鐘 微 何秋明 綜述 夏慧敏 審校
(廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心新生兒外科,廣州 510623)
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·文獻(xiàn)綜述·
先天性膈疝生后手術(shù)治療的演變與評(píng)價(jià)*
鐘 微 何秋明 綜述 夏慧敏**審校
(廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心新生兒外科,廣州 510623)
本文綜述近年先天性膈疝(congenital diaphragmatic hernia,CDH)生后手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)和方式的變化,重點(diǎn)介紹近年來(lái)發(fā)展迅速的新生兒微創(chuàng)膈疝修補(bǔ)技術(shù),分析轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程及原因,展示當(dāng)前CDH手術(shù)治療的水平、難點(diǎn)及未來(lái)趨勢(shì)。
先天性膈疝; 手術(shù)方式; 手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī); 微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù); 腹腔鏡; 胸腔鏡
先天性膈疝(congenital diaphragmatic hernia,CDH)是新生兒外科較常見(jiàn)的急危重癥,由于腹腔臟器經(jīng)膈肌缺損疝入胸腔,引起一系列病理生理變化,對(duì)心肺功能、全身狀況均造成不同程度的影響。CDH存在解剖關(guān)系的異常,因此手術(shù)是臨床治療的必要手段。1946年Robert Gross成功實(shí)施了第一例CDH膈肌修補(bǔ)術(shù)[1]。隨著微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,近年來(lái)CDH的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)及手術(shù)方式均有了巨大的變化,現(xiàn)綜述如下。
既往由于對(duì)CDH的發(fā)病機(jī)制缺乏認(rèn)識(shí),認(rèn)為肺臟受腹腔臟器壓迫是其主要問(wèn)題,因此早期及時(shí)進(jìn)行手術(shù)修補(bǔ)成為治療CDH的基本原則,新生兒患CDH都被認(rèn)為需急診手術(shù)治療,以求盡早解除肺臟受壓。但是,隨著研究的深入,目前對(duì)于手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇已有了改變。Bohn等[2]回顧研究66例CDH高?;純?出生6小時(shí)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)呼吸窘迫癥狀)的臨床資料,認(rèn)為手術(shù)修補(bǔ)的時(shí)間并不影響肺發(fā)育不全的程度,因而治療重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在術(shù)前改善肺功能及降低血管阻力的非手術(shù)治療上,因此提出了“延時(shí)手術(shù)”的觀點(diǎn):延長(zhǎng)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間,在改善內(nèi)環(huán)境并保持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定后再行手術(shù)治療。隨后的眾多研究[3~6]表明,術(shù)前經(jīng)各種措施使CDH新生兒狀況穩(wěn)定,糾正缺氧和低灌注,可減少肺動(dòng)脈高壓形成的可能,提高CDH患兒存活率(提高至80%以上),支持“延時(shí)手術(shù)”的觀點(diǎn)。但是,延遲的時(shí)間可為幾天甚至幾周,對(duì)于如何選擇延期后的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)仍有爭(zhēng)議。2010年,歐洲CDH協(xié)作組提出了具體的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)建議[7]:①平均動(dòng)脈壓正常水平;②吸入氧分?jǐn)?shù)<50%,導(dǎo)管前動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度在85%~95%;③乳酸<3 mmol/L;④尿量>2 ml/(kg·h)。
2.1 腹腔鏡
以往對(duì)于CDH的手術(shù)治療一般采用開(kāi)胸或經(jīng)腹膈肌修補(bǔ)術(shù),隨著手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的變化及微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)腹腔鏡行膈肌修補(bǔ)術(shù)已應(yīng)用于臨床。1998年Rothenberg等[8]報(bào)道2例應(yīng)用腹腔鏡治療CDH。2002年,Shah等[9]報(bào)道1例應(yīng)用腹腔鏡治療新生兒CDH。對(duì)于巨大膈肌缺損,2005年Holcomb等[10]報(bào)道3例經(jīng)腹腔鏡補(bǔ)片修補(bǔ)膈肌的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是,年齡越小的患兒尤其是新生兒,其腹腔空間相對(duì)較小,若出現(xiàn)腸脹氣,臟器容積則更大,腹腔內(nèi)剩余的操作空間越小,需高壓充氣擴(kuò)大操作空間,加上嬰兒以腹式呼吸為主,腹內(nèi)高壓將可能對(duì)肺產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的打擊,使病情惡化,因此,應(yīng)用腹腔鏡治療新生兒CDH受到一定的限制。
2.2 胸腔鏡
1995年Silen等[11]報(bào)道首例應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療兒童CDH。但2003年Arca等[12]卻認(rèn)為由于復(fù)發(fā)率高及PCO2頻繁升高,不建議應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH。隨著麻醉技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腔鏡操作中的血氧穩(wěn)定性提高,2005年Schaarschmidt等[13]觀察到在新生兒CDH中應(yīng)用胸腔鏡比腹腔鏡更容易回納疝內(nèi)容物,此后臨床上逐漸開(kāi)展應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH。2009年,Shah等[14]總結(jié)22例CDH微創(chuàng)治療的經(jīng)驗(yàn)后認(rèn)為,對(duì)于嬰幼兒及年長(zhǎng)兒采用腹腔鏡、胸腔鏡均可進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),但對(duì)于新生兒則建議應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療。國(guó)內(nèi)黃金獅等[15]也認(rèn)為胸腔鏡治療CDH存在明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)(表1)。
表1 胸腔鏡與腹腔鏡治療CDH的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
2.2.1 手術(shù)指征 2005年Yang等[16]的研究指出,需嚴(yán)格掌握胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH的指征,包括:①解剖方面,無(wú)肝或胃疝入;②生理方面,機(jī)械通氣參數(shù)中吸氣峰壓<24 mm Hg,無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓等。2009年,Gomes Ferreira等[17]總結(jié)微創(chuàng)治療新生兒CDH的經(jīng)驗(yàn),其中胸腔鏡18例(中轉(zhuǎn)3例)、腹腔鏡12例(中轉(zhuǎn)7例),認(rèn)為應(yīng)用胸腔鏡容易回納疝內(nèi)容物,右側(cè)膈疝、肝臟疝入或需要補(bǔ)片時(shí)不建議應(yīng)用腔鏡技術(shù)治療。Kim等[18]也提出相似的觀點(diǎn),存在胃疝入或應(yīng)用體外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)時(shí)不建議應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療。2011年Okazaki等[19]研究認(rèn)為,肺動(dòng)脈高壓改善后,只要新生兒CDH在新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)中側(cè)臥位時(shí)血氧狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定超過(guò)10 min,人工通氣下血氧狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定,可耐受轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至手術(shù)室,即可行胸腔鏡治療。
但是,也有國(guó)外學(xué)者存在不同意見(jiàn):Gourlay等[20]回顧分析應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH前后兩個(gè)時(shí)期的病例[開(kāi)放40例,胸腔鏡33例(中轉(zhuǎn)13例)],結(jié)果顯示,胸腔鏡組復(fù)發(fā)率與開(kāi)放組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,并且胸腔鏡治療CDH具有術(shù)后恢復(fù)快的優(yōu)點(diǎn);Cho等[21]的回顧分析也有類似結(jié)果,開(kāi)放與胸腔鏡治療CDH的兩組病例在復(fù)發(fā)率、病死率等方面均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,因此認(rèn)為可廣泛應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH。
2.2.2 手術(shù)體位及trocar位置 胸腔鏡治療CDH有特殊的手術(shù)室布局及體位。氣管插管全身麻醉后,在無(wú)小嬰兒手術(shù)床的情況下,患兒置于手術(shù)床頭側(cè)右邊,術(shù)者站于手術(shù)床頭側(cè),顯示屏置于手術(shù)床尾左側(cè)。既往采用的體位是半側(cè)臥位,即健側(cè)胸部側(cè)臥位,腹部取仰臥位,以便中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹時(shí)所需;一般的trocar位置是,腔鏡孔5 mm trocar位于腋前線第4肋間,2個(gè)操作孔3 mm trocar分別位于腋前線與乳頭間第5~6肋間和腋后線第6~7肋間[16]。然而CDH常為后外側(cè)膈疝,為了獲得相對(duì)膈肌缺損水平面的便利,目前體位常采用改良臥位,即健側(cè)的側(cè)臥位至最大限度的俯臥,墊高胸肋部,患側(cè)上臂屈曲上抬、固定;trocar位置是腔鏡孔5 mm trocar位于肩胛下角第6肋間,2個(gè)操作孔3 mm trocar分別位于肩胛下角線與脊柱連線中點(diǎn)第5~7肋間和腋前線第5~7肋間[15]。
2.2.3 其他技術(shù)
2.2.3.1 自體組織補(bǔ)片 對(duì)于膈肌缺損較大、難以直接修補(bǔ)的CDH,常選用補(bǔ)片進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),近年常用的心包補(bǔ)片較其他補(bǔ)片具有組織相容性好、依從性強(qiáng)、感染率較低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但是,由于機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)可能引起人工補(bǔ)片破裂、膈疝復(fù)發(fā),因此,開(kāi)始有醫(yī)師嘗試采用自體組織移植進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),如帶蒂肌瓣、保留血供的腹橫肌翻入修補(bǔ)[22,23],或保留胸背神經(jīng)血管束的背闊肌瓣修補(bǔ)[24,25],均取得良好的效果。
2.2.3.2 肺移植 肺移植為一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)性技術(shù),是將供體的肺葉小型化后植入患側(cè)胸腔,在ECMO的支持下獲得足夠的肺功能,并且移植側(cè)肺葉在對(duì)側(cè)肺成熟發(fā)揮作用前可起到暫時(shí)的支持作用。該技術(shù)應(yīng)用于生后已行膈疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)、由于肺嚴(yán)重發(fā)育不良不能撤除ECMO的CDH患兒,目前已進(jìn)行4例肺移植,其中只有2例能長(zhǎng)期存活,因此在ECMO輔助下的肺移植對(duì)于嚴(yán)重肺發(fā)育不良患兒的作用仍需進(jìn)一步的研究[26~28]。
2011年,Tsao等[29]通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)回顧的方法對(duì)開(kāi)放手術(shù)及微創(chuàng)技術(shù)(包括腹腔鏡和胸腔鏡)治療CDH的效果進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果顯示,開(kāi)放手術(shù)治療CDH的復(fù)發(fā)率為2.7%(114/4239),而微創(chuàng)技術(shù)為7.9%(12/151),明顯高于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組(P=0.0012),考慮原因有學(xué)習(xí)曲線、手術(shù)技巧等多個(gè)因素所致。而對(duì)于胸腔鏡治療新生兒CDH的效果,Lansdale等[30]進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),內(nèi)容包括3篇文獻(xiàn)中62例胸腔鏡手術(shù)、81例開(kāi)放手術(shù),結(jié)果顯示,與開(kāi)放手術(shù)相比,經(jīng)胸腔鏡治療的操作時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率較高(開(kāi)放4.9%,胸腔鏡16.1%,P=0.03),但是這3篇文獻(xiàn)均存在缺陷,都不是隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,其中1篇尚未正式發(fā)表。2014年Chan等[31]關(guān)于微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療CDH效果的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)也有類似的結(jié)果:微創(chuàng)治療的總體復(fù)發(fā)率較開(kāi)放手術(shù)高,尤其在使用補(bǔ)片的病例中更為明顯,開(kāi)放手術(shù)組為1.8%(39/2151),微創(chuàng)治療組為12.1%(16/132)(P<0.0001),因此強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療CDH時(shí)應(yīng)注意手術(shù)適應(yīng)證。
綜上所述,雖然目前系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)認(rèn)為微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療CDH存在復(fù)發(fā)率高等不足,但考慮主要是由于受微創(chuàng)技術(shù)開(kāi)展時(shí)間尚短、病例數(shù)較少等客觀因素的影響,仍需進(jìn)行前瞻性、多中心、長(zhǎng)期隨訪的臨床研究明確其治療效果。微創(chuàng)操作中應(yīng)用胸腔鏡治療CDH較腹腔鏡有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),但目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的應(yīng)用指征及手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的提高、合適器械的開(kāi)發(fā)、手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,將可突破更多的限制,更好地應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療CDH。
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(修回日期:2015-03-09)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
On Evolution and Evaluation of Postnatal Surgical Repair for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
ZhongWei,HeQiuming,XiaHuimin.
DepartmentofNeonatalSurgery,GuangzhouWomenandChildren’sMedicalCenter,Guangzhou510623,China
Correspondingauthor:XiaHuimin,E-mail:huiminxia@hotmail.com
【Summary】 This review summarized the evolution of surgical timing and procedure skills of postnatal repair in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Minimally invasive repair of diaphragmatic hernia was highlighted. The current status, difficulties, and future trends of surgical intervention for CDH were analyzed.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Surgical procedures; Timing of surgery; Minimally invasive surgery; Laparoscopy; Thoracoscopy
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(S201302002738)
R726.1
A
1009-6604(2015)07-0655-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.07.022
2014-10-12)
** 通訊作者,E-mail:huiminxia@hotmail.com