祝仰東, 羅 賽, 劉 洋, 郝立君
論 著
改良中面部除皺術(shù)在臨床中的應(yīng)用
祝仰東, 羅 賽, 劉 洋, 郝立君
目的探討改良中面部除皺手術(shù)的方法,以及手術(shù)要點(diǎn)與優(yōu)勢(shì)。方法對(duì)43例面中部皮膚及軟組織松弛的女性,采用顳部“W”形+耳前倒“L”形切口,在皮下和SMAS筋膜之間分離組織間隙達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)范圍,并在耳前縱向解剖分離一“舌形”SMAS筋膜瓣,大小約2.5 cm×1.5 cm;將筋膜瓣掀開,在SMAS筋膜前側(cè)斷緣,斜向上45°對(duì)位拉緊縫合,使口角上提,鼻唇溝變淺;再將預(yù)制的SMAS筋膜瓣向上提緊,縫合固定于顴弓處;下頜緣及部分頸部皮膚上提,去除顳部及耳前多余皮膚并縫合固定。結(jié)果本組共43例患者,術(shù)后隨訪3~18個(gè)月,鼻唇溝明顯變淺,下頜緣及頸部形態(tài)清晰,效果滿意。結(jié)論采用改良中面部除皺術(shù)能有效改善口角、鼻唇溝、下頰部及部分頸部的皮膚松弛,同時(shí)手術(shù)切口張力小,瘢痕不明顯,位置隱蔽,且術(shù)后皮膚緊致、彈性好,表情自然,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
中面部除皺; SMAS筋膜瓣; “W+L”形切口
在面部年輕化手術(shù)中,對(duì)中面部及下頰部的處理一直是整形手術(shù)的難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)。如何在面部老化手術(shù)中達(dá)到較小的創(chuàng)傷和滿意的術(shù)后效果,是整形醫(yī)師追求術(shù)式改良的動(dòng)力。自2012年2月至2013年11月,我們對(duì)43例面部皮膚松弛的患者采用顳部“W”形和耳前倒“L”形切口,SMAS筋膜瓣多方位緊縮、懸吊、固定的方法,使面中部及下頰頸部松垂皮膚提拉緊致,效果滿意。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
本組共43例患者,均為女性;年齡42~55歲。患者均存在顳、頰及頸部皺紋進(jìn)行性加深,皮膚彈性下降、松垂,眼周、耳前、口周皺紋增多且較深,尤其面部表情活動(dòng)時(shí),皺紋明顯增多,鼻唇溝顯著且延伸至口角水平以下,下頜緣輪廓欠清晰。
2.1 術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)顳部、耳前“W+L”形切口線,并標(biāo)記剝離范圍見圖1。
2.2 操作方法 采用0.75%利多卡因+1∶20萬腎上腺素行局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉。沿設(shè)計(jì)線切開皮膚至皮下組織,在SMAS筋膜淺層剝離組織至標(biāo)記范圍的邊緣,于耳垂、耳屏前0.5 cm處,將SMAS筋膜分離制作一縱向“舌形”瓣,約2.5 cm×1.5 cm;掀起該筋膜瓣(SMAS瓣不應(yīng)過薄,以帶少量脂肪為佳),用3-0慕絲線將前側(cè)斷緣的SMAS筋膜斜向上45°拉緊,并將松垂的筋膜組織復(fù)位縫合,使口角上提,鼻唇溝變淺;再將預(yù)制的SMAS筋膜瓣向上外側(cè)提拉,用3-0慕絲線將其縫合固定于顴弓處(圖2,3);再將顳部的SMAS筋膜和松垂的顴脂肪墊斜向上拉緊,縫合固定于顳肌筋膜處;根據(jù)皮膚彈性,切除顳部及耳前多余皮膚,寬度為1.5~2.0 cm;徹底止血后,用4-0可吸收線行切口間斷皮內(nèi)縫合,顳部皮膚切口用6-0絲線間斷縫合(圖4),耳前皮膚采用拉合膠確切粘貼。對(duì)側(cè)同法。以紗布、棉墊、彈力繃帶、彈力網(wǎng)套適度加壓包扎,固定3 d后拆除換藥,7 d拆線。
本組共43例患者。術(shù)后隨訪3~18個(gè)月,其外眼角及口角明顯上揚(yáng),鼻唇溝變淺,下頜緣及頸部形態(tài)清晰可見,皮膚光亮緊致有彈性,面部表情自然,手術(shù)瘢痕不明顯。患者均對(duì)術(shù)后效果滿意(圖5)。
人面部組織的老化,受多種因素的影響[1-2]。目前較為常用的除皺手術(shù)為第3代手術(shù)的改良術(shù)式[3],其中對(duì)SMAS筋膜的處理較為重要。Citarella 等和Barton 將SMAS的處理方法分為SMAS折疊術(shù)及深部SMAS推進(jìn)術(shù),包括低位、高位SMAS技術(shù)[4-5]、復(fù)合除皺術(shù)[6-7]、短瘢痕除皺術(shù)[8-9]等。目前,額部除皺術(shù)主要通過額部懸吊的方法(內(nèi)窺鏡/非內(nèi)窺鏡)進(jìn)行;對(duì)額部皺紋較為嚴(yán)重者則采用傳統(tǒng)的發(fā)際內(nèi)冠狀切口手術(shù)。對(duì)于頸部的處理主要采用吸脂及頸闊肌折疊的方式。而對(duì)中面部年輕化的手術(shù),由于切口的局限性,難以有效地改善中面部老化的形態(tài),如鼻唇溝加深、口角下垂、下頜緣處皮膚松垂等。常用短瘢痕除皺術(shù)及頰頸聯(lián)合除皺術(shù)。頰頸部聯(lián)合除皺術(shù),雖然術(shù)后效果明顯,持久性佳,但由于聯(lián)合手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,恢復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),切口瘢痕較長(zhǎng)等問題,患者難以接受。短瘢痕除皺術(shù)主要有外側(cè)SMAS筋膜瓣切除[8,10]小切口面部提升和小切口顱骨懸吊面部提升術(shù)(minimal access cranial suspension Lift, MACS)兩種[11-14]。前者主要通過在腮腺前緣平行于鼻唇溝之上部位做一個(gè)條形的SMAS切除,沿垂直于鼻唇溝的矢量方向進(jìn)行復(fù)位提拉;后者主要采用荷包縫合的方式行SMAS筋膜瓣折疊。兩者短瘢痕手術(shù)方法各有其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。SMAS小切口面部提升手術(shù)的時(shí)間較MACS手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),因此,術(shù)后有較明顯的疼痛[15],但兩者術(shù)后效果無明顯差異。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是枕后及耳后均無瘢痕。兩種術(shù)式均未進(jìn)行SMAS筋膜的懸吊,因此,存在手術(shù)效果的持久性,以及下頜部、頸部的皮膚松垂改善不明顯等問題。
圖1 顳部、耳前切口線設(shè)計(jì)圖2 形成SMAS筋膜瓣圖3 懸吊SMAS筋膜瓣圖4 術(shù)后即刻側(cè)位圖5 改良的中面部除皺術(shù)前后對(duì)比 a.術(shù)前正位 b.術(shù)后6個(gè)月正位 c.術(shù)前斜位 d.術(shù)后6個(gè)月斜位
Fig1 Design of the temporal and preauricular incisions.Fig2 Formation of SMAS-flap.Fig3 Suspension of SMAS-flap.Fig4 Lateral postview immediately.Fig5 Comparison between preview and the postview of modified facial rhytidectomy. a. frontal preview. b. frontal postview at 12 months. c. oblique preview. d. oblique postview at 6 months.
中面部的神經(jīng)走行較復(fù)雜[16-18〗,因此,其手術(shù)一直是面部年輕化手術(shù)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。筆者在傳統(tǒng)的顳部、中下面部手術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合短瘢痕除皺術(shù),采用顳部小切口聯(lián)合中面部SMAS筋膜斷端復(fù)位、懸吊加垂直懸吊的技術(shù)來改善患者的中、下面部形態(tài),效果理想。關(guān)于筋膜組織的懸吊方法,我們采用SMAS筋膜切緣斷端斜向上45°復(fù)位縫合,預(yù)制耳前縱向SMAS瓣垂直懸吊于顴弓處,這樣既保留了原有手術(shù)將顳部和頰部筋膜斜向上方提拉,又達(dá)到了眼角和口角上揚(yáng),鼻唇溝和眼周皺紋變淺的效果。同時(shí)由于SMAS筋膜與皮下軟組織的連續(xù)性,在進(jìn)行SMAS瓣垂直懸吊時(shí),下頜緣處筋膜及頸闊肌也有所牽拉,這對(duì)下頜緣處松垂皮膚及部分頸橫紋的改善至關(guān)重要。
傳統(tǒng)的除皺手術(shù)方法是將顳部切口選擇在發(fā)跡內(nèi),手術(shù)入路長(zhǎng),而且術(shù)后會(huì)造成發(fā)際線后移。我們采用顳部發(fā)際緣“W”形切口,分散了切口縱向張力,切開時(shí)斜向前下45°,這樣可以保留切口近端的部分毛囊,在術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月,切口前可長(zhǎng)出部分毛發(fā),從而保證了切口的隱蔽性,且無明顯的發(fā)際線后移現(xiàn)象,易被患者所接受。其優(yōu)點(diǎn):①手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快。②瘢痕短。③避免了發(fā)際線后移及因耳垂處恢復(fù)期牽拉導(dǎo)致的“精靈耳”畸形。④耳后無瘢痕。⑤將SMAS筋膜瓣分離懸吊,持久性佳。同時(shí)將SMAS瓣提取后,其斷端采用復(fù)位縫合的方法,能明顯改善鼻唇溝加深。⑥采用鬢角處高位橫行切口,垂直矢量提緊縫合,使中下面部及頸部皮膚提拉明顯。
總之,本術(shù)式對(duì)于改善面部年輕化效果較理想,避免了顳、頰、頸部聯(lián)合手術(shù)而造成的創(chuàng)傷大、恢復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、并發(fā)癥多等缺點(diǎn),同時(shí)彌補(bǔ)了短瘢痕除皺術(shù)對(duì)下頜緣及部分頸部改善以及持久性欠佳的不足,適合于臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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Applicationofamodifiedmidfacerhytidectomyinclinicalpractice
ZHUYang-dong,LUOSai,LIUYang,etal.
(PlasticandCosmeticCenter,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofHarbinMedicalUniversity,Harbin150001,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the operative method of a modified midface lifting and discuss its surgical procedures and advantages.MethodsW-shaped incision in the temporal area and inverted L-shaped preauricular were applied in 43 cases of midface skin and soft tissue relaxation. The undermining between subcutaneous plane and SMAS was carried to the region defined, form a tongue shape SMAS-flap (size was about 2.5 cm×1.5 cm) by longitudinal dissection pretragal. The fascia flap was lifting to present the edges of SMAS, then the edges were sutured by oblique upward reapproximation at 45-degree angles to make the sagging angulus oris up and the nasolabial fold superficial. The formed SMAS-flap was sutured upward to zygomatic arch to lift the madible and cervical skin, the temporal area and preauricular unnecessary skins were excised.ResultsThis technique was used in 43 patients with 3 to 18 months follow-up, producing effective satisfactory results with smooth nasolabial crease, tighting the jowls and neck skin.ConclusionApplication of this innovative technique of a modified midface lift largely in correcting the laxity of skin around mouth, nasolabial fold, jowl and part of the neck, Mcanwhile, incision tension is moderated and the consequent scar is unnoticeable, and postoperative skin has good elasticity and natural looking, which is worthy of being recommended in clinical practice.
Midface lift; SMAS-flap; “W+L”-shaped incision
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2014.05.018
R622
A
1673-7040(2014)05-0307-03
2014-03-09)
150001 黑龍江 哈爾濱,哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 整形美容中心
祝仰東(1984-),男,黑龍江人,碩士研究生.
郝立君,150001,哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 整形美容中心,電子信箱:lijunhao368@163.com