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脂肪干細(xì)胞與組織再生的研究進(jìn)展

2015-01-23 10:54:29
關(guān)鍵詞:脂肪組織存活率干細(xì)胞

李 鵬 馮 銳

天津市中心婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院乳腺科,天津300100

脂肪干細(xì)胞與組織再生的研究進(jìn)展

李 鵬 馮 銳

天津市中心婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院乳腺科,天津300100

脂肪干細(xì)胞(ADSCs)從2001年被分離并研究,目前已經(jīng)成為組織工程和再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用最為廣泛的成體干細(xì)胞。與其他來(lái)源干細(xì)胞相比,ADSCs具有來(lái)源豐富、取材方便、增殖活性高、多向分化潛能等獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),而自體脂肪移植技術(shù)在創(chuàng)傷和修復(fù)重建領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛。本綜述著重總結(jié)近年來(lái)應(yīng)用ADSCs進(jìn)行修復(fù)重建的研究進(jìn)展,尤其是動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的模型和方法。

脂肪干細(xì)胞;自體脂肪移植;細(xì)胞輔助的脂肪移植;組織修復(fù)

脂肪組織遍布全身,具有保護(hù)和維持人體正常外觀的作用。當(dāng)人體結(jié)構(gòu)受到破壞時(shí),如女性患乳腺癌接受手術(shù)治療后,可通過(guò)重建手術(shù)再造其組織。根據(jù)美國(guó)整形外科學(xué)會(huì)(ASPS)的統(tǒng)計(jì),2010年全美國(guó)共完成了超過(guò)180 000例的乳房重建和頭頸部重建手術(shù)[1],但假體的長(zhǎng)期效果仍不肯定,可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)移位、泄漏以及包膜攣縮。近年來(lái),自體脂肪移植這一微創(chuàng)技術(shù)越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注,盡管從長(zhǎng)期效果來(lái)看,其存活率和持久性仍然具有很大的不確定性,但具備自我更新和多向分化潛能的脂肪干細(xì)胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)依然有著良好的應(yīng)用前景。

1 ADSCs與脂肪移植

ADSCs于2001年被Zuk等[2]分離并研究,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有多向分化潛能。其可分化為多種細(xì)胞,如脂肪細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等[3-9]。同時(shí),由于來(lái)源于血管豐富的血管基質(zhì)部分,ADSCs也可分化為血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[10-11]。多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,ADSCs可表達(dá)和分泌多種生長(zhǎng)因子,如胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子、肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)[12-16]。由于其獲取途徑簡(jiǎn)單,組織損傷小,ADSCs可直接從體內(nèi)獲得,而省去了體外培養(yǎng)階段。基于以上生物學(xué)特性,脂肪組織已成為具有重要臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值的干細(xì)胞來(lái)源。

與骨髓來(lái)源干細(xì)胞相比,相同體積的脂肪組織所含干細(xì)胞數(shù)量是骨髓組織的1000倍[17]。因此,ADSCs在組織修復(fù)或再生中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,包括心血管組織再生、骨/軟骨修復(fù)、尿道重建、椎間盤(pán)修復(fù)和外周神經(jīng)修復(fù)等,甚至在陰莖勃起功能障礙中也有應(yīng)用。Zuk[15]的綜述闡述了ADSCs廣泛的臨床應(yīng)用前景,盡管其中部分研究還處在早期階段,但ADSCs最為突出的應(yīng)用已出現(xiàn)在脂肪游離移植領(lǐng)域。雖然其分子機(jī)制不明,但臨床上已經(jīng)觀察到ADSCs可改善脂肪移植的長(zhǎng)期效果,增加成活率,誘導(dǎo)血管生成和向脂肪細(xì)胞分化[18]。

隨著材料科學(xué)以及組織工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展,脂肪移植的臨床應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越為廣泛。Coleman技術(shù)作為一種脂肪移植技術(shù)在全世界范圍內(nèi)被整形外科醫(yī)生廣泛應(yīng)用[18]。該技術(shù)由Sydney Coleman醫(yī)生發(fā)明,技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)包括脂肪的獲得(從腹部、大腿或臀部抽吸脂肪)、脂肪的純化以及脂肪的移植。脂肪移植時(shí)需要將其以非常小的體積注射到多個(gè)層次中。為了改善移植脂肪的效果,Yoshimura等[19]發(fā)明了細(xì)胞輔助的脂肪移植技術(shù)(cell-assisted lipotransfer,CAL)。另一備受關(guān)注的脂肪移植技術(shù)是脂肪移植前,進(jìn)行組織外擴(kuò)張,以提供受區(qū)組織床的技術(shù)。這一技術(shù)主要用于乳房重建手術(shù),受區(qū)預(yù)擴(kuò)張可擴(kuò)大腺體內(nèi)空間,促進(jìn)血管新生,利于移植脂肪的成活[20]。Del Vecchio[21]的病例報(bào)道顯示,組織預(yù)擴(kuò)張?jiān)谌榉坎粚?duì)稱和乳房畸形方面也有應(yīng)用價(jià)值。Zocchi等[22]的一項(xiàng)包含181例女性患者的臨床研究顯示,脂肪移植術(shù)前30 d開(kāi)始,每天12 h的豐胸治療可以改善脂肪移植效果。Del Vecchio等[20]的一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,移植術(shù)前3周進(jìn)行豐胸治療可提高64%的脂肪成活率。盡管這些研究缺少足夠的對(duì)照組來(lái)證實(shí)預(yù)擴(kuò)張的作用,但就其取得的效果而言,也值得進(jìn)一步的研究和推廣。

2 ADSCs輔助脂肪移植的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究

目前國(guó)內(nèi)外已經(jīng)有多種動(dòng)物模型用于研究不同技術(shù)對(duì)于移植脂肪的細(xì)胞存活影響。在最早的關(guān)于嚙齒類動(dòng)物的研究中,Masuda等[23]將網(wǎng)膜組織混合來(lái)自附睪脂肪組織中的前脂肪細(xì)胞移植到Wistar大鼠的背部皮膚中。12周后,可測(cè)到高水平的三酰甘油,毛細(xì)血管密度以及VEGF的表達(dá);更為重要的是,與網(wǎng)膜組織共移植顯著提高了脂肪組織的存活。在另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于細(xì)胞輔助移植和非細(xì)胞輔助移植的研究中,Matsumoto等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)在SCID大鼠中,細(xì)胞輔助移植效果更好,平均比非細(xì)胞輔助移植成功率高35%,微血管形成也更好。ADSCs可從人體脂肪組織中方便的分離出來(lái),并具有分化為成熟脂肪組織的能力。當(dāng)ADSCs與成熟脂肪組織混合移植后,可迅速促進(jìn)ADSCs向脂肪組織分化[11]。某些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧環(huán)境可以促進(jìn)ADSCs合成和分泌多種脂肪源性生長(zhǎng)因子[24-26],同時(shí)促進(jìn)微血管的生成[11,27]。Moseley等[27]的一項(xiàng)相似研究發(fā)現(xiàn)將裸鼠脂肪組織與ADSCs共同移植,可以維持其脂肪細(xì)胞形態(tài),且成活后是單獨(dú)移植的脂肪組織重量的2.5倍。最近,兩項(xiàng)研究表明ADSCs輔助脂肪移植可以改善移植脂肪的存活率[8-9]。在一項(xiàng)為期6個(gè)月的研究中,Lu等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)與非ADSCs輔助移植對(duì)照組相比,VEGF轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)ADSCs輔助脂肪移植具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):①可顯著提高移植脂肪成功率;②可顯著提高脂肪組織中毛細(xì)血管密度。組織學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)ADSCs來(lái)源的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與毛細(xì)血管增多有關(guān)。另外,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于鼠類脂肪移植的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),ADSCs與脂肪共移植6個(gè)月和9個(gè)月后,移植脂肪的存活率和毛細(xì)血管密度升高[29]。大多數(shù)的此類研究均使用非常高的細(xì)胞負(fù)荷,這在臨床研究中是極難實(shí)現(xiàn)的。同時(shí),目前尚不存在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的ADSCs獲取、成脂誘導(dǎo)及移植流程。

此外,組織工程技術(shù)也被應(yīng)用到脂肪組織生長(zhǎng)和再生研究中。使用生物材料支架來(lái)促進(jìn)ADSCs的附著、增殖、成脂分化和脂肪新生是一個(gè)新的研究熱點(diǎn)。目前,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過(guò)的合成和生物材料有基質(zhì)膠[30-32]、真絲[33]、明膠[34]、聚乳酸共同乙醇酸微球[35-37]和藻酸纖維[38]。在某些研究中,已經(jīng)使用這些支架材料制成穩(wěn)定的組織工程化組織[30,34,36-37,39],尤其是作為控制釋放膠囊化生長(zhǎng)因子的載體。Choi等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)從人ADSCs中提取的可注射細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)粉末可在體外培養(yǎng)中作為細(xì)胞黏附或生長(zhǎng)的基板,體內(nèi)培養(yǎng)中可促進(jìn)新脂肪組織的生長(zhǎng)。文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),天然或合成的“皮膚”基質(zhì)可以促進(jìn)皮膚移植物的存活[41],那么以基本相同的方式,天然脂肪或類似脂肪的生物物質(zhì)也可能促進(jìn)脂肪組織的成活。

3 ADSCs輔助脂肪移植的臨床研究

自體脂肪移植已在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用多年,并有多篇臨床病例報(bào)道。2006年文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了3例患者應(yīng)用Coleman技術(shù)進(jìn)行面部脂肪移植術(shù)[18]。長(zhǎng)期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)(1例患者隨訪接近12年),脂肪移植可顯著改善面部輪廓并且存活良好;全部患者的移植脂肪組織均與周圍組織融合良好。Coleman等[42]于1995~2000年進(jìn)行了17例應(yīng)用Colmen技術(shù)實(shí)施的自體脂肪注射隆乳術(shù),患者均表示移植術(shù)后乳房的體積明顯增大,外觀自然,手感柔軟。自體脂肪注射入乳腺組織最大的問(wèn)題在于微鈣化形成,會(huì)影響乳腺癌的篩查。但是在這組患者中,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)所有患者在術(shù)后1年均成功進(jìn)行了乳腺影像學(xué)檢查。脂肪移植術(shù)是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致乳腺癌這一安全問(wèn)題只能依靠長(zhǎng)期臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果來(lái)回答。

細(xì)胞輔助的脂肪移植技術(shù)(CAL)在日本已被Kotaro Yoshimura醫(yī)生應(yīng)用,在其他國(guó)家也有應(yīng)用。這些臨床研究的結(jié)果顯示了移植脂肪的長(zhǎng)期存活情況。在其早期發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)中,Yoshimura等[43]將CAL技術(shù)應(yīng)用于6例面部脂肪萎縮患者中,術(shù)后隨訪9~13個(gè)月,CAL組比非CAL組脂肪移植臨床效果評(píng)分更高。非CAL組僅有1人出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,為脂肪壞死。Yoshimura等[43-44]將CAL技術(shù)應(yīng)用于55例隆乳或乳房再造患者,術(shù)后隨訪6個(gè)月,也取得了很好的效果。Kitamura等[45]將CAL技術(shù)應(yīng)用于5例乳腺癌術(shù)后再造患者也取得了類似的效果。

迄今為止,沒(méi)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道CAL或非CAL技術(shù)會(huì)增加女性患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。自2003年以來(lái),Yoshimura等[43]已成功將CAL技術(shù)應(yīng)用于近500例隆乳或乳房再造患者。盡管動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)ADSCs與脂肪組織共移植可以增加成活后體積,但目前尚無(wú)明確研究證實(shí)在人體內(nèi)進(jìn)行CAL技術(shù)效果優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的脂肪移植手術(shù),仍需隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)其優(yōu)越性,并且在臨床應(yīng)用中,對(duì)于細(xì)胞劑量等基本問(wèn)題還需進(jìn)一步完善和研究。

4 脂肪移植研究的不足:尚無(wú)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化流程

為了準(zhǔn)確比較現(xiàn)有關(guān)于人類或動(dòng)物體內(nèi)脂肪移植的數(shù)據(jù),必須建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的方法學(xué)。同時(shí),也需要制訂統(tǒng)一的、與體內(nèi)環(huán)境相似的體外培養(yǎng)條件,來(lái)幫助改善臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的效果。不幸的是,目前文獻(xiàn)中沒(méi)有關(guān)于人來(lái)源ADSCs進(jìn)行體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物模型來(lái)評(píng)估脂肪移植的短期或長(zhǎng)期效果,也沒(méi)有相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。例如,大鼠與小鼠相比,是否更具代表性?大動(dòng)物用于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究是否更好?無(wú)胸腺或非免疫功能低下的嚙齒類動(dòng)物是否對(duì)此類研究更合適?也許兩種嚙齒類都是合適的動(dòng)物模型,盡管其種系、年齡和性別需要考慮,因?yàn)檫@些因素可能影響異種移植存活率。另外,需要考慮實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究時(shí)間和移植部位。例如,8周的時(shí)間用于研究人類脂肪移植是否足夠長(zhǎng)?頭部移植模型[27,29]或兔耳模型[46-47]是否比傳統(tǒng)的側(cè)腹部或背部皮下組織移植模型更為穩(wěn)定?這些模型在脂肪移植的長(zhǎng)期存活率方面是否有顯著差別?注射方法也是研究中需要考慮的影響因素。很明顯彌散扇形移植更加符合臨床上面部和乳房重建的注射模式??紤]到移植后脂肪與周圍組織的接觸面更大,從理論上說(shuō),扇形移植的脂肪存活率應(yīng)該更高,但目前并無(wú)這方面的比較數(shù)據(jù)。Thanik等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中應(yīng)用Colmen技術(shù)進(jìn)行扇形脂肪移植,不分離、不擴(kuò)增的人ADSCs細(xì)胞可以促進(jìn)血管新生并有較高的脂肪存活率。

如何進(jìn)行脂肪組織的獲取和ADSCs的分離才能最大程度地提高脂肪成活率?在自體脂肪移植方面,Coleman技術(shù)可在3 min內(nèi)獲得大約1200 g的純化脂肪[49],離心后,頂層(油)和底層(水)被拋棄,保留中部的脂肪層。研究表明Colmen技術(shù)比傳統(tǒng)的脂肪獲得技術(shù)可以得到數(shù)量更多地脂肪細(xì)胞[50]。此外,文獻(xiàn)中還有多種關(guān)于Colmen技術(shù)和ADSCs分離和純化技術(shù)的方法學(xué)報(bào)道[51-52]。在所需脂肪體積較大的乳房手術(shù)中,Coleman技術(shù)引起注射器容量較小而不夠有效,臨床上常使用其他技術(shù)。Yoshimura等[19,53]報(bào)道基質(zhì)血管組分(stromal vascular fraction,SVF)單獨(dú)注射,而不與純化脂肪混合的話,可能會(huì)引起SVF的不定向分化和遷移,并因此導(dǎo)致局部皮下脂肪組織的纖維化。

除了脂肪的處理過(guò)程,還需要考慮的問(wèn)題包括供區(qū)部位,處理脂肪的類型等。年齡,性別和部位都會(huì)影響ADSCs的功能和分化潛能[54-55],何處的脂肪用于脂肪移植長(zhǎng)期存活率最高?如何培養(yǎng)所得脂肪組織更適合于面部填充或者更適于脂肪填充?眾所周知,雌激素對(duì)于脂肪細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能具有重要意義,17-β雌二醇對(duì)于調(diào)節(jié)男性或女性的脂肪細(xì)胞發(fā)展和成人脂肪細(xì)胞數(shù)量都具有重要意義[56-57]。對(duì)于脂肪移植的長(zhǎng)期效果而言,Coleman等[18]更推薦低速離心所得的純化脂肪。

5 小結(jié)

總之,盡管ADSCs的獲取和培養(yǎng)方法仍有待于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,目前臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的長(zhǎng)期效果仍有待觀察,但ADSCs仍然在增強(qiáng)脂肪移植效果和減少重建手術(shù)損傷方面具有良好的應(yīng)用潛能。期待在不久的將來(lái),會(huì)有革命性的技術(shù)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)ADSCs移植治療,促進(jìn)整形外科領(lǐng)域和組織工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

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Research advances of adipose-derived stem cells and tissue regeneration

LI Peng FENG Rui
Department of Breast Surgery,Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics,Tianjin 300100,China

Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs)were isolated and researched from 2001,have become one of the most populations for research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.Compared with other sources of stem cells,ADSCs has rich source,conveniently,high proliferation activity,multi-directional differentiation potential of unique advantages,and autologous fat transplantation in trauma and is becoming more and more widely applied in the field of rehabilitation.This paper reviews on the application research progress of ADSCs repair reconstruction in recent years,especially the model and method of animal experiments.

Adipose-derived stem cells;Autologous fat transplantation;Cell-assisted fat transplantation;Tissue repair

R329.2

A

1673-7210(2015)03(a)-0037-05

2014-12-10本文編輯:任念)

李鵬(1983-),男,碩士;研究方向:乳腺外科。

馮銳(1970-),男,博士,主任醫(yī)師;研究方向:乳腺外科、整形外科。

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