踐活動中,通過對象性的存在表現(xiàn)出來,“不僅五官感覺,而且連所謂精神感覺、實(shí)踐感覺(意志、愛等等),一句話,人的感覺、感覺的人性,都是由于它的對象的存在,由于人化的自然界,才產(chǎn)生出來的”[1]191并隨著對象性活動的發(fā)展而不斷布展,進(jìn)而通過對象化的活動進(jìn)行自我確證,“自我意識的外化設(shè)定物性。因?yàn)槿?自我意識,所以人的外化的、對象性的本質(zhì)即物性=外化的自我意識,而物性是由這種外化設(shè)定的?!盵1]208所以,在《手稿》中,馬克思認(rèn)為當(dāng)人的自我意識具備了這兩種獨(dú)特的內(nèi)在屬性和哲學(xué)內(nèi)涵時,自我意識便成為人類社會交往活動的基礎(chǔ)性前提,這是包括動物在內(nèi)的一切其他大地存在物永遠(yuǎn)不可能達(dá)到的高度。

在《手稿》中,關(guān)于“交往”這一概念,馬克思首先提出了自我意識是人類社會交往的基本前提這一理論觀點(diǎn)。自我意識之所以成為人類社會交往的基本前提,在于其所具有的四個根本特點(diǎn): 第一,自覺性特點(diǎn)。馬克思認(rèn)為自我意識作為人類社會的基礎(chǔ)性前提首先表現(xiàn)為人在與自然的交往過程中具有自覺性。人類生存于客觀世界之中,作為生命有機(jī)體,必然與外部世界進(jìn)行著物質(zhì)交換,以求得自身的成長和發(fā)展。“動物只是按照它所屬的那個種的尺度和需要來構(gòu)造,而人卻懂得按照任何一個種的尺度來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),并且懂得處處都把固有的尺度運(yùn)用于對象”。[1]163也就是說,在人化自然的過程中,人能夠認(rèn)識到自身的屬性 、能力、心理和需求, 從而把握到自身作為主體的內(nèi)在尺度,自覺地按照自己的“內(nèi)在尺度”來改變世界,并賦予世界以人化的形式,在這個意義上世界成了人的世界。從而,人憑借對自己生命活動的自覺支配,能夠自覺地、有目標(biāo)、有理想地去開展有意義的高尚生活,并且獲得決策和行動上的自由。第二,反思性特點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上,在人與自然進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換的過程中,“人作為自然的、肉體的、感性的、對象性的存在物,同動植物一樣,是受動的、受制約的和受限制的存在物”[1]209。獨(dú)立的自我意識使人類作為主體而與客觀世界相對立地存在,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了人與自然統(tǒng)一性的破裂,并不斷遭遇到前所未有的存在危機(jī)與客觀挑戰(zhàn)。然而,在面對危機(jī)與挑戰(zhàn)時,人類自發(fā)地反思自己的行為,不斷地深入自我的精神層面,對自己的有限生命和自然界進(jìn)行重新的認(rèn)識,從而真正地領(lǐng)悟到自己生存的本質(zhì)進(jìn)而除破自然界的束縛,在更高的層面上改造自然。第三,創(chuàng)造性特點(diǎn)。自我意識所具有的創(chuàng)造性特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為人在與自然的交往過程中所具有的賦有激情的創(chuàng)造性。創(chuàng)造力來源于人的自由自覺的本質(zhì),即與動物相比,人不是一個任人擺布的生物角色,一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望驅(qū)使著他,去超越生物角色以及存在的偶然性、被動性,從而成為一個創(chuàng)造者。人越發(fā)受到痛苦和壓抑的時候越能產(chǎn)生反抗的力量,人只有通過自己賦有激情的創(chuàng)造性活動,才能使自己在惡劣的自然環(huán)境中生存下來?!拔业谋举|(zhì)活動的感性爆發(fā),是激情,從而激情在這里就成了我的本質(zhì)的活動”[1]195。由此可見,人的生命存在是一個過程,過程的本質(zhì)就是進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性和超越性的活動。按照海德格爾的說法,此在是不斷籌劃著自己,走向超越。第四,獨(dú)立性特點(diǎn)。自我意識的獨(dú)特性特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為主體間的交往具有獨(dú)立性。事實(shí)上,獨(dú)立意識作為自我意識的一種具體形態(tài),其實(shí)質(zhì)就是主體從事交往實(shí)踐活動的一種深度的心理體驗(yàn),其重要表征便是主體與對象(自然、社會)相疏離而導(dǎo)致的一種刻骨銘心的精神感。馬克思曾指出:“任何一個存在物只有當(dāng)它用自己的雙腳站立的時候,才認(rèn)為自己是獨(dú)立的,而且只有當(dāng)它依靠自己而存在的時候,它才是用自己的雙腳站立的”[1]195。這就表明,孤立能力是主體的本質(zhì)性力量,人能按著自己的意志去設(shè)計、選擇和創(chuàng)造自己,這才是真實(shí)的自己,而非作為知識對象意義上的自己。在基于自我意識的這種獨(dú)立性特點(diǎn)的自由的、自覺的活動中,個人與他人的交往才既不喪失于他在之中,又不與他人相對立,而是在彼此保持自己的個性、人格、自由的同時又把自己的心靈揭示給對方,并領(lǐng)會他人之心,做到彼此心心相印。

馬克思不僅指認(rèn)了作為人類社會交往基本前提的自我意識,還提出了自我超越是人類社會交往方式發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動力這一觀點(diǎn)。在馬克思的哲學(xué)視域中,人的存在和人的歷史是一個開放的過程, 在這一不斷生成的過程中, 人不僅要用自己的對象化活動揚(yáng)棄自然存在物的給定性, 而且要不斷超越自然、社會環(huán)境的外在規(guī)定性和揚(yáng)棄人的造物及人的活動的異化,“正象一切自然物必須產(chǎn)生一樣,人也有自己的產(chǎn)生活動即歷史,但歷史是在人的意識中反映出來的,因而它作為產(chǎn)生活動是一種有意識地?fù)P棄自身的產(chǎn)生活動”[1]211。由此可知,超越活動由此構(gòu)成了人的生存本性。那么,交往作為人重要的存在維度,不是一種固定不變的存在,而是一種動態(tài)的存在,是一個與可能性、未來相聯(lián)系的結(jié)構(gòu),是不斷構(gòu)造、不斷從潛能到現(xiàn)實(shí)的發(fā)展過程,是在人自身活力的驅(qū)使之下,不斷進(jìn)行自我超越的過程。從文本的具體內(nèi)容來看,馬克思從兩個方面對于這一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了闡述:首先,馬克思認(rèn)為在資本主義生產(chǎn)方式的推動下,資本家和工人之間的商品交換成為人類社會的主要交往形式,“私有財產(chǎn)的關(guān)系是勞動、資本以及二者的關(guān)系”[1]177,在資本主義私有制下,人們不得不自愿地將自我活動進(jìn)行出賣,因?yàn)?,“人本身被?dāng)成了私有財產(chǎn)的規(guī)定”[1]112,在資本主義商品—市場的自然秩序控制下,資本家和工人的交往方式喪失了其本真性的存在意義。然而,資本主義社會的交往方式只是人類社會交往方式的一個必經(jīng)的歷史階段,隨著人類社會的不斷發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,最終必將被揚(yáng)棄。第二,馬克思認(rèn)為,人類社會的交往形式不是凝固不變的,而是處于不斷地進(jìn)行自我揚(yáng)棄的過程,“對私有財產(chǎn)的揚(yáng)棄,是人的一切感覺和特性的徹底解放”[1]190。人的交往形式具有超越性的本質(zhì),在不斷否定和掙脫既有的交往形式,不斷趨向自由自覺的交往形式的過程中,人類社會交往的存在形式處于一種敞開性的歷史性存在狀態(tài),并永遠(yuǎn)處在生生不息的形成過程之中。生存交往,它是面向敞開領(lǐng)域超越實(shí)存的交往,由生存交往引起的超越本身就是生存自由。既然生存超越是每一個具體的個人由有限和相對通向無限和絕對的活動,那么它就表現(xiàn)了人的自由的真正存在。

二、審美性的交往是解決人與社會矛盾的重要途徑

從哲學(xué)人類學(xué)的理論范式出發(fā),馬克思在《手稿》中對于“交往”概念的闡發(fā)具有了更為豐富的理論內(nèi)涵,這不僅體現(xiàn)在對于作為人類社會交往基本前提的自我意識的率先指認(rèn),以及對于作為人類社會交往方式發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動力的人類自我超越活動的深入闡述,更表現(xiàn)為面對現(xiàn)代性世界的矛盾和沖突的異化狀態(tài),馬克思開出的以人的生存、存在和生命活動為基點(diǎn)的審美性交往的治療方案??梢钥闯觯R克思的“交往”理論不僅包括對于“自我意識”內(nèi)在特征的理性剖析,以及對于人類自我超越性的存在思考,更包括對于每一個生活著的個人在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會中之于具體生存問題的深刻關(guān)懷。馬克思有別于傳統(tǒng)理性主義哲學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)人的理性本質(zhì),而忽略了人的自然特性,使活生生的有血有肉的、豐富的人變成了枯燥、毫無生機(jī)的抽象人的存在,從而導(dǎo)致了整體化的社會對個體的壓抑。馬克思重視“個體”,關(guān)注活生生的具體的個人,從根本上關(guān)注人的內(nèi)在體驗(yàn),以及由此涉及的人的本質(zhì)和人生的意義,乃至人的自由、尊嚴(yán)和幸福問題。

事實(shí)上,在資本主義現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中,人與周圍世界處于緊張、矛盾和疏離的異化狀態(tài)中,人與周圍世界的自由和詩意地交往全面受阻。這種充滿矛盾和沖突的異化狀態(tài)具體表現(xiàn)在兩個方面:其一,由于人把自然界看作占有、征服和改造的對象,自然界也不斷地抵抗和懲罰人類的暴行;這就導(dǎo)致了人與自然界的統(tǒng)一性斷裂,人與自然界處于嚴(yán)重對立和疏離的狀態(tài)中;其二,在資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系下,由于人的意識受到工具理性和資產(chǎn)階級意識形態(tài)的控制,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致主體間的交往陷入了尖銳的沖突和困境中,他人被看作壓榨和剝削的對象,主體間的價值同一斷裂,疏遠(yuǎn)、冷漠和沖突取代人與人之間的理解和同情。面對如此悲慘的人類交往歷史境遇,馬克思基于對人的內(nèi)在體驗(yàn)的關(guān)注,在《手稿》中開出了以人的生存、存在和生命活動為基點(diǎn)的審美性交往的治療方案。這種審美性交往既消除了我與世界的陌生感,實(shí)現(xiàn)了我與世界之間的高度融合,即我愛萬物、萬物親我和物我不分的境界;又實(shí)現(xiàn)了主體間以一種自由和本真的方式進(jìn)行溝通和理解,即我中有你、你中有我和你我合一的境界。所以說,在《手稿》中馬克思認(rèn)為審美性交往是解決人與社會矛盾的重要途徑,其具體表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:

首先,馬克思認(rèn)為在審美性交往中,人與自然界的存在關(guān)系發(fā)生了根本性的改變,這是因?yàn)椋白晕遗c世界都脫離了現(xiàn)實(shí)領(lǐng)域,世界脫離了過去,自我脫離了現(xiàn)在,他們同時進(jìn)入了永恒的當(dāng)下”[2]。所以說,在審美性交往中,審美者可以在全神貫注地觀察、欣賞某一事物時,將自己的主觀情感和豐富的想象力賦予對象。這一方面可以使人的本質(zhì)力量得以全面的顯現(xiàn)和確證,“只有音樂才能激起人的音樂感;對于沒有音樂感的耳朵說來,最美的音樂也毫無意義,不是對象,因?yàn)槲业膶ο笾荒苁俏业囊环N本質(zhì)力量的確證”,[1]191也就是說,“審美快感的特征就在于此:它是對于一個對象的欣賞,這個對象就其為欣賞的對象來說,卻不是對象而是我自己”[3]。另一方面,使我與世界成為一體,從而達(dá)到物我一體的境地,從而進(jìn)入本真的共在,在這種交流與融合中,我與世界成為一體,彼此無別。正如海德格爾所說:“安居是凡人在大地上的存在方式”, “安居本身必須始終是和萬物同在的逗留”,“屬于人的彼此共在”。具體地說, 就是 “大地和蒼穹、 諸神和凡人, 這四者憑源始的一體性交融為一”[4]。因此,審美性交往不是主體對客體的征服,而是自我主體與世界間的交互感應(yīng)和情感交流而達(dá)到的最高境界,世界(包括社會和自然)不是死寂的客體而是有生命的主體;審美性交往不是單純的主觀的情感,而是世界對主體的激發(fā)和主體對世界的感應(yīng),天地自然皆有情,與人情相呼應(yīng)。在自我與世界的審美性交流和體驗(yàn)中,人的本質(zhì)性力量得以彰顯,人與世界的分裂得到了克服,即我與世界對話,世界也回應(yīng)我,我對世界充滿理解與同情,世界也以同樣的熱情回報,從而達(dá)到了自我與世界的互相尊重、和諧共處、融合無間,創(chuàng)造了情景交融、心物一體和天人合一的境界。

其次,馬克思認(rèn)為在審美性交往中,人與自然界的存在關(guān)系也發(fā)生了根本性的改變,即通過美的邀請,主體間達(dá)成精神上的深刻共鳴和高度融合。在《手稿》中,馬克思就曾指出,“我們現(xiàn)在假定人就是人,而人對世界的關(guān)系是一種人的關(guān)系,那么你就只能用愛來交換愛,只能用信任來交換信任,等等。如果你想得到藝術(shù)的享受,那你就必須是一個有藝術(shù)修養(yǎng)的人。如果你想感化別人,那你就必須是一個實(shí)際上能鼓舞和推動別人前進(jìn)的人。你對人和對自然界的一切關(guān)系,都必須是你的現(xiàn)實(shí)的個人生活的、與你的意志的對象相符合的特定表現(xiàn)。如果你在戀愛,但沒有引起對方的愛,也就是說,如果你的愛作為愛沒有使對方產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的愛,如果你作為戀愛者通過你的生命表現(xiàn)沒有使你成為被愛的人,那么你的愛就是無力的,就是不幸?!盵1]247-248這是因?yàn)椋阂环矫妫趯徝佬越煌?,人是以自由的方式存在著的。正如黑格爾所言,“無論就美的客觀存在而言,還是就主體的欣賞而言,美的概念都帶有這種自由和無限;正是由于這種自由和無限,美的領(lǐng)域才擺脫了有限事物的相對性”[5]。席勒也指認(rèn)到,“在審美的國度中,人就只須以形象顯現(xiàn)給別人,只作為自由游戲的對象而與人相處。通過自由去給予自由,這就是審美王國的基本法律”[6]。另一方面,在審美性交往中,一個主體通過對另一個主體的精神的占有,從而使主體間性的領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)了本真的存在,做到真正的理解,達(dá)到心有靈犀的境界,“別人的感覺和精神也為我自己所占有。因此,除了這些直接的器官以外,還以社會的形式形成社會的器官。例如,同他人直接交往的活動等等,成為我的生命表現(xiàn)的器官和對人的生命的一種占有方式”[1]190。也就是說,在自我與他我的關(guān)系中, 審美理解展開為自我 (審美者)與他我 (審美對象)之間的對話、 問答, 自我仿佛深入到了審美對象的內(nèi)在世界, 傾聽他的聲音, 了解他的思想感情, 洞察他的性格、命運(yùn);同時自我也把自己的思想感情傾訴給對方, 讓對方傾聽自己的聲音, 體察自己的內(nèi)心世界, 了解自己的命運(yùn)、性格。因此,審美性交往活動通過自由的活動和對他人精神世界的理解,從而建立主體間的在精神上的深層次的理解關(guān)系,真正做到了把“你”變成了“我”,兩個主體做到了精神上的高度融合,察覺到自己的本真乃生存狀態(tài),并在理解和同情中達(dá)到真正的認(rèn)同。

三、人類社會交往的理想目標(biāo)是建立真正的共同體即自由人的聯(lián)合體

在《手稿》中,“交往”概念圍繞“自我意識”、人類的自我超越性的闡發(fā),以及對于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活著的個人的思考,其目的在于把創(chuàng)造性的人放在整個文化、社會、歷史、傳統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行考察,研究人類有意識或是無意識的行為,乃至人與人之間的(社會和文化方面的)關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)。通過對于人類的“自我意識”和自我超越性活動的研究,以及對于具體個人的生存關(guān)懷,進(jìn)而去把握作為社會交往的整體性表現(xiàn)形態(tài),即共同體的內(nèi)在“社會結(jié)構(gòu)”,從而最終實(shí)現(xiàn)人類社會交往的理想目標(biāo),即建立真正的共同體即自由人的聯(lián)合體。

自人類誕生以來,整個人類社會存在的歷史也是人類交往共同體演進(jìn)的歷史,其主要經(jīng)歷以下四個階段:原始社會的血緣共同體、農(nóng)業(yè)社會的宗法倫理共同體、資本主義社會的抽象共同體和共產(chǎn)主義社會的真正共同體。從人的本質(zhì)和存在方式這一角度來看,馬克思在《手稿》中批判了資本主義私有制下的抽象共同體,“共同性只是勞動的共同性以及由共同的資本——作為普遍的資本家的共同體——所支付的工資的平等的共同性。相互關(guān)系的兩個方面被提高到想象的普遍性:勞動是為每個人設(shè)定的天職,而資本是共同體的公認(rèn)的普遍性和力量。”[1]184并指出,這個抽象的共同體以超出人類想象力的速度同化一切異己, 擴(kuò)充自己的地界,個體在這個抽象的同一性機(jī)器中早已喪失了自己的位置, 只能任由抽象的統(tǒng)治。馬克思在批判資本主義社會是奴役人的抽象共同體的同時,提出了建立真正地交往共同體(共產(chǎn)主義社會)才是人類社會所應(yīng)該不懈追求并為之不斷努力奮斗的,“共產(chǎn)主義才是人的本質(zhì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)的生成,是人的本質(zhì)對人來說的真正的實(shí)現(xiàn),或者說,是人的本質(zhì)作為某種現(xiàn)實(shí)的東西的實(shí)現(xiàn)。”[1]217馬克思認(rèn)為,人類社會最理想的交往形式就是共產(chǎn)主義社會的交往形式。 “共產(chǎn)主義是對私有財產(chǎn)即人的自我異化的積極的揚(yáng)棄,因而是通過人并且為了人而對人的本質(zhì)的真正占有,因此,它是人向自身、也就是向社會的即合乎人性的人的復(fù)歸,這種復(fù)歸是完全的復(fù)歸,是自覺實(shí)現(xiàn)并在以往發(fā)展的全部財富的范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)的復(fù)歸。這種共產(chǎn)主義,作為完成了的自然主義,等于人道主義,而作為完成了的人道主義,等于自然主義,它是人和自然界之間、人和人之間的矛盾的真正解決,是存在和本質(zhì)、對象化和自我確證、自由和必然、個體和類之間的斗爭的真正解決。”[1]185共產(chǎn)主義社會的交往方式之所以是人類社會最理想的交往方式,是因?yàn)樵诠伯a(chǎn)主義社會中,共同體的支點(diǎn)和核心價值是人的自由自覺的交往活動。具體表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:其一,在共產(chǎn)主義社會的交往中,人不是被對象物所占有,導(dǎo)致自己的喪失,而是“對象對人來說成為人的對象或者說成為對象性的人?!盵1]190也就是說“這種揚(yáng)棄之所以是這種解放,正是因?yàn)檫@些感覺和特性無論在主體上還是在客體上都成為人的?!盵1]190即從客體方面來看, 對象性的現(xiàn)實(shí)在社會中成為了人的本質(zhì)力量的現(xiàn)實(shí), 成為確證人和實(shí)現(xiàn)人的特殊性的對象。其二,在共產(chǎn)主義社會中的交往中,人的存在是全面自由和全面豐富的,“已經(jīng)生成的社會創(chuàng)造著具有人的本質(zhì)的這種全部豐富性的人,創(chuàng)造著具有豐富的、全面而深刻的感覺的人作為這個社會的恒久的現(xiàn)實(shí)。”[1]192對私有財產(chǎn)的積極揚(yáng)棄, 也就是為了人而且通過人對人的本質(zhì)和人的生命、對象性的人以及人的作品的感性占有, 而不是單純的片面的享受。也就是說, 人以一種全面的或者是總體的人占有自己的本質(zhì)的豐富性。

另一方面,從人類社會發(fā)展的角度來看,構(gòu)成整個人類社會的基本細(xì)胞是現(xiàn)實(shí)的個人,而且每個個體置身于兩個不同的位置,每個個體都有自己獨(dú)特具體的意識和表達(dá)這種意識的獨(dú)特具體的交際話語,因此形成了兩個價值中心。面對這種多元主體間的差異和對立;馬克思之所以在《手稿》中,大膽地指認(rèn)出多元主體間可以通過思想上的平等交流與爭論,最終建立一個具有價值共識的真正交往共同體的具體原因在于以下兩個方面:

首先,在《手稿》中,馬克思之所以認(rèn)為人類能夠在交往活動中形成價值共識并最終建立真正的交往共同體,是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的個人在交往活動中具有類意識,“我的普遍意識的活動——作為一種活動——也是我作為社會存在物的理論存在?!盵1]188“人是特殊的個體,并且正是人的特殊性使人成為個體,成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的、單個的社會存在物,同樣,人也是總體,是觀念的總體,是被思考和被感知的社會的自為的主體存在。”[1]188也就是說,類意識意味著人是融解在普遍關(guān)系中的存在,所表現(xiàn)的恰恰是人對天然的自然本性規(guī)定的超越和突破, 這種超越和突破來自人所獨(dú)有的精神文化,“人的存在不是由外在的自然決定的,而是由內(nèi)在的文化決定的,人只有在創(chuàng)造文化的活動中才成為真正意義上的人?!盵7]當(dāng)人類以內(nèi)在的精神文化為內(nèi)在支撐時,現(xiàn)實(shí)的個體既能夠意識到其他個體和自己是同類,又能夠把自己和所有人聯(lián)系起來,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)個體與個體之間形成的價值共識,建立真正的價值共同體。

其次,在《手稿》中,馬克思認(rèn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)的個人之間能夠進(jìn)行交流、溝通和理解,因此,人類可以在交往活動中形成價值共識并最終建立真正的交往共同體。當(dāng)共產(chǎn)主義的手工業(yè)者聯(lián)合起來的時候,他們首先把學(xué)說、宣傳等等視為目的。但是同時,他們也因此而產(chǎn)生一種新的需要,即交往的需要,而作為手段出現(xiàn)的東西則成了目的。當(dāng)法國社會主義工人聯(lián)合起來的時候,人們就可以看出,這一實(shí)踐運(yùn)動取得了何等光輝的成果。吸煙、飲酒、吃飯等等在那里已經(jīng)不再是聯(lián)合的手段,不再是聯(lián)系的手段。交往、聯(lián)合以及仍然以交往為目的的敘談,對他們來說是充分的,人與人之間的兄弟情誼在他們那里不是空話,而是真情,并且他們那由于勞動而變得堅實(shí)的形象向我們放射出人類崇高精神之光。[1]232也就是說,主體的存在和確立,只有通過交流和回應(yīng)的方式,才能最終存在和生成。“所謂交往,簡而言之,就是共在的主體之間的相互作用、相互交流、相互溝通、相互理解,這是人的基本的存在方式,它清楚地昭示了人根本區(qū)別于動物的社會性。”[8]然而,為何人類能夠通過彼此間的交流建立真正的共同體呢?雅斯貝斯給我們提供了答案,他指出:“交流是人存在的普遍條件?!盵9]“交流就是與他人生活在一起,它在實(shí)存中以多種多樣的方式來完成,它就在那里存在于各種共同體關(guān)系中?!盵10]而語言則是主體間文化精神交流的基本形式,“憑借語言符號系統(tǒng)而建構(gòu)起來的主體間性代表著共主體性或互主體性,它反映的是‘主體一主體’結(jié)構(gòu)?!盵8]正如卡西爾所言:“說出的話語并非源于純粹的發(fā)音和語調(diào)。因?yàn)樗耸且粋€意義的表達(dá)。它被結(jié)合在‘交流’的有機(jī)整體中,‘交流’之所以存在,是因?yàn)樵捳Z從一方傳遞到另一方,從而使雙方結(jié)合成一活生生的對話。因此,對赫爾德而言,正如曾經(jīng)于赫拉克利特一樣,理解語言的傳播,成為我們理解世界的真確而典型的表達(dá)方式。邏各斯創(chuàng)造了個體與整體之間的紐帶;它給予個體以保證,使其不封閉在他自我的剛愎自用之中,而成為一普遍的存在?!盵11]

作為社會交往的整體性形態(tài)的共同體,其本質(zhì)上,是“類存在”的社會結(jié)構(gòu)的體現(xiàn)。正如高清海教授所言,無論是了解人的未來發(fā)展還是理解哲學(xué)的未來發(fā)展,都聚焦在對于類存在即對人的“類”的本性和特征的理解上[12]。馬克思在《手稿》中對于“交往”概念的闡發(fā),正是反映、表達(dá)了這一趨向,推動和升華了對于人類自身的交往本質(zhì)的自覺。

[1] 馬克思,恩格斯.馬克思恩格斯文集: 第1 卷[M].中共中央馬克思恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局,譯.北京:人民出版社,2009.

[2] 楊春時.時間性與審美主體間性[J].廣東社會科學(xué),2011(1):157-164.

[3] 朱光潛.西方美學(xué)史:下卷[M].北京:人民文學(xué)出版社, 1964:263-264.

[4] 海德格爾.存在與時間[M].陳嘉映,譯.北京:生活·讀書·新知三聯(lián)書店, 1987:114-117.

[5] 黑格爾.美學(xué):第1卷[M].朱光潛,譯.北京:商務(wù)印書館,1979:148.

[6] 蔣孔陽、朱立元.西方美學(xué)通史:第4 卷[M].上海:上海文藝出版社,1999 :401 .

[7] 衣俊卿.論人的存在:人學(xué)研究的前提性問題[J].學(xué)習(xí)與探索,1999(3):48-54.

[8] 衣俊卿.日常交往與非日常交住[J].哲學(xué)研究,1992(10):30-36.

[9] JASPERS K. Vernunft und existenz[M]. Batavia: J.B.Wolters, 1935:122.

[10] JASPERS K. Philosophie II[M]. Berlin: Springer-verlag,1956:51.

[11] 卡西爾.人文科學(xué)的邏輯[M].沉?xí)?,海平,葉舟,譯.北京:中國人民大學(xué)出版社, 1991:47.

[12] 高清海.人的未來與哲學(xué)未來:“類哲學(xué)”引論[J].學(xué)術(shù)月刊,1996(2):3-16.

Abstract: In the era of knowledge economy, as the important resources and core elements of the national development, intellectual property rights(IPRs) has become the key to the sustainable development of a universities’ core competence. Based on the core competition theory and the strategy theory of intellectual property rights, the paper uses “resource-ability-competition” as the analytical framework and analyzes the mechanism of the IPRs Strategy which promotes the transformation of university’s advantageous resources into “subject brand and industrial innovation” edge. The purpose of this paper is to provide theoretical support and guidance for universities to take advantage of the IPRs and promote the values of IPRs to ensure the sustainable development in the era of new normal economy.

Key words: universities’ core competence; strategy of intellectual property rights; formation mechanism

The Working Class Regime Should Meet the Demands of Farmers: Research into Principles of Ideal Society of Classical Writers and Realization of China Dream

YU Liangzao

(School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China)

It is pointed out by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that the proletariat should not meddle with the ruination of farmers’ small-scale economy when the power is mastered. Instead, it is necessary to guide farmers to lead a new life by means of models and social help. In the early days of the October Revolution, Lenin met the demands of the farmers and equally allocated the farmland to farmers and let them work on the farm. During the period of domestic war, Lenin demanded that the urban working class should let farmers get benefits in the process of requisitioning of grain. In the early days of the implementation of new economy policies, Lenin required that the state power should rapidly take measure to improve the living and producing conditions of the farmers. Therefore, the principles and ideas of classical writers are of great significance for contemporary Chinese Communist Party to realize China dream.

solidarity; farmers; benefit demand; inspirationReview of Research into Mao Zedong in China’s Theoretical Circles from 2005 to 2014/Cang Nan (Research Center for Mao Zedong Thought, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China)

This paper makes comment on the hot issues in the past dacade pertaining to theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the coincidence of China’s dream and Mao Zedong’s thoughts, study of Mao Zedong and Cultural Revolution, study of Mao Zedong’s spirit, study of Mao Zedong’s subjectivity thought, study of the third cooperation between the Communist Party of China and Kuomingtang and Mao Zedong doctrine. It is believed that the previous study of Mao Zedong is based on realistic, idealistic and historical reality and gets a consensus on the spirit of Mao Zedong. Although substantive results have been achieved since last decade, further work should be done on the study of the experience and thoughts of Mao Zedong.

China; Mao Zedong research; current situation; review

A Study of Mao Zedong’s Thoughts in Popularization of Marxism: The Impact of Leninism

CAO Yun

(School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: There are natural connections between Maoism and Leninism, especially in the process of the popularization of Marxism, Mao Zedong absorbs and uses Lenin’s thoughts and experiences directly for reference. Under the influence of Leninism, Mao Zedong applies Marxism to analyze Chinese national characteristics and realistic situation and forms the theoretical premise of Marxism’s popularization. He also regards the masses as the main force of Marxism’s popularization under the guidance of people-oriented thought. He attaches great importance to ensuring and meeting people’s various economical, political and cultural needs and provides the driving force for Marxism’s popularization. He uses a variety of channels, such as schools, newspapers and periodicals and constructs the multiple transmission routes of Marxism’s popularization by means of self-education and academic research.

Key words: Mao Zedong; Lenin; popularization of Marxism

Research Review of Construction of Marxism Ruling Party in the Past Decade in China

SUN Xiufang, et al

(School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: In recent decade, the study of the construction of Marxism ruling party has been conducted from different angles. Some achievements of the study are influential, which mainly focuses on the construction experience of Marxism ruling party. Chinese ruling party leaders’ thoughts on its construction, theoretical and practical study on its construction in China and overseas construction. From different angles, theses achievements discuss the theoretical origin, content, history and fact and enrich the study of it.

Key words: Marxism; ruling party construction; review

The Connotation of the Philosophical Anthropology of Marx’s Communication Theory

WANG Wei ,et al

(Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China )

Abstract: Marx’s theory of communication stood out in the field of Marxist philosophy research in the 1990’s. But for a long time, the traditional philosophy research paradigm has resulted in its profound theoretical connotation and great tension of ideological history being shaded. The research into the concept of communicationIntheEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscriptsof1844 continues the traditional philosophy research paradigm in the domestic academic circles and interprets its theoretical connotation. It is pointed out that Marx’s communication refers to “communication alienation” in the production process of capitalist from alienation logic of abstract humanism. Marx interprets the concept of communication ofEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscriptsof1844 from self-consciousness, aesthetic and the community from the perspective of philosophical anthropology research. Firstly, Marx puts forward that the self-consciousness is the basic premise of this theory of human social and identifies that the self-transcendence is the internal driving force of the development of the human social communication way. Secondly, Marx points out that aesthetic communication is an important way to solve the contradictory between man and society. Finally, Marx proposes that human social ideal goal is to build a real community.

Key words: communication; philosophical anthropology; self-consciousness; aesthetic; community

An Analysis of Residents’ Environment Awareness and Social Actions Concerning Pollution of Taihu Lake

MA Daoming

(School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China)

Abstract: According to Weber’s ideal type of social actions and different actors motivation, social actions are divided into four types including .traditional action, emotional action, purpose rationality action and value rationality action. The paper quantitatively investigates residents’ environment awareness including the change of water quality of Taihu Lake, pollution impact on local residents’ production and living, and residents’ participation in environmental protection and so on. Then, according to the investigation, it concretely analyzes residents’ social actions in the process of pollution formation and governance. Residents’ traditional action in daily life and the purpose rationality action in the pursuit of agriculture “high yield” collectively and unconsciously cause the endogenous pollution in Taihu Lake. The residents’ attitude changing from initial catering to later resistance in the process of enterprises’ development indicates the interweaving of residents’ “earning money” purpose rationality action and “health” purpose rationality action. Residents’ performance indicates collective silence and passive obedience in the process of the governmental environmental management, showing residents’ emotional actions’ of being helpless and dependent on government.

Key words: pollution of Taihu Lake; residents; environmental awareness; social actions

Study of Operation Mechanism of NIMBY Risk

TIAN Peng, et al

(School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the theory of risk arena, this paper takes the event of garbage classification transfer station of BOBO community for instance to see the logic of NIMBY risk and its operation mechanism, which may uncover the crux of Chinese NIMBY conflict dilemma. First, as a product of social interaction, different risk mental schema and risk construction strategy is the internal driving force of NIMBY risk operation in risk arena. Therefore, mismatching of risk cognitive structure is an important factor which may cause the failure of risk communication. Second, the rising housing consciousness and lacking of institutionalized interest expression mechanism leads to community residents’ unconventional action to break game rules that unilaterally dominated by local government in order to informally express interests. Finally, the particularity of NIMBY projects shows that it is an important carrier of local leaders of economic resources and political resources. And the particularity of NIMBY projects may result in collective events, which may erode the social basis of the authority of local administration, cause ruling crisis and make it into a new round of “establishing-protesting-postponing” action.

Key words: risk arena; NIMBY risk; mechanism analysis

Getting out of Dilemma on the Barrier-Free Environment Construction from the Perspective of Social Governance Theory

XU Qiaoxian

(College of Management, Nanjing Normal College of Special Education,Nanjing 210038, China)

Abstract: Barrier-free environment is the urgent requirement of the disabled and the elderly to equally participate in social life. However, there is sharp gap between the target and the reality of the barrier-free environment construction system in China. Based on the data of barrier-free environment construction from 2010 to 2014 and the theory of social governance, it is found out that the discrete action subject is the main influential factor which leads to the dilemma situation in barrier-free environment construction. It is of urgent necessity to insist on cooperative governance. Then it is possible to construct coordinating mechanism of equal dialogue, coordinative integration and shared responsibility among the state, market, social organizations and citizens.

Key words: barrier-free environment construction; the state; market; social organizations; citizens

A Study of Governance of Chinese Risk Society:Retrospect and Prospect

JIANG Zijing,et al

(School of Politics and law, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130017, China)

Abstract: Domestic scholars gradually begin the diversion of localization on the basis of introducing and applying of the western risk society theory, thus the study of governance of Chinese risk society become one of the hot topics in domestic academic circles. To sum up, it includes the Chinese judgment, the Chinese screen, the Chinese situation and Chinese governance of the risk society theory. Based on the overall review of the study of Chinese risk society, the academic circles reflect on the limitations of scholars’ research. Firstly, it is obvious that the theoretical awareness of distinguished research is not enough. Secondly, the practical analysis of empirical research is insufficient. Finally, the general understanding of systematic research is deficient.

Key words: China; risk society; governance; retrospect; prospect

The Game of Stakeholders in the Context of Project Scheme and Explanation Concerned: A Case Study of Late-Stage Support Project of Reservoir Migrants

SUN Liangshun ,et al

(School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: In terms of system design, the late-stage support project of reservoir migrants has well-planned organization and management system. But in the process of actual operation,it deviates from the policy goals pertaining to the late-stage support project scheme, which leads to low performance in fund use. Based on the game analysis among the client, the contractor and the agent,it is found that the sharp gap among the stakeholders make the low performance in fund use available. The games among the stakeholders are as follows: the game between the client (the central government and provincial governments) and contractor (the municipal government and the county), the game between the contractor and the various government departments, the game between the contractor (migrant management agencies) and the agent (township government and the applicant of project), the game between the agent (the applicant of project) and migrants (villagers).

Key words: reservoir immigrants;late-stage support policies;project scheme;system design;system implementation; game

The Construction and Reflection on Population Urbanization in the Process of Social Change: A Case Study of Residential Quarter of XL Farm in NJ City

SONG Zhe,et al

(Graduate School, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract: With the rapid development of urbanization, the new-type city community construction has unprecedentedly been advancing. In the process of social change and development, the problems of displacement and resettlement of the “new citizens” pose great challenge to social construction and management. It is uncertain about the adaptation of the “new citizens” to the new city community environment and the construction of the new-type city community. Based on the relevant theories and research findings, the paper takes a typical dualistic farm’s urbanization community change for instance to uncover the evolution value of the community displacement and resettlement in the process of social change. It is found that the transition from a dualistic farm to a “new citizen” community not only poses new challenge to community construction, but also makes the “population urbanization” an urgent task. Therefore, it becomes the main theme of “new citizen” community construction to promote the social management structural reform, to reinforce social construction and to put the “population urbanization” theory into practice.

Key words: farm; dualistic society; community change; new citizens; population urbanization

Approaches to Solving Science-Technology Oriented Enterprises’ Financing Problem from the Perspective of Financial Mechanism’s Orderliness Based on Empirical Evidence of Technical Industry of Jiangsu Province

FANG Xianming, et al

(School of Economics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China)

Abstract: Science-technology enterprises are faced with financing restriction because of high operating uncertainties, information asymmetry between investors and financiers and complexity of science-technology finance mechanism. Based on dissipative structure theory and grey relation analysis, this paper constructs a model to measure the orderliness of science-technology finance mechanism so as to evaluate the synergetic degree among the subsystems and the efficiency of resource allocation. The examination of the sample data from Jiangsu Province shows that the entropy of the science-technology finance mechanism declined from 2005 to 2006, which means the allocation of scientific technological and financial resources was enhanced. Then, the entropy rose rapidly and kept fluctuating in recent years, which means there is room for the improvement of the orderliness of the science-technology finance mechanism. Based on the study, it is necessary to take measures as follows: improving the supply system of policy funds, promoting system and product innovation, absorbing private capital, integrating market resources with governmental and social resources and perfecting technological and financial ecology.

Key words: science-technology finance; financial mechanism;dissipative structure; orderliness; GRA

Stakeholders’ Game Analysis of Transboundary Water Pollution and Control

LUO Wenbing, et al

(Business School, Hunan University of Science and Technology, XiangTan 411201, China)

Abstract: This paper constructs a game model of inter-regional water pollution prevention and control of three adjacent regions and a game model of regional water pollution prevention and control for government regulation and sewage enterprises, It analyses the optimal strategies of the stakeholders of transboundary water pollution and control by using game theory method, Then it makes the following suggestions: establishing total control and allocation mechanism of regional water pollutant, setting up public participation mechanism of transboundary water pollution and control system and long-term environmental and economic policies.

Key words: transboundary water pollution and control;stakeholders;game

An Analysis of Evolution Game of Adjustment of Industrial Structure and Pollution Reduction

TIAN Yinhua, et al

(Institute of Innovative Development, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China)

Abstract: The adjustment of industrial structure is the effective way to realize pollution reduction. The paper analyzes the structure adjustment of industries and industry-government and pollution reduction behavior. The game results show that the strategy of the structure adjustment of industries is related with profit without the interference of government. However, in the context of government interference, the structure adjustment is determined by the degree of reward or punishment given by government. The local administration implements structure policy only when the revenue is larger than cost. The industries actively focus on pollution reduction only when the profit is larger than cost.

Key words: adjustment of industrial structure;pollution reduction;evolutionary game analysis;sreplicator dynamics

The Smithian Dynamics and Needham Puzzle: A New Solution and New Inspiration to the Transformation Development of China

ZHU Juan, et al

(Law School, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 210029, China)

Abstract: This paper studies Needham puzzle from the perspective of the Smithian Dynamics and constructs a framework containing capital-human-technology-institution to analyze the reasons of lack of the Simithian Dynamics. Based on the analysis, it explains the reasons of the Needham puzzle, such as industrial production, urban economy, foreign trade and so on. It is believed that the Smithian dynamics perfectly accounts for Needham puzzle and provides new angle for the solution to Needham puzzle. It also provides new inspiration for the economic transformation development of China in the new era. It is suggested that China should take the advantage of domestic market scale and focus on industrial innovative development, new-type urbanization construction and foreign trade development to keep the medium-long term rapid increase of economy.

Key words: the Smithian dynamics; Needham puzzle; transformation development

Beyond Offe’s Paradox: The Rise and Change of Social Investment Idea Discussion on Key Points in Social Policy Development in Our Country

LIANG Yu,et al

(School of Governmental Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China)

Abstract: Offe’s paradox has plagued the capitalism and the welfare states more than one hundred years. It makes welfare states be involved in the trap of the circulation of commercialization, de-commercialization and re-commercialization of labor force. In the 1990s, the social investment idea had become the core ideology of welfare states. These countries pay more attention to developing and activating social members’ capability, promoting the equality of opportunity and social inclusiveness, and realized the coordinated development of social policy and economic growth, which goes beyond Offe’s paradox. Based on western social investment idea, the development of social policy of China should center on the change of relationship between social policy and economic development.. Also, it should focus on the reconstruction of children-family policy and active policy of labor force market.

Key words: Offe’s paradox;commercialization of labor force;social investment idea;China’s social policy

A Study of Formation Mechanism of Universities’ Core Competence Based on Strategy of Intellectual Property Rights

SHI Xuezhe,et al

(Office of Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

10.3876/j.issn.1671-4970.2015.06.005

2015-10-19

王巍(1987—),女,黑龍江大慶人, 博士研究生,從事馬克思主義哲學(xué)研究。

B01

A

1671-4970(2015)06-0025-05

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