楊青梅 沈穎婧 鮑曉榮 史繼敏 張繼紅
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬金山醫(yī)院a腎內(nèi)科,b中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上?!?01508)
·論著·
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1在丹紅改善早期慢性腎臟病大鼠腎臟病理損傷中的作用
楊青梅a沈穎婧a鮑曉榮a史繼敏b張繼紅b
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬金山醫(yī)院a腎內(nèi)科,b中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海201508)
摘要目的:探討中藥丹紅對(duì)早期慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)大鼠腎臟病理損傷的療效及TGF-β1在其中的作用。方法: 將30只雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為模型組、對(duì)照組和干預(yù)組,每組10只。3組大鼠分別給予單側(cè)腎切除建立早期CKD模型、假手術(shù)(逐層分離組織至腎包膜,但不做腎切除)和建立早期CKD模型后丹紅干預(yù)。觀察各組大鼠腎臟病理改變、24 h尿蛋白量和腎功能,分別采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)和免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)腎皮質(zhì)中轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor β1, TGF-β1)濃度和腎組織總TGF-β1表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果:與對(duì)照組相比,模型組大鼠腎小球輕中度系膜細(xì)胞增生伴局部系膜基質(zhì)增寬、球囊壁粘連及毛細(xì)血管壁改變,腎小管間質(zhì)存在不同程度炎性細(xì)胞浸潤與間質(zhì)纖維化;與模型組比較,干預(yù)組大鼠腎臟病變明顯減輕;模型組的腎臟病理總積分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而干預(yù)組低于模型組(P<0.05)。模型組與干預(yù)組24 h尿蛋白量高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),干預(yù)組24 h尿蛋白量低于模型組(P<0.01)。3組血肌酐、尿素水平無顯著差異,但模型組和干預(yù)組血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑濃度較對(duì)照組明顯增高(P<0.05)。模型組大鼠腎皮質(zhì)TGF-β1濃度和腎組織總TGF-β1表達(dá)水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),干預(yù)組兩者均低于模型組 (P<0.05)。腎組織TGF-β1表達(dá)與尿蛋白量、腎臟病理損傷總積分均有顯著相關(guān)性(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:丹紅能通過下調(diào)TGF-β1表達(dá)改善早期CKD大鼠腎臟病理病變。
關(guān)鍵詞慢性腎臟病;轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1;丹紅
中圖分類號(hào)R692
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A
Role of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Improving Renal Pathological Lesions of Rats with Early Chronic Kidney Disease withDanhongYANGQingmeiaSHENYingjingaBAOXiaorongaSHIJiminbZHANGJihongb
aNephrologyDepartment,bCentralLaboratory,JinshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai201508,China
AbstractObjective:To explore the efficacy of traditional chinese medicineDanhongon renal pathological lesions of rats with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the role of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) in it. Methods:Thirty male SD rats were divided into three groups: the early CKD group (model group), the sham-operated group (control group) andDanhongtreated group (treated group), with 10 in each group. Rats in the three groups were treated by uninephrectomy for building up early CKD model, sham-operation (separating tissues to renal capsule without kidney excision), andDanhongtreatment after building up model, respectively. Renal pathological lesions, 24 h urine protein excretion and renal function were observed. The concentration of TGF-β1 in renal cortex and overall expression of TGF-β1 in renal tissue was examined by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: Mild to moderate proliferation of glomeruli mesangial cells accompanied by broadened mesangium matrix, glomeruli capsule wall adhesion and change of capillary wall, interstitial fibrosis and inflammatory monocytes infiltration was found in the model group other than the control group. Renal lesions were alleviated dramatically in treated group, while compared to that in model group. The gross renal pathological score in model group was higher than that in control group (P<0.05), however, the score in treated group was lower than that in model group (P<0.05). The 24 h urinary protein excretion in model group and treated group was higher than that in control group (P<0.01), while the 24 h urinary protein excretion in treated group was lower than that in model group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference among the three groups regarding blood creatinine level and urea level. Serum CysC levels in model group and treated group increased significantly than that in control group (P<0.05). The concentration of TGF-β1 in renal cortex and overall expression of TGF-β1 in renal tissue were higher in model group than those in control group(P<0.05), while those in treated group were lower than those in model group (P<0.05). TGF-β1 expression level in renal tissues was significantly associated with both the urinary protein excretion and the total renal pathological scores (P<0.01). Conclusions:Danhongalleviated renal pathological lesions by down-regulating TGF-β1 expression.
Key WordsChronic kidney disease;Transforming growth factor β1;Danhong
慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)是一種緩慢進(jìn)展性疾病。其發(fā)病率高,知曉率和治療率低。早期診斷和治療是決定CKD患者預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵因素。腎臟纖維化是各種CKD進(jìn)展至終末期腎衰竭的共同表現(xiàn),主要特征為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)堆積、肌成纖維細(xì)胞增多以及腎小管炎性細(xì)胞浸潤[1]。TGF-β1在促進(jìn)腎臟炎性反應(yīng)和纖維化過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[2]。輕度腎功能損害患者的TGF-β1水平已高于正常人群[3]。丹紅能夠抑制TGF-β1的表達(dá)、改善組織纖維化,在不同CKD動(dòng)物模型中能同時(shí)減輕腎組織損傷和下調(diào)局部TGF-β1表達(dá)[4-5],但目前對(duì)其在早期腎臟損害中的作用尚不明確。本研究采用單側(cè)腎切除法建立CKD大鼠模型,探討丹紅對(duì)早期CKD的治療價(jià)值及與TGF-β1的關(guān)系,以期為早期CKD的治療提供更多的選擇,并為丹紅臨床干預(yù)CKD提供理論依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1動(dòng)物及模型建立健康清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠30只,6周齡,體質(zhì)量160 g左右。30只SD大鼠適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后隨機(jī)分為3組:模型組、對(duì)照組和干預(yù)組,分別予以單側(cè)腎切除法建立早期CKD動(dòng)物模型[6]、假手術(shù)(切開皮膚分離皮下組織、肌肉,直至腎臟,但不作腎切除,再依次縫合各層組織)及建立早期CKD模型后給予丹紅干預(yù)。術(shù)后1周起, 模型組和對(duì)照組大鼠給予0.9%氯化鈉液[7 mL/(kg·d)]腹腔注射,干預(yù)組以等量丹紅注射液(山東菏澤步長制藥有限公司, 國藥準(zhǔn)字:Z20026866,批號(hào): 12081007,10 mL/支)腹腔注射。3組大鼠均于術(shù)后12周處死。
1.2大鼠腎臟病變情況處死大鼠后切除左腎,部分腎組織以4%多聚甲醛固定,石蠟包埋切片,行蘇木精-伊紅染色(H-E)、過碘酸-無色品紅染色(PAS)、六胺銀染色(PASM)和Masson染色,由腎臟病理科醫(yī)師在光鏡下觀察 。參照文獻(xiàn)[7-8]分別對(duì)腎小球硬化、腎小球基底膜 (glomerular basement membrane, GBM)病變和腎間質(zhì)纖維化程度進(jìn)行分級(jí),計(jì)算相應(yīng)的病理積分。三者積分之和定義為腎組織病理總積分 。
1.324 h尿蛋白量和腎功能指標(biāo)用代謝籠收集大鼠24 h尿液,應(yīng)用美國強(qiáng)生公司Vitros 350全自動(dòng)干式生化分析儀測(cè)定尿蛋白濃度并計(jì)算24 h尿蛋白量(mg/d),即尿蛋白濃度(mg/mL)×24 h尿量(mL/d)。動(dòng)物處死后自心臟采血,4000 r/min離心10 min獲取血清,應(yīng)用美國羅氏公司P800全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè)血肌酐(Scr)、尿酸(UA)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑(Cystatin C, CysC)濃度。
1.4腎皮質(zhì)TGF-β1濃度檢測(cè)處死大鼠后,取部分腎皮質(zhì)組織,用4℃預(yù)冷的0.9%氯化鈉液漂洗,濾紙拭干、稱質(zhì)量,加入 0.86%的0.9%氯化鈉液,用內(nèi)切式組織勻漿器研磨制成組織勻漿。用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)法(試劑盒由江蘇南京建成生物工程研究所提供)檢測(cè)腎皮質(zhì)勻漿中TGF-β1的表達(dá)情況。
1.5腎組織TGF-β1免疫組化檢測(cè)采用免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測(cè)腎組織TGF-β1蛋白的表達(dá)情況,并做半定量分析。將石蠟切片于60℃烘烤2 h,二甲苯脫蠟,梯度乙醇脫水,pH 8.0 EDTA微波抗原修復(fù),3%過氧化氫阻斷內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶;10%山羊血清室溫封閉30 min;滴加兔抗人TGF-β1抗體 (美國Santa Cruz 公司),于4 ℃孵育過夜;滴加通用型羊抗兔二抗(MaxVision TM HRP-Polymer anti-Rabbit IHC Kit,福建福州邁新生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司),室溫孵育1 h后;用3,3-四鹽酸二氨基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)顯色、蘇木精復(fù)染;光鏡下每張切片觀察10 個(gè)高倍視野(×200)。采用JEDA 801D 形態(tài)學(xué)圖像分析系統(tǒng)軟件(江蘇省捷達(dá)科技發(fā)展有限公司)分析視野內(nèi)棕褐色陽性信號(hào),計(jì)算TGF-β1 陽性表達(dá)率,即陽性信號(hào)占整個(gè)視野百分比的平均值。
2結(jié)果
2.1動(dòng)物一般情況對(duì)照組、模型組和干預(yù)組大鼠各死亡1例,分別因不明原因麻醉過量、腹腔出血和麻醉后誤吸水分窒息所致。存活大鼠毛發(fā)整齊、有光澤,食欲佳,活動(dòng)正常。各組大鼠飲食量與體質(zhì)量無明顯差異。
2.2腎臟病理損傷情況與對(duì)照組相比,模型組腎小球輕中度系膜細(xì)胞增生伴局部系膜基質(zhì)增寬、球囊壁粘連及毛細(xì)血管壁改變,腎小管間質(zhì)有不同程度炎性細(xì)胞浸潤與間質(zhì)纖維化;與模型組比較,干預(yù)組腎臟病變明顯減輕 。模型組的腎臟病理總積分高于對(duì)照組,干預(yù)組低于模型組;干預(yù)組腎小球硬化、腎小球基底膜病變和間質(zhì)纖維化的單項(xiàng)積分均明顯低于模型組(表1)。
注: 與對(duì)照組比較,#P<0.05 ; 與模型組比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01
2.3各組24 h尿蛋白量與腎功能指標(biāo)比較模型組與干預(yù)組24 h尿蛋白量高于對(duì)照組,干預(yù)組的24 h尿蛋白量低于模型組。3組動(dòng)物血Scr、UA無明顯差異,但模型組和干預(yù)組血漿CysC濃度較對(duì)照組明顯增高。見表2。
注:與對(duì)照組比較,#P<0.05,##P<0.01;與模型組比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01
2.4各組腎組織TGF-β1表達(dá)情況TGF-β1陽性表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),經(jīng)DAB 顯色 、蘇木素復(fù)染后呈棕黃色顆粒。3組大鼠腎小管上皮細(xì)胞、腎間質(zhì)細(xì)胞和腎小球系膜細(xì)胞均見可見 TGF-β1棕黃色顆粒,其中以模型組表達(dá)最為顯著。模型組陽性表達(dá)率明顯高于對(duì)照組;干預(yù)組TGF-β1陽性表達(dá)率明顯低于模型組 (表 3)。
注:與對(duì)照組比較,#P<0.05,##P<0.01 ;與模型組比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01
2.5腎臟TGF-β1表達(dá)量與尿蛋白量及病理損傷的相關(guān)性經(jīng)過單因素相關(guān)分析,腎皮質(zhì)TGF-β1濃度和腎組織TGF-β1陽性表達(dá)率均與24 h尿蛋白量、腎組織病理總積分顯著相關(guān)。見表4。
3討論
本研究中,干預(yù)組在單側(cè)腎切除后連續(xù)給予丹紅注射液腹腔注射,至研究終點(diǎn)時(shí),與未行干預(yù)的模型組比較,干預(yù)組腎組織病理損傷改善,24 h尿蛋白量明顯減少。國內(nèi)尚缺乏丹紅注射液干預(yù)CKD的報(bào)道,但對(duì)其有效組分的研究較多,顯示紅花黃素可減輕單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻大鼠腎間質(zhì)的纖維化程度[9-10],而丹參及其有效成分丹參酮能減輕大鼠梗阻性腎病腎小管病變和阿霉素腎病腎小球硬化等[11]。本研究首次對(duì)早期CKD動(dòng)物模型進(jìn)行丹紅干預(yù)治療,證實(shí)其能顯著緩解甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)腎臟病理損傷、降低尿蛋白量。但是,臨床早期CKD患者是否能夠從丹紅治療中獲益,獲益程度與劑量、療程、遺傳學(xué)背景關(guān)系如何等,尚有待明確。
1997年,Wu等[7]采用腎臟次全切除建立CKD大鼠模型,通過原位雜交證實(shí),TGF-β1在病變腎臟的硬化腎小球、腎間質(zhì)和浸潤的單核細(xì)胞中呈高表達(dá)。Wang等[12]的研究中,切除5/6腎5周后的大鼠腎內(nèi)TGF-β1呈高表達(dá),腎小管間質(zhì)明顯損傷。本研究采用改良的單側(cè)腎切除方法[6]建立了早期CKD大鼠模型,與對(duì)照組比較,模型大鼠表現(xiàn)出不同程度的腎小球系膜細(xì)胞、系膜基質(zhì)、毛細(xì)血管壁及腎小管間質(zhì)的損害,腎臟病理總積分明顯增加;血清CysC濃度和24 h尿蛋白量升高,但SCr水平無明顯變化。本研究中,免疫組化檢測(cè)顯示,TGF-β1在3組大鼠腎小管上皮細(xì)胞、腎間質(zhì)細(xì)胞及腎小球系膜細(xì)胞均表達(dá),其中以模型組表達(dá)最為顯著,模型組TGF-β1陽性表達(dá)率明顯高于對(duì)照組,提示在CKD早期,腎內(nèi)TGF-β1已過度表達(dá)。TGF-β1可能通過以下機(jī)制促進(jìn)腎臟損傷的病理進(jìn)展:(1)激活Smad2、Smad3信號(hào)通路[13],誘導(dǎo) Smad3 依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑[14]和β1 整合素的表達(dá),促進(jìn)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化為肌成纖維細(xì)胞,分泌大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì) (extracellular matrix,ECM)[13];(2)抑制ECM 降解酶活性,增強(qiáng)腎小管細(xì)胞表面纖維蛋白溶解酶原激活物抑制劑-1的活性抑制 ECM 降解[15];(3)促進(jìn)腎小球系膜細(xì)胞血管內(nèi)皮生長因子[16]和α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白[9]的表達(dá);(4)增強(qiáng)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活性,導(dǎo)致蛋白水解,使腎小球基底膜增厚[17]。
本研究中,ELISA和免疫組化檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)組腎皮質(zhì)TGF-β1表達(dá)較模型組減少,陽性表達(dá)率較模型組降低,提示丹紅連續(xù)干預(yù)治療能降低早期CKD大鼠腎組織中TGF-β1的表達(dá)。這與既往對(duì)丹參、紅花的研究[10]結(jié)果一致,且是對(duì)二者聯(lián)合作用的探討。本研究單因素相關(guān)分析顯示,腎皮質(zhì)TGF-β1濃度及腎組織總TGF-β1陽性表達(dá)率均與 24 h尿蛋白量和腎組織病理總積分顯著相關(guān)。TGF-β1表達(dá)水平越高,腎臟病理損傷越嚴(yán)重,尿蛋白量越多,提示TGF-β1過表達(dá)是早期CKD動(dòng)物腎臟損傷的重要因素。而丹紅能夠抑制TGF-β1 的表達(dá),進(jìn)而保護(hù)腎組織,減少尿蛋白。
綜上所述,單側(cè)腎切除的早期CKD大鼠模型腎臟病理損傷較重,腎內(nèi)TGF-β1高表達(dá);腹腔注射丹紅注射液后,腎臟病理損傷緩解,尿蛋白量減少,TGF-β1表達(dá)下調(diào),提示丹紅可能通過下調(diào)TGF-β1的表達(dá)改善早期CKD腎臟病理改變。
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通訊作者鮑曉榮,E-mail:yqingmay@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:上海市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)面上項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2011-295;2012-254)