耿利華 崔紅 王華夫等
[摘 要] 本文對(duì)TS-5000Z味覺分析系統(tǒng)原理、測(cè)試方法、可測(cè)試味覺指標(biāo)等進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單介紹,以味覺分析系統(tǒng)在茶飲料行業(yè)市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、品質(zhì)管理等方面應(yīng)用案例進(jìn)行具體說明。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 味覺分析;TS-5000Z味覺分析系統(tǒng);茶飲料;味覺量化;電子舌
中圖分類號(hào):TS272 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2014)06-057-05
味覺評(píng)價(jià)在食品、飲料、醫(yī)藥行業(yè)有重要意義。一直以來,食品或飲料的味覺評(píng)價(jià)以人員感官評(píng)定和理化學(xué)分析手段為主。但感官評(píng)定除存在個(gè)體差異之外,還會(huì)受測(cè)試員身體狀況及心理狀態(tài)等因素影響,因此結(jié)果的客觀性、重現(xiàn)性、可比性等方面均不盡人意[1-2]。而理化學(xué)分析手段雖然可以對(duì)食品樣本中所含有的化學(xué)成分進(jìn)行定性、定量分析,卻無法將理化成分同人的味覺真實(shí)感受相關(guān)聯(lián),無法給出數(shù)字化的味覺指標(biāo),更無法評(píng)價(jià)味覺物質(zhì)之間的相互作用(抑制效果,增益效果)對(duì)味道的影響[3-4]。在此背景下,Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc. 和九州大學(xué)于1993年首先開發(fā)出了真正意義上的味覺分析系統(tǒng)。
本文將簡(jiǎn)要介紹味覺分析系統(tǒng)和該系統(tǒng)在茶飲料味覺評(píng)價(jià)方面的應(yīng)用。
1 味覺分析系統(tǒng)
1.1 味覺分析系統(tǒng)概要
1.2 味覺分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)試方法
味覺分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)試方法如圖3所示。首先傳感器在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液中校零。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液相當(dāng)于人的唾液,基本可以認(rèn)為無味。這時(shí)傳感器的膜電位用Vr表示。接下來將傳感器浸漬在樣品溶液當(dāng)中,發(fā)生變化的膜電位用Vs表示。用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液簡(jiǎn)單清洗傳感器表面,再次測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,得到膜電位Vr。定義(Vs - Vr)為樣品的相對(duì)值,相當(dāng)于人感知到的先味,也就是食物剛攝入口中即刻感覺到的味道。而定義(Vs - Vr)為CPA值(Change in electric Potential due to Adsorption of chemical substances),是因化學(xué)物質(zhì)吸附而引起的電勢(shì)變化,相當(dāng)于人感知到的回味,也就是吞咽食物后殘留在口腔中的余味[1-2],即茶葉感官審評(píng)中的“回味”。
味覺分析系統(tǒng)可以給出的各種滋味指標(biāo)如表1所示。屬于先味范疇的是“酸味”、“苦味先味”、“澀味先味”、“鮮味”、“咸味”和“甜味”, 屬于后味范疇的是“酸苦味(苦味回味)”、“鹽酸鹽苦味”、“礦物性苦味”、“澀味回味”和“鮮味回味”。
1.3 味覺分析系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)
味覺傳感器必須具備以下4個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)對(duì)各種味道的反應(yīng)閾值與人基本一致;(2)有整體選擇性(global selectivity),即對(duì)各種具備同一種味道的味物質(zhì)具備類似的響應(yīng)。就像人的舌頭一樣,并不是區(qū)別各種成分,而是針對(duì)同一種味道具有連續(xù)響應(yīng)。如澀味傳感器對(duì)人感知的大部分澀味物質(zhì)都具有相應(yīng)的響應(yīng);(3)對(duì)各種具備同一種味道的呈味物質(zhì)的響應(yīng)強(qiáng)度和人的感覺強(qiáng)度相匹配;(4)可以檢測(cè)呈味物質(zhì)之間的相互作用,即味道的增益效果和抑制效果。
2 味覺分析系統(tǒng)在茶飲料方面的應(yīng)用
目前,味覺傳感器已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用到食品的味道數(shù)值化以及品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)當(dāng)中,比如酒類、水、米、面包、肉類、蔬菜類、水果、底湯精、湯品、茶、咖啡、調(diào)料和乳制品等[6-14]。
在茶的味覺評(píng)價(jià)研究領(lǐng)域,大森(Omori)等[9,15]針對(duì)紅茶建立了味評(píng)價(jià)體系。Hayashi等[16-17]及Toko等[18-19]針對(duì)綠茶的澀味和鮮味建立了評(píng)價(jià)體系,充分證明了味覺分析系統(tǒng)在茶味覺評(píng)價(jià)領(lǐng)域的有效性。
2.1 市場(chǎng)調(diào)查方面的應(yīng)用
2.2 產(chǎn)品開發(fā)方面的應(yīng)用
味覺分析系統(tǒng)在明確目標(biāo)產(chǎn)品味道特征和現(xiàn)行產(chǎn)品的改良,確認(rèn)目標(biāo)達(dá)成度的開發(fā)流程中,以數(shù)據(jù)的形式給出味覺指標(biāo),能有效縮短產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期及減低開發(fā)成本。
2.3 品質(zhì)管理方面的應(yīng)用
在食品和飲料行業(yè)中嚴(yán)格的品質(zhì)管理非常必要。味覺分析系統(tǒng)可以高精度監(jiān)測(cè)產(chǎn)品的味道變化,因此在飲料行業(yè)的品質(zhì)管理方面也在廣泛被應(yīng)用。圖10是綠茶生產(chǎn)過程中,對(duì)50個(gè)批次的苦味、澀味和鮮味的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果??梢钥吹剑?0個(gè)批次的偏移在0.5個(gè)刻度(一般來說,樣品之間產(chǎn)生1個(gè)刻度以上的變化,普通人能感知味道的區(qū)別)范圍內(nèi),因此可以判定該生產(chǎn)過程的品質(zhì)比較穩(wěn)定[4]。
(所有綠茶樣品在60?C條件下保存8周以上)[21]
客觀設(shè)定嘗味期限是食品行業(yè)的重要課題,無論是從降低制造成本,還是從環(huán)保角度都很重要。從以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)中得出的結(jié)論,食品和飲料的味道經(jīng)過劣化一般表現(xiàn)為與“溫度的指數(shù)”及“時(shí)間的對(duì)數(shù)”成比例關(guān)系??梢砸源私⑷缦履P?。
Ts=10 (At+B) log(Cd+D) (1)
式中,Ts表示味道的強(qiáng)度;A、B、C、D為常數(shù);t表示溫度;d表示時(shí)間(月數(shù))。
通過味覺傳感器的測(cè)試值可以求得常數(shù)的值,從而決定該樣品的模型。而后在該式中代入時(shí)間d,即可求出該時(shí)間點(diǎn)的味道變化,以此為基礎(chǔ)確定嘗味期限。例如,由公式(1)可以導(dǎo)出,△苦味先味=10(0.034t-1.05)log(△d+1.2),式中t為溫度(?C),d為時(shí)間(月)。
顯示味覺傳感器對(duì)飲料的測(cè)試結(jié)果,該樣品在5~60?C之間的5個(gè)溫度環(huán)境下最長(zhǎng)劣化時(shí)間為4個(gè)月。以苦味為例,給出實(shí)際測(cè)試值和模型計(jì)算值的比較。實(shí)際測(cè)試和模型計(jì)算值在圖中分別用圓點(diǎn)(○)和實(shí)線表示??梢钥闯鰧?shí)際測(cè)試值和模型計(jì)算值表現(xiàn)良好的一致性。
在本次飲料的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,可以看到隨著劣化的進(jìn)行,主要在苦味回味,酸味和苦味3個(gè)指標(biāo)中產(chǎn)生變化。分別對(duì)各個(gè)指標(biāo)模型化,可得到下列模型。
3 展望
味覺分析系統(tǒng)正逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了“味數(shù)值化”。在科研、新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、市場(chǎng)策劃、制造過程中的品質(zhì)管理、投訴對(duì)應(yīng)、流通過程中的品質(zhì)保證等領(lǐng)域被廣泛利用。此外,在無法對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行口嘗測(cè)試的領(lǐng)域,比如新藥、寵物食品、飼料等,味覺分析系統(tǒng)成為有效的評(píng)價(jià)工具。隨著新技術(shù)的開發(fā),味覺分析系統(tǒng)將逐步成為世界通用“味標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”手段。endprint
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評(píng)方法在乳飲料中的應(yīng)用[J]. 乳業(yè)科學(xué)與技術(shù), 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評(píng)估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
[18] Rong Gang Chen, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Study on Evaluating Jimi-Taste of Green Tea Using Multichannel Taste Sensor[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science. 2004, 736-740.
[19] Hidekazu Ikezaki, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Quantification of Taste of Green Tea with Taste Sensor[J]. T.IEE Japan, 1997, 117(9), 465-470.
[20] Taste & Aroma Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd. http://www.mikaku.jp/e/index.html
[21] 王華夫. 全球速溶茶生產(chǎn)狀況及電子舌在速溶茶質(zhì)量控制中的應(yīng)用[C].第12屆中國(guó)科協(xié)年會(huì)16分會(huì)場(chǎng)–茶葉深加工學(xué)術(shù)沙龍.福州:中國(guó)茶葉學(xué)會(huì),2010: 4-12.endprint
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評(píng)方法在乳飲料中的應(yīng)用[J]. 乳業(yè)科學(xué)與技術(shù), 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評(píng)估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
[18] Rong Gang Chen, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Study on Evaluating Jimi-Taste of Green Tea Using Multichannel Taste Sensor[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science. 2004, 736-740.
[19] Hidekazu Ikezaki, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Quantification of Taste of Green Tea with Taste Sensor[J]. T.IEE Japan, 1997, 117(9), 465-470.
[20] Taste & Aroma Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd. http://www.mikaku.jp/e/index.html
[21] 王華夫. 全球速溶茶生產(chǎn)狀況及電子舌在速溶茶質(zhì)量控制中的應(yīng)用[C].第12屆中國(guó)科協(xié)年會(huì)16分會(huì)場(chǎng)–茶葉深加工學(xué)術(shù)沙龍.福州:中國(guó)茶葉學(xué)會(huì),2010: 4-12.endprint
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評(píng)方法在乳飲料中的應(yīng)用[J]. 乳業(yè)科學(xué)與技術(shù), 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評(píng)估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
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