裴麗堅(jiān),桑諾爾*,高鮮麗,夏偉鵬,任立英,李 虹,張秀華,黃宇光
(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100730; 2.深圳市衛(wèi)生局, 廣東 深圳 518020;3.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 整形外科醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100041; 4.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 麻醉科手術(shù)室, 北京 100730)
女性術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊不能減少術(shù)后惡心嘔吐
裴麗堅(jiān)1,桑諾爾1*,高鮮麗2,夏偉鵬3,任立英4,李 虹1,張秀華1,黃宇光1
(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100730; 2.深圳市衛(wèi)生局, 廣東 深圳 518020;3.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 整形外科醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100041; 4.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 麻醉科手術(shù)室, 北京 100730)
目的評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊預(yù)防術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的有效性。方法對(duì)2012-01-01—06-30北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院女性全麻+術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛患者進(jìn)行單因素回顧性分析。結(jié)果578例女性患者納入最終分析,其中術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中未加入昂丹司瓊55例,加入昂丹司瓊523例[昂丹司瓊(0.2~0.5)mg/h,持續(xù)泵入48 h]。兩組間術(shù)后靜息疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)最大值、活動(dòng)后疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分最大值以及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分均無(wú)差異。術(shù)后惡心評(píng)分最大值以及術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)累計(jì)嘔吐次數(shù)無(wú)差異。結(jié)論女性術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊并不能減少術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生。
術(shù)后惡心嘔吐,昂丹司瓊,靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛,視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分
全世界每年至少有7500萬(wàn)名患者被麻醉,其中1/3出現(xiàn)術(shù)后惡心或者嘔吐,或者兩者兼而有之。術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)帶來(lái)的不適感甚至超過(guò)術(shù)后疼痛。術(shù)后嘔吐可增加誤吸風(fēng)險(xiǎn),導(dǎo)致傷口裂開、出血、顱壓增高及食管破裂等,并可能增加非計(jì)劃手術(shù)率。預(yù)防術(shù)后惡心嘔吐可有效改善患者滿意度。國(guó)內(nèi)外指南均推薦高危人群聯(lián)合使用止吐藥。女性是術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,因此本研究對(duì)象選擇女性患者。昂丹司瓊是國(guó)內(nèi)外圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用最廣泛的止吐藥,術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊也是國(guó)內(nèi)外常用方法之一,然而其有效性尚存在爭(zhēng)議。
對(duì)2012-01-01—06-30北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院外科女性住院患者術(shù)后行嗎啡靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛進(jìn)行回顧性分析。病例資料來(lái)源于表格式術(shù)后疼痛治療記錄單。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):女性、全身麻醉、非吸煙者、術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵方案中含有嗎啡藥物、手術(shù)時(shí)間100~300 min。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):5-羥色胺受體阻斷劑使用非昂丹司瓊、年齡lt;14歲、乘暈史、腔鏡手術(shù)、體表手術(shù)、精神系統(tǒng)疾病及認(rèn)知障礙、不能正確表述疼痛程度(不能講普通話)、術(shù)后返ICU、急診手術(shù)。分組方法:試驗(yàn)組:靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊,劑量為0.2~0.5 mg/h持續(xù)泵入;對(duì)照組:靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中未加入昂丹司瓊。
所有患者均采用靜吸復(fù)合全身麻醉,術(shù)后采用靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛。術(shù)中麻醉藥物包括丙泊酚、依托醚酯、舒芬太尼、芬太尼、羅庫(kù)溴銨、阿曲庫(kù)銨、七氟烷、異氟烷和N2O,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min予4 mg昂丹司瓊負(fù)荷量,術(shù)后常規(guī)新斯的明+阿托品拮抗殘余肌松。靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛方法包括:?jiǎn)岱?、芬太尼、舒芬太尼、阿片類藥?非甾類抗炎藥。采用術(shù)后惡心評(píng)分(0~2分)評(píng)估術(shù)后惡心程度,0分無(wú)惡心,1分輕微惡心,2分中度惡心,3分惡心明顯。記錄術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)總嘔吐次數(shù)。采用VAS評(píng)分評(píng)估術(shù)后疼痛(0~10分),0~3分輕度疼痛,4~6分中度疼痛,7~10分重度疼痛。采用術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分(0~3分)評(píng)估鎮(zhèn)靜程度,0分清醒,1分困倦,2分睡著、可喚醒,3分睡著、喚不醒。 術(shù)后2 h內(nèi)隨訪1次,此后每12 h隨訪1次,24~48 h隨訪1次。隨訪時(shí)記錄靜息及活動(dòng)后VAS評(píng)分、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、惡心評(píng)分,嘔吐次數(shù),是否有呼吸抑制及尿潴留。
數(shù)據(jù)采用雙人錄入,重復(fù)記錄刪除后進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)一致性檢驗(yàn)。采用cochran-mantel-haenszel方法比較不同手術(shù)類型術(shù)后靜息疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值、術(shù)后活動(dòng)后疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、術(shù)后惡心評(píng)分。采用秩和檢驗(yàn)方法比較術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)累計(jì)嘔吐次數(shù)。 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件采用SAS 9.2。
本次數(shù)據(jù)1號(hào)錄入員共錄入612條記錄,2號(hào)錄入員共錄入648條記錄,經(jīng)過(guò)重復(fù)記錄刪除和數(shù)據(jù)一致性檢驗(yàn)后,實(shí)際有效記錄578條,女性平均年齡47.2±18.5歲,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間192±47 min。術(shù)式包括婦科22.14%、基本外科27.86%、骨科36.16%、胸科13.84%,無(wú)患者出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制及尿潴留。
試驗(yàn)組:靜脈嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊,劑量為0.2~0.5 mg/h持續(xù)泵入;對(duì)照組:靜脈嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛泵中未加入昂丹司瓊。兩組間術(shù)后靜息疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值、術(shù)后活動(dòng)后疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分均無(wú)差異(表1,2,3)。兩組間術(shù)后惡心評(píng)分最大值及術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)嘔吐次數(shù)均無(wú)差異 (表4,5)。
表1 術(shù)后靜息疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值的例數(shù)Table 1 Number of cases at different maximum VASscore of postoperative pain at rest(n)
表2 術(shù)后活動(dòng)后疼痛VAS評(píng)分最大值的例數(shù)Table 2 Number of cases at different maximumVAS score of postoperative pain duringmovement (n)
表3 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分最大值的例數(shù)Table 3 Number of cases at different maximumsedation score (n)
表4 術(shù)后惡心評(píng)分最大值的例數(shù)Table 4 Number of cases at different maximumnausea score (n)
表5 術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)累計(jì)嘔吐次數(shù)的例數(shù)Table 5 Number of cases at cumulated frequencyof vomiting during first 48 hours posto- peratively (n)
PONV是術(shù)后常見并發(fā)癥之一[1-4],昂丹司瓊常用于預(yù)防及治療。國(guó)外指南建議對(duì)于具備3~4個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的中、高危人群,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min予4 mg昂丹司瓊能降低PONV發(fā)生率26%[5-6]。 因此,對(duì)于高危人群,術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中加入昂丹司瓊有可能減少PONV的發(fā)生。本研究的研究對(duì)象是PONV高危人群,由于性別是PONV的主要干擾因素,因此并未對(duì)男性患者進(jìn)行分析。
將止吐藥配入靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中預(yù)防術(shù)后惡心嘔吐是常用方法之一,但研究結(jié)果存在爭(zhēng)議。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)昂丹司瓊0.2 mg/嗎啡1 mg可以明顯降低術(shù)后惡心嘔吐評(píng)分、減少嘔吐次數(shù),獲得較高的滿意度[7],昂丹司瓊30 mg加入術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中可以減少腹部手術(shù)患者PONV[8]。然而,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為手術(shù)結(jié)束前予昂丹司瓊4 mg負(fù)荷量,隨后昂丹司瓊0.32 mg/嗎啡1 mg較安慰劑并不能降低惡心評(píng)分[9]。對(duì)于兒童,昂丹司瓊0.1 mg/kg負(fù)荷量,隨后2 μg/kg·h持續(xù)泵入并不能明顯降低PONV[10]。 本研究結(jié)果與大多數(shù)學(xué)者研究結(jié)果類似,在術(shù)后靜息疼痛和活動(dòng)后評(píng)分及鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分一致的情況下,并未觀察到術(shù)后惡心嘔吐評(píng)分的降低以及48 h內(nèi)嘔吐次數(shù)的減少。這可能一方面由于樣本量較低,導(dǎo)致檢驗(yàn)效能下降,從而未能發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組之間的差別。另一方面可能與藥物濃度相對(duì)較低有關(guān)。
本研究限于單因素回顧性研究,并非最佳方案有效說(shuō)明因果關(guān)系,但基于臨床真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù),其研究結(jié)果值得臨床注意。國(guó)產(chǎn)鹽酸昂丹司瓊市售價(jià)格約40元/4 mg,平均成人術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中用量為2~4支。如果并不能預(yù)防PONV,則沒(méi)有必要配入術(shù)后嗎啡靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵中,從而避免不必要的浪費(fèi)。尚需大樣本研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)其有效性。
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Ondansetron added to intravenous morphine analgesia pump could not reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients
PEI Li-jian1, SANG Nuo-er1*, GAO Xian-li2, XIA Wei-peng3, REN Li-ying4, LI Hong1,ZHANG Xiu-hua1, HUANG Yu-guang1
(1.Dept. of Anesthesiology, PUMCH, Beijing 100730; 2.Shenzhen Health Bureau, Shenzhen 518020; 3.Dept. of Anesthesiology,Plastic Surgery Hospital, CAMS amp; PUMC, Beijing 100041; 4.Dept. of Anesthesiology amp; Operating Room, PUMCH, Beijing 100730, China)
ObjectiveTo evaluate whether ondansetron added to intravenous patient analgesia solution with morphine will reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting.MethodsData of surgical female inpatients in PUMCH from January 1st to June 30th, 2012 who performed general anesthesia and intravenous analgesia solution with morphine postoperatively were analyzed.ResultsData from 578 cases were analyzed. Cases of no adding ondansetron to intravenous analgesia solution were 55, compared to adding ondansetron group were 523 [ondansetron (0.2~0.5)mg/h for 48 hours]. The maximum VAS score of postoperative pain at rest, the maximum VAS score of postoperative pain during movement and postoperative sedation scores were no significantly different. The maximum score of postoperative nausea, and cumulated frequency of postoperative vomiting during first 48 hours were not significantly different.ConclusionsOndansetron added to intravenous patient-control analgesia solution with morphine could not reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients.
postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), ondensetron, intravenous patient-control analgesia,visual analogue scale (VAS)
2013-12-12
2014-01-13
*通信作者(correspondingauthor): sangnuoerpumch@126.com
1001-6325(2014)04-0519-04
研究論文
R 614.2+7
A