黃子倫蔡榮坤
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·專題述評(píng)·
非動(dòng)脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變的治療策略
黃子倫**蔡榮坤*
非動(dòng)脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變的致病機(jī)制及治療方法尚未定論,局部缺血導(dǎo)致視神經(jīng)的視盤水腫,進(jìn)而引發(fā)惡性循環(huán)的缺血及視神經(jīng)梗死。所有的內(nèi)、外科治療策略都是對(duì)如何降低視神經(jīng)的水腫、發(fā)炎,來(lái)保護(hù)視神經(jīng)及視網(wǎng)膜節(jié)細(xì)胞免于死亡。本文探討文獻(xiàn)上數(shù)種療法的循證醫(yī)學(xué)。最近有關(guān)缺血性視神經(jīng)病變的動(dòng)物模型研究也可提供珍貴的臨床前試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,將有助于臨床處理。(中國(guó)眼耳鼻喉科雜志,2015,15:152-154)
非動(dòng)脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變(non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)是老年人最常見的視神經(jīng)疾病[1]。NAION的致病原因包括夜間低血壓、血管自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)失能、血管阻塞、局部視神經(jīng)擁擠、靜脈功能不足等[2]。有文獻(xiàn)[3-4]報(bào)道NAION并無(wú)血栓的病理變化,而與全身疾病較有關(guān)的則是糖尿病與高血壓。臨床上,NAION的典型特征是非疼痛性視力模糊伴隨視盤蒼白、水腫或出血[5],而視野缺損有約2/3為下半水平視野缺損。
由于NAION并不是致死性疾病,臨床病理組織相當(dāng)少見,因此建立一個(gè)可信賴的動(dòng)物模型來(lái)探討其致病機(jī)制及治療就越顯重要。目前已有文獻(xiàn)[6-11]報(bào)道,建立了NAION動(dòng)物模型,包括大白鼠及靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物等。縱然動(dòng)物模型與臨床所見的NAION致病機(jī)制不同,但是最靚的研究[12-13]顯示,這兩者在視神經(jīng)軸索的病理表現(xiàn)及電生理的變化是相同的。
美國(guó)一個(gè)針對(duì)眼科醫(yī)師調(diào)查NAION的治療方式問(wèn)卷顯示,約有10 %醫(yī)師選擇使用口服類固醇,而有19%醫(yī)師選擇靜脈注射脈沖類固醇[14]。而Hayreh等[15]研究顯示,口服大劑量類固醇的治療對(duì)初始視力<0.3及病發(fā)2周以內(nèi)的NAION患者有治療效果。一般NAION的視盤水腫會(huì)在6~8周自動(dòng)緩解[16],而使用口服類固醇可較快速改善視盤水腫[15]。但這個(gè)研究雖然有治療組及對(duì)照組,可惜不是隨機(jī)分配的前瞻性研究,因此遭到不少質(zhì)疑。隨后另一針對(duì)27例NAION患者所做的非同時(shí)性研究,卻顯示大量類固醇治療組并無(wú)顯著益處,反而有類固醇治療所引發(fā)的并發(fā)癥[17]。因此,全身應(yīng)用類固醇對(duì)NAION的治療效果尚無(wú)定論。我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室也利用AION動(dòng)物模型證實(shí)了及時(shí)的脈沖類固醇治療有效,不僅提高了視網(wǎng)膜節(jié)細(xì)胞的存活率,降低了視神經(jīng)的炎性反應(yīng),更在視覺(jué)誘發(fā)波的檢查上證實(shí)了類固醇治療可以保存視功能[18]。該臨床前試驗(yàn)雖然證實(shí)類固醇在動(dòng)物模型中有治療效果,但臨床上NAION患者都是老年人,而且每個(gè)患者的血管狀態(tài)、梗死的嚴(yán)重性,開始治療的時(shí)間均不同。因此在解讀這些研究時(shí),須先了解兩者的差異性,不能直接認(rèn)定在動(dòng)物模型中有效,臨床上就有效。因此,我們目前的建議是,在臨床上每一例NAION患者須先作全身心血管的健康評(píng)估,再與患者討論類固醇治療的效果與風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在取得患者同意后,可作為治療的一種選擇。至于判斷是否有效,我們則需要更多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告來(lái)拼起完整的圖片,例如哪些患者會(huì)對(duì)類固醇治療有效,哪些情況下可能無(wú)效。
由于曲安奈德玻璃體注射已廣泛用于治療眼內(nèi)的炎性疾病,也較少引發(fā)全身類固醇治療的并發(fā)癥,因此文獻(xiàn)上也有許多零星的病例報(bào)告顯示這種治療方法對(duì)某些NAION患者有效,但也有無(wú)效的報(bào)道[19-22]。我們也曾遇到1例已發(fā)病4周且視力進(jìn)行性惡化的NAION患者,與其討論治療選擇及可能有青光眼、白內(nèi)障及感染的并發(fā)癥后,他選擇接受曲安奈德玻璃體注射。結(jié)果2周后視力改善,1個(gè)月后視野缺損也改善;6個(gè)月的追蹤顯示視力正常,視野缺損縮小,但是視神經(jīng)仍然萎縮。因此我們整理了一份6例患者的治療報(bào)告[23],在追蹤6個(gè)月后,3例患者視力改善,但只有 1例患者視野缺損改善。因此,曲安奈德玻璃體注射對(duì)NAION的療效也尚無(wú)定論。該問(wèn)題需要前瞻性的隨機(jī)研究才能回答,或許這個(gè)治療在不同患者會(huì)有不同效果的原因,也與全身類固醇的情況相同,是疾病的多因性及表現(xiàn)多樣性所致。而且若要注射則須注意曲安奈德玻璃體注射可能導(dǎo)致的眼部并發(fā)癥。
玻璃體注射抗血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)可以降低眼內(nèi)VEGF的訊號(hào)途徑,因此被認(rèn)為可有效降低視盤水腫[24]。文獻(xiàn)上雖然有零星的病例報(bào)道顯示,玻璃體注射抗VEGF對(duì)某些NAION患者有效[24-25],但是也有小型臨床試驗(yàn)顯示無(wú)效[26-27]。由于VEGF也具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能,因此它在治療NAION時(shí)所扮演的角色還不明朗。我們研究室證實(shí)玻璃體注射抗VEGF對(duì)AION的動(dòng)物模型并無(wú)保護(hù)效果(投稿中)。
左旋多巴(levodopa)曾經(jīng)報(bào)道有效,但并不是一個(gè)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)[28],而且其統(tǒng)計(jì)方法被質(zhì)疑[29],也有研究[30]報(bào)道無(wú)效。局部滴眼0.2%的酒石酸溴莫尼定(brimonidine tartrate)對(duì)急性NAION患者并無(wú)療效[31]。促紅細(xì)胞生成素的玻璃體注射對(duì)31例NAION患者(無(wú)對(duì)照組)的試驗(yàn)顯示,87%有視力改善,但是視野無(wú)改善[32]。一項(xiàng)以玻璃體注射QPI-1007(合成caspase-2 siRNA)的第一期臨床試驗(yàn)初步結(jié)果顯示,治療可以改善視力,但是視野及神經(jīng)纖維層的萎縮并無(wú)改善[33]??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),NAION的臨床治療策略還有待研究。
由于NAION并非致死性疾病,因此臨床研究組織取得困難,加上前瞻、隨機(jī)的臨床試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)在NAION研究中并不易,因此,建立動(dòng)物模型來(lái)探討致病機(jī)制及試驗(yàn)藥物的轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究可能會(huì)帶來(lái)新的治療方向[34]。而鼠類及靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物AION模型利用光動(dòng)力治療的原理已經(jīng)建立[6-11]。文獻(xiàn)上對(duì)AION動(dòng)物模型有保護(hù)效果的包括局部滴眼的酒石酸溴莫尼定[35]、αB-crystallin[36]、粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-colony stimulating factor,G-CSF)[37]、大量類固醇[18]以及前列腺素J2(PGJ2)[38]等。在這些臨床前的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中顯示有效,若能降低NAION的炎性反應(yīng)及減少視網(wǎng)膜節(jié)細(xì)胞的凋零死亡,則視覺(jué)功能就能保存。我們?cè)诮庾x這些數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),也需考慮動(dòng)物模型與臨床應(yīng)用的差異性。
NAION治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未建立,臨床上眼科醫(yī)師除了看到眼部的疾病外,也應(yīng)該針對(duì)患者做血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,再給患者建議治療選項(xiàng)及風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而動(dòng)物模型及轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)的研究或許可以找到新的治療策略。
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(本文編輯 諸靜英)
慈濟(jì)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究所 花蓮 970;*佛教慈濟(jì)綜合醫(yī)院眼科研究中心 花蓮 970;**亞?wèn)|紀(jì)念醫(yī)院眼科 新臺(tái)北 220
蔡榮坤(Email: rktsai@tzuchi.com.tw)
10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2015.03.002
2015-02-05)