梁 永(綜述),何克菲(審校)
(1.桂平市人民醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣西 桂平 537200; 2.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣州 510282)
肝細(xì)胞癌放射治療研究進(jìn)展
梁永1※(綜述),何克菲2(審校)
(1.桂平市人民醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣西 桂平 537200; 2.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院腫瘤科,廣州 510282)
原發(fā)性肝癌年病死率居全球惡性腫瘤的第3位,年新發(fā)病人數(shù)74.8萬,約50%發(fā)生在中國[1]。肝細(xì)胞癌占原發(fā)性肝癌的85%~90%,70%在確診時(shí)已失去根治性手術(shù)治療的機(jī)會(huì)[2]。目前常用的治療手段對(duì)失去根治性手術(shù)治療機(jī)會(huì)的患者可延長生存期,然而5年生存率極低。放射治療(放療)在肝細(xì)胞癌治療史上地位并不重要,是因?yàn)槎S放療局部控制率低、肝損傷大。但近年隨著放療技術(shù)和設(shè)備的不斷發(fā)展,通過精確定位、三維適形計(jì)劃精確設(shè)計(jì)和精確治療,促使在正常肝組織或周圍危重器官耐受劑量條件下病灶能獲更高劑量,甚至達(dá)根治劑量,使療效明顯提高,同時(shí)放射損傷控制在可接受范圍?,F(xiàn)就肝細(xì)胞癌放療的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1單純放療
1.1立體定向放療立體定向放療是指采用非共面多弧小野三維集束少次數(shù)大分割照射病灶,特點(diǎn)為靶區(qū)劑量高,周圍正常組織劑量迅速下降,用于治療直徑<3 cm的病灶。立體定向放療現(xiàn)在已能應(yīng)用于受呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)影響較大的胸腹部惡性腫瘤的治療。1991年,Blomgren等[3]首先采用該技術(shù)治療 20例肝癌,有效率為70%。2006年以來,學(xué)者們分別針對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)行前瞻性的立體定向放療研究,靶區(qū)體積1~1913 mm3,腫瘤大小1~23.1 cm,分割劑量24~60 Gy/3~6次,隨訪時(shí)間2~52個(gè)月,1~2年內(nèi)局部控制率為87%~100%,2年總生存率為60%~69%[4-7]。另外,Takeda等[8]回顧性分析63例平均直徑2.6 cm不適合做根治性手術(shù)治療的患者,行35~40 Gy/5次立體定向放療,達(dá)類似手術(shù)治療效果,1年、2年局部控制率分別為95%和92%,3年總生存率為73%;而在日本<2 cm 和2~5 cm的單發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌根治術(shù)后的3年總生存率分別為83%~90%和70%~81%;這類患者如果行射頻消融治療,3年總生存率分別為82%~88%和66%~82%。雖然立體定向放療有治愈患者的潛力,但有許多內(nèi)容還需深入研究,如分次劑量和總劑量尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。每例患者的病灶大小、數(shù)目、部位、基礎(chǔ)肝病、殘留正常肝代償能力不相同,各個(gè)治療單位的處方劑量也不一樣[4-13],如Cardenes等[4]采用36~48 Gy/3 次,Andolino等[7]采用40 Gy/5 次,Bujold等[5]采用24~54 Gy/6次、Kang等[6]采用24~60 Gy/3次。但是,這些分次劑量和總劑量的差異均是根據(jù)正常肝組織受放療體積與發(fā)生并發(fā)癥概率模型決定的,當(dāng)接受放療的正常肝體積<25%時(shí),采用54 Gy/ 6次,當(dāng)接受放療的正常肝體積25%~60%時(shí),采用30~45 Gy/6次[14]。
1.2三維適形放療適形放療是近20多年放療史上發(fā)展最快、最大的成就之一,它分為三維靶區(qū)適(傳統(tǒng)三維適形放療)、靜態(tài)劑量適形(調(diào)強(qiáng)放療)、實(shí)時(shí)劑量適形(圖象引導(dǎo)放療)三類。因?yàn)樗蓱?yīng)用于不同大小的腫瘤,且對(duì)直徑>3 cm形狀不規(guī)則的腫瘤三維適形放療的劑量分布要優(yōu)于立體定向放療,故三維適形放療的適應(yīng)證比較寬,從早期不適合做手術(shù)或射頻消融的患者到中期不適合做肝動(dòng)化療栓塞或肝動(dòng)化療栓塞后效果差的患者,甚至出現(xiàn)門靜脈癌栓或淋巴結(jié)、腦、肺、骨轉(zhuǎn)移的晚期肝細(xì)胞癌患者,均有穩(wěn)定的局部控制率。Dawson 等[15]提出,根據(jù)正常組織并發(fā)癥控制概率方法計(jì)算放療劑量,解決個(gè)體化計(jì)算放療劑量問題之后,涌現(xiàn)大量肝細(xì)胞癌放療的成果報(bào)道。Mornex等[16]報(bào)道,對(duì)27例無手術(shù)指征的小肝癌行Ⅱ期前瞻性研究,放療劑量為66 Gy/33次,1年局部控制率為76%,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),肝功能 B級(jí)患者放療毒性明顯增加。同年,Liang等[17]對(duì)幾組大樣本進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),1年生存率為45%~70%,2年生存率為22%~50%,并指出生存率與總放療劑量及肝功能相關(guān),>53.1 Gy明顯優(yōu)于低于此劑量者,肝功能A級(jí)明顯優(yōu)于肝功能 B級(jí)患者。肝細(xì)胞癌患者易發(fā)生門靜脈左右分支或主干癌栓,門靜脈癌栓是獨(dú)立預(yù)后不良因素,這些患者已失去行手術(shù)、射頻消融、肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞等治療的機(jī)會(huì),三維適形放療在這類患者中有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)。Takagi等[18]報(bào)道,放療對(duì)29%肝細(xì)胞癌并門靜脈癌栓有效。此后有幾篇文獻(xiàn)相繼回顧分析報(bào)道,在放療毒性可接受前提下給處方劑量30~60 Gy,分次劑量1.8~3 Gy,但中位生存期報(bào)道差異較大,從4~15個(gè)月[19-20]。門靜脈癌栓消退較慢,但有再通的報(bào)道。Zeng等[21]報(bào)道,肝細(xì)胞癌對(duì)射線敏感,相當(dāng)于低分化鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,α/β值為11.2 Gy,故放療在晚期患者緩解癥狀方面亦表現(xiàn)較好療效。Jiang等[22]報(bào)道,放療控制肝細(xì)胞癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移引起的疼痛有效率為73%~83%,對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌合并肺、腦或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者采用8 Gy/次或60 Gy/20次亦可延長生命或減輕痛苦。
1.3粒子射線放療粒子射線放療治療肝癌包括質(zhì)子放療和碳離子放療,因能更好地保護(hù)正常肝組織,故能給予病灶更高劑量,其治療效果優(yōu)于立體定向放療和適形放療,1年生存率為53%~90%,2年生存率為45%~88%,3年生存率為56%~62%,5年生存率為37%~39%[23-25]。Nakayama等[25]報(bào)道,318例患者(其中肝功能B級(jí)占24%,肝功能C級(jí)占2%)采用質(zhì)子放療,劑量為55~77 Gy/10~35次,結(jié)果1年生存率為90%,5年生存率為45%,1.5%的患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)以上放射損傷。Mizumoto等[26]報(bào)道266例患者接受質(zhì)子放療,劑量為:病灶離胃腸<2 cm者,77 Gy/35次,病灶離肝門<2 cm者,72.6Gy/22次,其他66 Gy/10次,結(jié)果不同劑量組間生存率無差異,1、3、5年生存率分別為87%、61%和48%。雖然粒子放療費(fèi)用昂貴,但因它對(duì)肝臟功能放射損傷相對(duì)較輕,值得與手術(shù)、射頻消融等進(jìn)行Ⅲ期臨床研究。
2綜合治療
2.1放療與經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈化療栓塞術(shù)(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)聯(lián)合治療2002年以來,多個(gè)經(jīng)隨機(jī)分組的研究證實(shí)TACE治療不能手術(shù)切除的肝細(xì)胞癌患者可提高2年生存率,目前TACE已成為不能手術(shù)切除肝細(xì)胞癌患者的首選治療方法[2]。但單純TACE治療局部控制率和長期生存率仍不理想,Zeng等[21]和Xu等[27]分別報(bào)道TACE聯(lián)合放療提高不能手術(shù)切除肝細(xì)胞癌患者生存率,其中Zeng等[21]對(duì)54例無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、無門靜脈癌栓及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,不能手術(shù)切除的肝細(xì)胞癌患者行TACE后聯(lián)合放療,與149例僅TACE治療對(duì)比,腫瘤客觀緩解率76%比31%,1、2、3年生存率分別為71.5%、42.3%和24.0%比59.6%、26.5%和11.1%,顯示TACE聯(lián)合放療優(yōu)于僅TACE治療。Koo等[28]進(jìn)行TACE后聯(lián)合放療的前瞻性研究,對(duì)42例伴下腔靜脈癌栓形成的晚期肝細(xì)胞癌患者TACE后聯(lián)合放療與29例單純TACE治療相比發(fā)現(xiàn),中位生存時(shí)間分別為11.7個(gè)月比4.7個(gè)月。Kim等[29]報(bào)道,對(duì)59例不能手術(shù)切除的肝細(xì)胞癌患者行TACE后2周行放療,分次劑量2 ~4.5 Gy,以α/β=10計(jì)算,放療總生物劑量為39~65.25 Gy,中位劑量47.25 Gy,有53例患者放療后還繼續(xù)行1~8次TACE治療,中位次數(shù)為2次,截至結(jié)課題時(shí)還有32例存活,腫瘤客觀緩解率58%,1、2年生存率分別為60.1%和47.2%。另外,還有多個(gè)類似報(bào)道證實(shí)TACE聯(lián)合放療取得有利結(jié)果[30-34]。
2.2放療與靶向藥物聯(lián)合治療索拉非尼是目前唯一有Ⅰ級(jí)循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)證實(shí)對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌有效的靶向藥物,它是多靶點(diǎn)多激酶抑制劑,既抑制促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖的絲裂原活化蛋白激酶信號(hào)通路,又抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長因子和血小板衍生因子。Kuo等[35]進(jìn)行的腸癌細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼具有協(xié)同細(xì)胞毒性,增加細(xì)胞凋亡的作用,放射誘導(dǎo)的核因子κB活性被抑制而降低腫瘤增殖能力和侵襲能力。Yadav等[36]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼通過抑制X線修復(fù)交叉互補(bǔ)基因1和降低DNA修復(fù)蛋白錯(cuò)配除交叉互補(bǔ)修復(fù)酶1含量,明顯抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞克隆形成。Girard和Morner[37]研究表明,索拉非尼可使腫瘤細(xì)胞同步化于對(duì)射線較敏感的細(xì)胞周期。臨床研究方面,Cha等[38]的局部放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼治療晚期肝細(xì)胞癌Ⅰ期臨床研究顯示了治療的安全性和有效性,其主要毒性為血小板減少,按美國國立癌癥研究所常見毒性評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3~4級(jí)血小板減少為17%。 Chen等[39]的放療聯(lián)合索拉非尼同步加維持治療晚期肝細(xì)胞癌Ⅱ期研究中,納入40例既不能手術(shù)切除也不適合TACE治療(其中24例并有門靜脈癌栓)的晚期肝細(xì)胞癌患者,放療劑量40~60 Gy,中位劑量50 Gy,索拉非尼 400 mg,每日2次,結(jié)果38例完成局部放療,腫瘤客觀緩解率為55%,2年放療野內(nèi)無進(jìn)展生存率為39%。
2.3放療與化學(xué)藥物聯(lián)合治療化學(xué)藥物治療(化療)是治療惡性腫瘤的三大主要手段之一,但化療在肝細(xì)胞癌治療中的歷史地位并不高,被認(rèn)為對(duì)傳統(tǒng)細(xì)胞毒性藥物存在原發(fā)多藥耐藥,其有效率低于10%[40]。但近年伴隨抗腫瘤新藥的出現(xiàn),化療的歷史地位有所提高。Qin等[40]進(jìn)行的Ⅲ期臨床研究證實(shí),采用FOLFOX4方案(奧沙利鉑+亞葉酸鈣+氟尿嘧啶)化療晚期肝細(xì)胞患者獲得近似索拉非尼的效果。Mclntosh等[41]報(bào)道,對(duì)20例不能手術(shù)切除的晚期肝細(xì)胞癌患者放療50 Gy/20次,同期用卡培他濱增敏,結(jié)果客觀有效率達(dá)94%,肝功能A級(jí)者中位生存期為22.5個(gè)月。Lee等[42]對(duì)18例因伴門靜脈癌栓或殘留肝體積不足的肝細(xì)胞癌患者行同步放化療,腫瘤大小7~16 cm,放療劑量 45 Gy/25次,同時(shí)肝動(dòng)脈灌注氟尿嘧啶和順鉑,結(jié)果2個(gè)月后影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)完全緩解率、部分緩解率、穩(wěn)定率分別為11.1%、72.2%和16.7%;術(shù)前影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)完全緩解率、部分緩解率、穩(wěn)定率分別為33.3%、61.1%和5.6%,中位手術(shù)時(shí)間為6.2個(gè)月;術(shù)后病理100%壞死占22.2%、>80%壞死占61.1%,3年生存率為59.3%,平均總生存率為61.8個(gè)月。Park等[43]對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌并門靜脈癌栓和肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移患者,行肝動(dòng)脈灌注氟尿嘧啶增敏,放療45 Gy/25次亦取得了較好效果。另外,Chuma等[44]和Murakami等[45]分別報(bào)道放療聯(lián)合氟尿嘧啶和干擾素治療取得有利結(jié)果。
3毒性反應(yīng)
正常肝臟及其周圍的腎、胃腸和脊髓等都是對(duì)射線比較敏感的器官,同時(shí)肝細(xì)胞癌患者常并有肝硬化,故放射毒性是限制提高靶區(qū)劑量的最主要因素,其中最常見是放射性肝炎,一般發(fā)生于放療后2周至3個(gè)月,典型表現(xiàn)為黃疸、腹水、轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,但也有不少患者為不典型表現(xiàn);另外,乙型肝炎病毒激活,肝功能下降亦是常見放射毒性之一[46]。放射毒性與放療總劑量、分次劑量、正常肝受照體積/劑量以及肝功能相關(guān),Cardenes等[4]報(bào)道,肝功能A級(jí)肝細(xì)胞癌患者放療劑量48 Gy未出現(xiàn)放射性肝炎,而肝功能B級(jí)患者放療劑量42 Gy易發(fā)生3級(jí)以上放射性肝炎。
4小結(jié)
現(xiàn)代放療技術(shù)在肝細(xì)胞癌治療中已取得歷史性進(jìn)步。早期的患者行放療,可獲類似手術(shù)治療的效果;中晚期患者尤其是對(duì)手術(shù)或TACE有禁忌證的患者行放療也能延長生存期。但是,中晚期患者病灶大、肝硬化嚴(yán)重、殘留正常肝體積少以及周圍重要器官耐受量不高等因素,限制了放療劑量的提高,故只有放療與其他有效治療方法聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,療效才有可能進(jìn)一步提高。
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摘要:近幾年,不同的外照射放射治療技術(shù)以及聯(lián)合其他治療方法在肝細(xì)胞癌治療中取得了較大進(jìn)展。單純放射治療對(duì)早期患者可治愈,對(duì)中、晚期患者可延長生命,并可減輕疼痛。放射治療與經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈化療栓塞術(shù)或口服索拉非尼或靜脈化療等方法聯(lián)用,療效可進(jìn)一步提高,且毒性可耐受。因目前文獻(xiàn)均局限于Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)或回顧性分析,故放射治療在肝細(xì)胞癌綜合治療中的潛在作用,還需要開展Ⅲ期研究來證實(shí)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肝細(xì)胞癌;放射療法;經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈化療栓塞;索拉非尼;化學(xué)療法
The Progress of Radiotherapy of Hepatocellular CarcinomaLIANGYong1,HEKe-fei2. (1.DepartmentofOncology,GuipingPeople′sHospital,Guiping537200,China; 2.DepartmentofOncology,ZhujiangHospitalofSouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510282,China)
Abstract:The external beam radiotherapy alone or combining with other therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma have made greater progress in recent years.It not only can cure hepatocellular carcinoma in early stage,but also can prolong life and reduce pains of patients in advance stage.Radiotherapy may improve the efficiency for advance patients,if combining with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,sorafenib or chemotherapy,while the toxicity is still tolerable.Since the current literature is from phaseⅠ/Ⅱ clinical study or retrospective analysis,the potential role of radiotherapy in the comprehensive treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma still needs phase Ⅲ study.
Key words:Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radiotherapy; Transactheter arterial chemoembolization; Sorafinib; Chemotherapy
收稿日期:2015-03-10修回日期:2015-05-09編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.16.018
中圖分類號(hào):R730.55
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)16-2929-04