楊蘊(yùn)天,福 泉
PrP105-132作用下體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌IL-8及可能產(chǎn)生途徑
楊蘊(yùn)天,福 泉
目的 探討PrP105-132作用下體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌IL-8及可能產(chǎn)生途徑。方法 體外培養(yǎng)大鼠神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,用PrP105-132干預(yù)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,并阻斷NF-κB途徑,ELISA法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞上清液中IL-8含量,RT-PCR法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞NF-κB mRNA水平。結(jié)果 朊蛋白肽段干預(yù)后小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,胞體增大,細(xì)胞突起變短、消失,呈圓狀、桿狀、阿米巴狀。同時(shí)細(xì)胞上清液中IL-8分泌量增多(P<0.01),阻斷NF-κB途徑后IL-8分泌量顯著降低(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 PrP能夠誘導(dǎo)體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌IL-8,IL-8產(chǎn)生主要依賴于NF-κB途徑。
朊蛋白;小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞;白細(xì)胞介素8;NF-κB
Supported by the Inner Mongolia Science Foundation (Grant No. 2013MS1130)
朊蛋白病又稱傳染性海綿狀腦病(TSEs),是一類人畜共患的致死性神經(jīng)退行性疾病,包括人類的克雅氏病(CJD)、格斯特曼氏綜合征(GSS)、致死性家族性失眠癥(FFI)、牛的海綿狀腦病(BSE)、羊的瘙癢病(scrapie)等[1]。其主要病理特征為腦組織中存在淀粉樣改變,其主要成分為異常PrP沉積,周圍可見大量的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[2]。膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在神經(jīng)元的生存和整個(gè)生命活動(dòng)中起著支持、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、保護(hù)和修復(fù)等重要作用,并具有不同的免疫活性,構(gòu)成中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)抵御病原體入侵的第一防線。細(xì)胞因子是固有免疫反應(yīng)和適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)劑。在CNS感染性疾病中,組織浸潤(rùn)性免疫細(xì)胞、CNS相關(guān)的巨噬細(xì)胞、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞已經(jīng)被確定為CNS特異性炎癥中細(xì)胞因子的來源[3]。我們通過研究克雅氏病患者腦脊液,發(fā)現(xiàn)前炎癥細(xì)胞因子IL-8在腦脊液中含量升高[4]。因此,我們應(yīng)用PrP干預(yù)體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,同時(shí)阻斷NF-κB途徑,探討朊蛋白病中IL-8的可能來源及產(chǎn)生途徑。
1.1 朊蛋白肽段處理 PrP105-132肽段(KTNLKHVAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSA)采用固相合成法合成,實(shí)驗(yàn)前將本條多肽取少量放入離心管中,先用適量的稀乙酸進(jìn)行溶解,然后在加入雙蒸水對(duì)其進(jìn)行稀釋,并用稀乙酸將其調(diào)回中性pH值。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
1.2.1 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞混合培養(yǎng) 取10只新生Wistar大鼠(出生1 d),在無菌條件下,剪開顱骨,取出腦組織(皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì))至盛有加糖D-Hanks液的培養(yǎng)皿中反復(fù)沖洗以去除血污。剝離腦表面的腦膜和血管,用加糖D-Hanks液洗腦組織塊1~2次。剪刀剪碎腦組織塊至1~3 mm,加入體積比組織塊總量多30~50倍的胰酶,在37 ℃條件下用吸管反復(fù)吹打消化液變混濁。加入完全培養(yǎng)液(高糖的DMEM/F12 1∶1培養(yǎng)液+10%胎牛血清)終止消化,再次吹打制成單細(xì)胞懸液,將細(xì)胞懸液轉(zhuǎn)移至消毒離心管中,配平。離心1 000 r/min,10 min,棄上清。加定量完全培養(yǎng)液再次制成細(xì)胞懸液,接種入6個(gè)50 mL細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶,密度為100 000~120 000個(gè)細(xì)胞/cm2。置于培養(yǎng)箱中,37℃條件下培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分離、純化、傳代 第3 d更換一次培養(yǎng)液,不換液培養(yǎng)10~12 d后再更換培養(yǎng)液,24 h后用D-Hanks液3∶1稀釋胰酶-EDTA溶液(0.25%胰蛋白酶和0.02%EDTA,1∶1),37 ℃下作用40 min,輕輕晃動(dòng)培養(yǎng)瓶,使貼附在底層星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞脫落下來,將含漂浮小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)液轉(zhuǎn)入培養(yǎng)瓶中,24 h后更換培養(yǎng)液。待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿后,再次用胰酶消化進(jìn)行傳代培養(yǎng),得到小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。
1.2.3 培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色 待小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)成片后,取出蓋片,依次進(jìn)行0.9%鹽水清洗3次,每次5 min;4%多聚甲醛固定40 min;0.01 mol/L磷酸緩沖液(pH7.3)清洗3次,每次5 min,放入4 ℃冰箱備用。進(jìn)行SP法免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色進(jìn)行鑒定。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 體外培養(yǎng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分為:正常對(duì)照組,PrP干預(yù)組,PrP+MG132組,每組6個(gè)孔樣,每孔1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞,共18個(gè)孔樣。以往的研究中我們已經(jīng)明確最佳PrP干預(yù)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(48 h)及劑量(80 μmol/L)[5]。對(duì)照組:常規(guī)培養(yǎng)體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞;PrP干預(yù)組:每孔加入PrP105-132 80 μmol/L繼續(xù)培養(yǎng);PrP+MG132組:每孔加入PrP105-132 80 μmol/L,MG132 3 μmol/L培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞。
1.4 標(biāo)本采集 每組培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞48 h后,收集細(xì)胞上清液-20 ℃保存,用于IL-8的檢測(cè)。收集細(xì)胞-20 ℃保存,用于NF-κB mRNA檢測(cè)。
1.5 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)及方法
1.5.1 IL-8含量的檢測(cè) 采用ABC夾心ELISA法。
1.5.2 NF-κB mRNA檢測(cè) 采用RT-PCR法。根據(jù)GenBank上NF-κB登陸號(hào)AY307375,β-actin登陸號(hào)BC063166設(shè)計(jì)引物。引物:βactin primer 1:5′-GTCAGG TCATCACTATCGGCAAT-3′, primer2:5′ -AGAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCAAC
GT -3′,147 bp;NF-κBprimer1:5′- ATGCGT TTC
CGTTACAAGTGCGAGG -3′, primer2:5′- GACCGCATTCAAGTCATAG TCCCCG -3′ ,378 bp。應(yīng)用RNA提取試劑盒提取總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,取得產(chǎn)物加入PCR反應(yīng)體系,擴(kuò)增目的基因。后將擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物經(jīng)瓊脂糖電泳檢測(cè),電泳結(jié)束后,凝膠內(nèi)DNA于紫外燈下觀察并拍照。應(yīng)用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)的分析軟件對(duì)電泳條帶進(jìn)行密度分析,將樣品的密度與βactin的密度相比,即得該樣品mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
2.1 培養(yǎng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活體觀察 第一代小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞少,呈漂浮狀,圓形,折光性強(qiáng)。傳代培養(yǎng)5 ~10 d后,細(xì)胞貼壁,數(shù)量增多,并長(zhǎng)成片,細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)較多短小彎曲的突起。加入PrP105-132肽段后小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞胞體增大變圓,細(xì)胞突起變短、消失,呈圓狀、桿狀、阿米巴狀。再加入MG132后細(xì)胞形態(tài)改變不明顯。
2.2 培養(yǎng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞純度的鑒定 CD68單克隆抗體的免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)染色顯示,成片的細(xì)胞CD68免疫反應(yīng)強(qiáng)陽性(即小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞),細(xì)胞圓形,部分細(xì)胞有較短的突起。用蘇木素復(fù)染的蓋片,在鏡下隨機(jī)抽取5個(gè)視野,記數(shù)視野下的CD68陽性細(xì)胞和CD68陰性細(xì)胞(蘇木素顯示細(xì)胞核),求出CD68陽性細(xì)胞的百分比,所抽查的5張蓋片,其小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的陽性率均在95%以上,見圖1。
2.3 IL-8的含量 PrP組培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞上清液中IL-8的含量顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),PrP+MG132組IL-8的含量顯著降低,與PrP組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(見表1)。
表1 各組體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞IL-8分泌量(pg/mL)Tab.1 Secretion of IL-8 from microglial cells in vitro (pg/mL)
注:與對(duì)照組比較P<0.01;與PrP+MG132組比較P<0.01
P<0.01 represents the comparison with control group;P<0.01 represents the comparison with PrP+MG132 group.
胞漿染色黃色或棕黃色為CD68陽性細(xì)胞圖1 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CD68免疫組化染色(DAB顯色×200倍)Fig.1 CD68 staining(×200)
2.4 NF-κB RT-PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果 PrP組NF-κBmRNA表達(dá)量明顯高于對(duì)照組,加入阻斷劑MG132后NF-κBmRNA表達(dá)量明顯降低(見圖2、3、見表2)。
M:Marker;1:對(duì)照組;2:PrP組;3:PrP+MG132組;
M: Marker; 1: control group; 2: PrP group; 3: PrP+MG132 group.
圖2NF-κBmRNA表達(dá)
Fig.2 The mRNA expression of NF-κB
PrP105-132肽段(KTNLKHVAGAAAAGAVVGGLGGYMLGSA)對(duì)應(yīng)PrPC的跨膜區(qū)域,是PrPC向PrPSc構(gòu)型轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵部位[6],它是所有異常PrP同工型的共有結(jié)構(gòu)。在不同的環(huán)境(離子強(qiáng)度、pH值、溶質(zhì)成分等)中表現(xiàn)不同的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。
M:Marker;1:對(duì)照組;2:PrP組;3:PrP+MG132組;
M: Marker; 1: control group; 2: PrP group; 3: PrP+MG132 group.
圖3 β-actin mRNA表達(dá)
Fig 3 The mRNA expression of β-actin
表2 NF-κB mRNA的表達(dá)(n=3)Tab.2 The expression of NF-κB at mRNA level (n=3)
注:與對(duì)照組比較*P<0.01;與PrP組比較★P<0.01
Note:*P<0.01 represents the comparison with control group;★P<0.01 represents the comparison with PrP group.
PrP105-132在體外與整個(gè)PrPSc有某些相同的性質(zhì),可形成淀粉樣纖維,并具有蛋白酶K抵抗性。我們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),體外培養(yǎng)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中加入該肽段后細(xì)胞胞體增大變圓,細(xì)胞突起變短、消失,呈圓狀、桿狀、阿米巴狀。進(jìn)一步明確了PrP105- 132肽段對(duì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活作用。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活是朊蛋白病的神經(jīng)病理性損害特征,并且這種特征已被體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中均得到證實(shí)[7]。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)PrP干預(yù)體外小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞后,培養(yǎng)上清液內(nèi)IL-8含量升高,證實(shí)了朊蛋白病中小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是細(xì)胞因子IL-8來源之一。
研究證實(shí)在CJD患者腦組織膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中NF-κB表達(dá)增高,免疫組化發(fā)現(xiàn)在病變處腦組織的神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜上存在20S蛋白酶體,提示蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)在朊蛋白病發(fā)病中起著一定的作用[8]。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)體外用PrP干預(yù)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞NF-κBmRNA同樣表達(dá)升高,同時(shí)上清液中IL-8的含量增加。應(yīng)用NF-κB特異性抑制劑MG132后NF-κBmRNA表達(dá)降低,上清液中IL-8的含量明顯降低。充分肯定了小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞NF-κB的活化與IL-8的產(chǎn)生有關(guān),但PrP引起小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞NF-κB活化的機(jī)制尚不明確,可能的機(jī)制是:①PrP直接作用于小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸化酶受到活化,經(jīng)蛋白酶體加工降解NF-κB抑制蛋白IκB,釋放出有活性的NF-κB。②PrP可使小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,活化的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放IL-1、TNF-α等[9-10],這些前炎癥因子進(jìn)一步促使NF-κB抑制蛋白IκB降解,NF-κB被激活。③ NF-κB活化后表達(dá)的細(xì)胞因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等,反過來又促進(jìn)NF-κB的活性,細(xì)胞因子和NF-κB相互促進(jìn),形成惡性循環(huán)。綜上所述,我們認(rèn)為PrP作用后小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子IL-8,并且IL-8產(chǎn)生主要依賴于NF-κB途徑。
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Effect of PrP105-132 on secretion of IL-8 from microglial cellsinvitro
YANG Yun-tian,FU Quan
(DepartmentofNeurology,AffiliatedHospitalofInnerMongoliaMedicalUniversity,Hohhot010050,China)
To investigate the effect of PrP105-132 on secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) from microglial cellsinvitroand its possible pathway, rat neuroglial cells were culturedinvitro, and these microglial cells were treated with PrP105-132. IL-8 level in supernatant fluid was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The microglial cells were activated by treatment with PrP peptides. Cell bodies were augmented and presented round, rod, and amoeba-like shapes. The protuberances were shortened and finally disappeared. IL-8 level increased in supernatant fluid. However, the mRNA and protein expression ofNF-κBdecreased after these cells were treated with MG132, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB. PrP-treated microglial cells secreted IL-8. The secretion of IL-8 is mainly dependent on the NF-κB pathway.
prion; microglia; interleukin-8; NF-κB
內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2013MS1130)資助
1.內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,呼和浩特 010050; 2.內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,呼和浩特 010050; Email:yangyuntian@sina.com
R372
A
1002-2694(2015)11-1046-04
2014-11-22;
2015-05-21