趙可+張炳信+張安錄
摘要
經(jīng)濟(jì)增長是城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的驅(qū)動力已成為理論界共識,但較少有文獻(xiàn)關(guān)注經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響。本研究認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平的提升通過技術(shù)效率的改善與技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑能夠抑制城市用地的擴(kuò)張。技術(shù)進(jìn)步通過改變要素間的替代彈性、提高土地的利用強(qiáng)度和改變土地的利用結(jié)構(gòu)對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張產(chǎn)生抑制作用,技術(shù)效率的改善通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)、管理水平的提高、制定合理的土地制度與土地政策等途徑抑制城市用地的擴(kuò)張。研究利用遼寧省14市市轄區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量抑制城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張進(jìn)行了實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明:對于遼寧省14市,全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)每增加1%,有利于減少城市用地規(guī)模0.19%,技術(shù)進(jìn)步狀況每提升1%,能夠抑制城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張0.27%,技術(shù)效率指數(shù)的回歸系數(shù)在統(tǒng)計(jì)上不顯著,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張起顯著的抑制作用。對于沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū),研究結(jié)論與14市模型的研究結(jié)論基本一致。而對于沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶,全要素生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響統(tǒng)計(jì)上并不顯著,表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對區(qū)域內(nèi)的城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張并無抑制作用。城市人口增加、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展在遼寧省14市、沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶3個空間區(qū)域內(nèi)對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張都有顯著的正影響。針對不同區(qū)域,基于技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步視角提出不同的對策建議。
關(guān)鍵詞 土地經(jīng)濟(jì);全要素生產(chǎn)率;城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張;遼寧??;面板數(shù)據(jù)
中圖分類號 F301 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0076-09 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.012
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和城市化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn),城市建設(shè)用地快速擴(kuò)張,成為近年來最突出、影響最深遠(yuǎn)的土地利用變化形態(tài)。城市用地的快速擴(kuò)張為地方政府積累了大量的財(cái)政資金,有利于城市政府完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,促進(jìn)城市化水平的提升,也有利于城市政府通過實(shí)施低價(jià)土地政策招商引資,促進(jìn)地方產(chǎn)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。但城市用地快速擴(kuò)張引起一系列的社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)問題,如影響社會安定、危及國家糧食安全、破壞生物多樣性,從而成為理論界研究的熱點(diǎn)。目前研究主要關(guān)注城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的時(shí)空過程、驅(qū)動力、生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng)、管控政策等方面,關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長與城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的研究也多從前者是后者的驅(qū)動力、城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)、二者的動態(tài)關(guān)系等視角展開。經(jīng)濟(jì)增長包括數(shù)量與質(zhì)量二個方面,且經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量日益受到重視,僅從數(shù)量角度分析經(jīng)濟(jì)增長對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響具有片面性。本研究從質(zhì)量視角分析經(jīng)濟(jì)增長對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響對于深化理解二者的關(guān)系,制定新型城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張管控政策具有一定的理論意義。
理論界在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、人口增加是城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的主要驅(qū)動力方面已經(jīng)達(dá)成共識。如談明洪認(rèn)為國民生產(chǎn)總值增長更能解釋中國1984-2000年內(nèi)城市用地的擴(kuò)張[1]。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人口增長因素是中國東部、中部及西部地區(qū)[2]、遼寧省14市[3]、珠海市[4]、烏魯木齊市[5]、天水市[6]等區(qū)域或城市建設(shè)用地變化的主要驅(qū)動力。上述研究僅分析經(jīng)濟(jì)增長數(shù)量因素對城市土地利用變化的影響。目前,已有部分學(xué)者開始關(guān)注經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對土地利用變化的影響機(jī)理。對江蘇省的實(shí)證研究表明技術(shù)效率對建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張具有顯著抑制作用或負(fù)影響[7]。技術(shù)進(jìn)步對土地投入強(qiáng)度、土地利用效益、土地利用綜合指數(shù)有顯著的正影響,且對土地利用強(qiáng)度、土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)的正向效應(yīng)具有一定的滯后性[8]。第一類農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步(即勞動生產(chǎn)率提高型技術(shù)進(jìn)步)將導(dǎo)致土地利用強(qiáng)度增加,第二類農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步(即土地承載力增加型技術(shù)進(jìn)步)會減輕土地利
用強(qiáng)度[9],二者的共同作用會影響土地利用變化。中國各省份面板數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)也表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量有利于控制城市用地的擴(kuò)張[10]。此類研究從技術(shù)效率或技術(shù)進(jìn)步角度分析經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對土地利用變化的影響,在影響機(jī)理方面的論證不夠完善,缺乏系統(tǒng)性。本研究在前述研究基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)考察經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響機(jī)理,運(yùn)用遼寧省14市市轄區(qū)2001-2011年數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。
經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量的內(nèi)涵有廣義與狹義之分。廣義的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量包括多個維度,是一個復(fù)合概念,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的效率、結(jié)構(gòu)、穩(wěn)定性、福利分配狀況、生態(tài)環(huán)境代價(jià)、創(chuàng)新能力等內(nèi)容[11]。鈔小靜從經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的結(jié)構(gòu)、穩(wěn)定性、福利變化與成果分配、資源利用和生態(tài)環(huán)境代價(jià)4個維度測度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平[12]。狹義的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量指生產(chǎn)率、增加值率、全要素生產(chǎn)率。經(jīng)濟(jì)增長來源于投入要素的“量”與“質(zhì)”的提高,生產(chǎn)率的提高是“質(zhì)”的部分,是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)[13]。沈利生認(rèn)為增加值率從總體上度量一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體投入產(chǎn)出效益,是一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長質(zhì)量的指標(biāo)[14]。更多文獻(xiàn)[15-17]采用全要素生產(chǎn)率指標(biāo)測度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平。全要素生產(chǎn)率的測度方法較為成熟,用其測度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量得到理論界的普遍認(rèn)可,因此,本研究選取全要素生產(chǎn)率測度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平。
1.1 全要素生產(chǎn)率對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響機(jī)理
根據(jù)索洛模型,全要素生產(chǎn)率指扣除要素投入貢獻(xiàn)后的余額部分。全要素生產(chǎn)率對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)度決定經(jīng)濟(jì)體的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平。在投入要素?cái)?shù)量保持不變條件下,產(chǎn)出水平越高,或在產(chǎn)出水平保持不變條件下,投入要素?cái)?shù)量越少,經(jīng)濟(jì)體的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平就越高。經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平高,表明全要素生產(chǎn)率對產(chǎn)出的貢獻(xiàn)大,相同產(chǎn)出僅需投入較少的生產(chǎn)要素,有利于節(jié)約投入生產(chǎn)過程的土地?cái)?shù)量。
假設(shè)研究期內(nèi),經(jīng)濟(jì)體保持規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變,且技術(shù)進(jìn)步不改變要素間的替代彈性,則地區(qū)生產(chǎn)方程如下:
GDP=AKαLβLand1-α-β
14市市轄區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值、總就業(yè)人員數(shù)、城市建設(shè)用地面積來源于2002-2012年《中國城市統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》,1994-2011年固定資產(chǎn)投資額數(shù)據(jù)來源于1995-2012年《中國城市統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值、固定資產(chǎn)投資額為名義變量,需利用價(jià)格指數(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,但統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中無市轄區(qū)的相關(guān)價(jià)格指數(shù),研究選取全市價(jià)格指數(shù)對名義變量進(jìn)行調(diào)整。各市2001-2011年的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值折算指數(shù)來源于2002-2012年《遼寧統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒中并無各城市固定資產(chǎn)投資價(jià)格指數(shù),研究采用消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)對固定資產(chǎn)投資額進(jìn)行價(jià)格平減,各市1994-2011年消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)來源于1995-2012年《遼寧統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。
為與GDP指標(biāo)合理匹配,市轄區(qū)總就業(yè)人員不僅包括年末單位從業(yè)人員,還包括城鎮(zhèn)私營和個體從業(yè)人員數(shù)。
在統(tǒng)計(jì)城市建設(shè)用地規(guī)模時(shí),營口市2003年城市用地面積為95.97 km2,明顯大于2004年的建設(shè)用地規(guī)模,一般認(rèn)為,城市建設(shè)用地具有剛性增長特征,因此選取2002年、2004年的平均值75.905 km2作為2003年?duì)I口市城市用地面積,這樣處理可能會降低估計(jì)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。
在對名義變量消除價(jià)格影響時(shí),基年的選取很重要。消除地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值價(jià)格影響時(shí),選擇2001年作為基年,將2002-2011年14市市轄區(qū)GDP調(diào)整到基年價(jià)格水平。在永續(xù)盤存法下,基年的選擇越早,初始資本存量估計(jì)的誤差對后續(xù)年份的影響就會越小[29],考慮到數(shù)據(jù)的可獲取性及統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑的一致性,研究選取1994年作為基年計(jì)算固定資產(chǎn)投資額,測算14市市轄區(qū)資本存量。表1為變量的描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。
2.3 實(shí)證結(jié)果
2.3.1 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量的測度結(jié)果
理論界測度全要素生產(chǎn)率的方法主要有:增長會計(jì)法、經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)量法,前者包括代數(shù)指數(shù)法和索洛殘差法,后者包括隱性變量法與潛在產(chǎn)出法[30]。潛在產(chǎn)出法又分為參數(shù)隨機(jī)邊界分析法與非參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析法。本研究利用數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析法中的Malmquist指數(shù)法測算14市市轄區(qū)全要素生產(chǎn)率變化率、技術(shù)效率變化率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步狀況(測算結(jié)果見表2、表3)。
在利用DEA模型測算全要素生產(chǎn)率時(shí),需要設(shè)定投入與產(chǎn)出值,投入要素包括資本、勞動與土地,產(chǎn)出為遼寧省14市市轄區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值。土地要素采用各市建設(shè)用地面積測度,勞動要素采用勞動力數(shù)量測度,即市轄區(qū)單位從業(yè)人員數(shù)與城鎮(zhèn)私營、個體經(jīng)濟(jì)就業(yè)人員數(shù)總和,資本要素采用資本存量規(guī)模測度。永續(xù)盤存法是資本存量最常用的計(jì)算方法,公式如下:
Kt=kt-1(1-δ)+It/Pt
式(4)中, Kt為第t期資本存量,δ為折舊率,取5%,It為第t期固定資產(chǎn)投資額,Pt為固定資產(chǎn)投資價(jià)格指數(shù),用各市消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)替代。基年資本存量的計(jì)算方法采用Hall和Jones的估計(jì)方法[31],即利用基年(1994年)投資額除以研究期內(nèi)投資增長的幾何平均數(shù)加上折舊率后的比值。
表2為遼寧省14市2001-2011年年度全要素生產(chǎn)率變化率及其分解情況。時(shí)序數(shù)據(jù)表明可將2001-2011年分為二個時(shí)間段:第一個時(shí)間段為2001-2005年,全要素生產(chǎn)率變化率值大于1,表明14市經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平一直在改善;第二個時(shí)間段為2005-2011年,全要素生產(chǎn)率呈下降、上升交替變化趨勢,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平不夠穩(wěn)定。研究期內(nèi)14市全要素生產(chǎn)率年均增長2.2%,主要來自于技術(shù)效率的貢獻(xiàn),技術(shù)效率年均增長1.4%,技術(shù)狀況水平年均提升0.8%,技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)水平都表現(xiàn)出良好的增長態(tài)勢。
表3為2001-2011年遼寧省14市各城市全要素生產(chǎn)率變化率及其分解情況。結(jié)果表明研究期內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量在城市間變化情況迥異。撫順、丹東、錦州、阜新、朝陽、葫蘆島6市全要素生產(chǎn)率呈下降趨勢,表明這些城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平總體下降,其中,阜新全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)最低,僅為0.972,年均下降2.8%,主要原因在于技術(shù)進(jìn)步指數(shù)年均下降速度過快,達(dá)3.7%。其余8城市的全要素生產(chǎn)率變化率指數(shù)均大于1,本溪、鞍山與沈陽市
的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量表現(xiàn)出較高的增長率,得益于技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步的共同作用。
綜上,從年度來看,遼寧省14市在2001-2011年內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平不斷提升,無論技術(shù)效率,還是技術(shù)進(jìn)步都取得較為明顯的改善,呈現(xiàn)良好的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。從城市層面來看,各城市經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平表現(xiàn)出明顯的差異性,8個城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平上升,6個城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平下降。
2.3.2 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量影響城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的實(shí)證結(jié)果
為分析經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響,研究構(gòu)建了遼寧省14市面板數(shù)據(jù)模型,并對回歸方程(3)進(jìn)行F檢驗(yàn)與Hausman檢驗(yàn)以選擇合適的模型,F(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明在1%顯著性水平下拒絕原假設(shè),模型應(yīng)采用固定效應(yīng)模型;Hausman檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明在5%顯著性水平上拒絕原假設(shè),模型宜采用固定效應(yīng)模型,最終選取個體固定效應(yīng)模型對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合。
(1)14市總體回歸結(jié)果
為消除異方差,研究對各變量取對數(shù),利用兩階段最小二乘法(2SLS)對方程(3)進(jìn)行估計(jì),估計(jì)結(jié)果見表4。在對回歸方程擬合時(shí),除了引入全要素生產(chǎn)率變量(模型1),還引入了技術(shù)效率(模型2)與技術(shù)進(jìn)步(模型3),以全面考察經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響及影響路徑。3個模型的擬合優(yōu)度都在0.99以上,F(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量的精確顯著性水平低于1%,各變量的回歸系數(shù)基本符合理論預(yù)期,回歸結(jié)果較優(yōu)。
首先,分析模型1。全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的回歸系數(shù)在5%顯著性水平下顯著,數(shù)值為-0.19,表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平每提升1%,城市用地規(guī)模將減少0.19%,因城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張具有剛性,也可理解為城市規(guī)模擴(kuò)張被抑制0.19%,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的抑制作用很明顯;城市人口變量的回歸系數(shù)為0.61,在1%顯著性水平下顯著,表明城市人口每增長1%,將推動14市城市用地規(guī)模擴(kuò)張0.61%;經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響也很顯著,回歸系數(shù)值為0.20,地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值每增長1%,將帶動城市用地面積增加0.20%。城市人口增加與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展推動城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的結(jié)論再次得到驗(yàn)證,在二者同等變化幅度條件下,人口增長對城市擴(kuò)張的拉動作用大于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對城市擴(kuò)張的影響。
其次,分析模型2。雖然理論認(rèn)為技術(shù)效率水平的提高有利于抑制城市用地向外擴(kuò)張,但14市的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)并不支持該結(jié)論。模型中,技術(shù)效率對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張有正影
響,但這種影響即使在10%顯著性水平下也不顯著,因此經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的抑制作用并非通過技術(shù)效率變化路徑。城市人口規(guī)模與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)
主要通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑實(shí)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人口增長推動城市用地向外擴(kuò)張。
其次,分析模型7-9沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶實(shí)證分析結(jié)果。模型7-9中經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響統(tǒng)計(jì)上并不顯著。城市人口規(guī)模與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張有顯著的正影響,且這種影響顯著區(qū)別于14市平均水平,也區(qū)別于沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的實(shí)證分析結(jié)果。區(qū)別在于:一方面,模型7-9中人口變量的回歸系數(shù)值均大于1,大于模型1-3(14市)與模型4-6(沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū))中城市人口變量的回歸系數(shù),表明人口增長對沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶的城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張作用非常明顯;另一方面,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張彈性系數(shù)低于全省及沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)水平,以模型7為例,該變量的回歸系數(shù)為0.13,城市產(chǎn)值每增長1%,推動城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張0.13%。
綜上,對于遼寧省14市,全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)每增加1%,有利于減少城市用地規(guī)模0.19%,技術(shù)進(jìn)步狀況每提升1%,能夠抑制城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張0.27%,技術(shù)效率指數(shù)的回歸系數(shù)在統(tǒng)計(jì)上不顯著,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張起顯著的抑制作用,而技術(shù)效率對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響并不明顯。對于沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū),全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)回歸系數(shù)為-0.232 3,其絕對值略大于遼寧省14市模型中回歸系數(shù)的絕對值,技術(shù)進(jìn)步狀況每提升1%,有利于抑制城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張0.26%,技術(shù)效率指數(shù)對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響統(tǒng)計(jì)上不顯著,表明沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi),經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張有顯著的抑制作用,這種作用主要通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑實(shí)現(xiàn),此研究結(jié)論與14市模型的結(jié)論基本一致。對于沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶,全要素生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張均有負(fù)影響,但統(tǒng)計(jì)上并不顯著,表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶的城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張并無顯著的抑制作用。此外,城市人口規(guī)模、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展二變量在遼寧省14市、沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶3個空間區(qū)域內(nèi)對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張都有顯著的正影響。
3 結(jié)論與討論
城市建設(shè)用地是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的載體,是十分重要的生產(chǎn)要素,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,城市建設(shè)用地快速擴(kuò)張,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展成為城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的重要驅(qū)動力,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響機(jī)理是本文試圖解決的問題。理論上,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平的提升通過技術(shù)效率的改善與技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑促進(jìn)城市土地資源的節(jié)約利用,即經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量提高有利于抑制城市用地的擴(kuò)張。技術(shù)進(jìn)步通過改變要素間的替代彈性、提高土地的利用強(qiáng)度和改變土地的利用結(jié)構(gòu)對城市用地的擴(kuò)張產(chǎn)生抑制作用,技術(shù)效率的改善通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)、管理水平的提高、制定合理的土地制度與土地政策等途徑抑制城市用地的擴(kuò)張。
實(shí)證方面,遼寧省14市的回歸結(jié)果表明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張有顯著的抑制作用,這種抑制作用主要通過技術(shù)進(jìn)步路徑實(shí)現(xiàn),沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的實(shí)證研究也支持上述結(jié)論。對于沈陽經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)8城市而言,技術(shù)進(jìn)步不僅利于地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,還能抑制城市建設(shè)用地的擴(kuò)張。因此,第一,該地區(qū)應(yīng)制定和完善政策,創(chuàng)造公平的制度環(huán)境,鼓勵技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,積極實(shí)施技術(shù)引進(jìn);第二,該地區(qū)應(yīng)充分利用經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)高校與科研機(jī)構(gòu)眾多的優(yōu)勢,加強(qiáng)校府合作,減少科研成果向市場轉(zhuǎn)化的時(shí)間,加快科技成果的產(chǎn)業(yè)化步伐;第三,該地區(qū)應(yīng)積極引導(dǎo)外資和民間資本向高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)投資,消除投資的制度性障礙,簡化辦事程序。對于沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)帶,實(shí)證分析結(jié)果表明全要素生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張并沒有影響,人口增加對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響力度較大。因此,第一,該地區(qū)應(yīng)實(shí)施節(jié)地型的城市化戰(zhàn)略,嚴(yán)格控制人均建設(shè)用地規(guī)模;第二,該地區(qū)應(yīng)努力提高區(qū)域管理水平,完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),積極促進(jìn)土地市場化改革進(jìn)程,改善土地資源配置效率,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模效應(yīng),提升技術(shù)效率水平;第三,該地區(qū)應(yīng)充分利用區(qū)位優(yōu)勢,積極引進(jìn)高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè),發(fā)展外向型經(jīng)濟(jì),以提升技術(shù)進(jìn)步水平。
上述研究取得了一定成果,但還存在需要進(jìn)一步完善和解決的問題。首先,研究測算遼寧省14市經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量時(shí)的指標(biāo)選取不夠完善,應(yīng)選取資本服務(wù)量表征資本要素,但因缺乏相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),且估算困難,因此最終選取資本存量指標(biāo)測度。理論界在資本存量的測算方法、價(jià)格指數(shù)選取、投資流量指標(biāo)選取、折舊率等方面還沒有形成統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論,導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果迥異。其次,研究考察全要素生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)效率與技術(shù)進(jìn)步對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響,而技術(shù)效率還可以進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為純技術(shù)效率與規(guī)模效率,進(jìn)一步的研究可以圍繞這二變量對城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響展開。最后,實(shí)證研究僅選取遼寧省14市作為研究對象,結(jié)論的適用性還有待進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步的研究可以考察不同層次、不同類型城市、不同區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長質(zhì)量水平與土地利用的相關(guān)關(guān)系,為制定政策提供理論依據(jù)。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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[26]王小魯,樊綱.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的可持續(xù)性:跨世紀(jì)的回顧與展望[M].北京:經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)出版社,2000.[Wang Xiaolu,F(xiàn)an Gang. Sustainability of Chinas Economic Growth: Review and Prospects of Crosscentury [M]. Beijing: Economic Science Press,2000.]
[27]張軍,章元.對中國資本存量K的再估計(jì)[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(7):35-43.[Zhang Jun,Zhang Yuan. Recalculating the Capital of China and a Review of Li and Tangs Article[J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(7): 35-43.]
[28]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國潛在產(chǎn)出與產(chǎn)出缺口的估算[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(3):9-18.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap in China [J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(3): 9-18.]
[29]張軍,吳桂英,張吉鵬.中國省際物質(zhì)資本存量估算:1952-2000[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2004,(10):35-44.[Zhang Jun,Wu Guiying,Zhang Jipeng. The Estimation of Chinas Provincial Capital Stock: 1952-2000 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2004,(10): 35-44.]
[30]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國全要素生產(chǎn)率的估算:1979-2004[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2005,(6):51-60.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Total Factor Productivity in China:1979-2004 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,(6): 51-60.]
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Theory of Economic Growth Quality Effect on Urban Land Expansion: An Empirical
Study of 14 Cities in Liaoning Province
ZHAO Ke1 ZHANG Bingxin2 ZHANG Anlu3
(1.School of Humanities and Law,Northeastern University,Shenyang Liaoning 110819,China;
2.Management Department,Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College,Guangzhou Guangdong 510507,China;
3. College of Public Administration,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China)
Abstract It is well known that economic growth was one of the driving forces of urban land expansion. Only several articles were written about effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion that was focused in this study. Firstly,enhancing the quality of economic growth could decrease urban land expansion through improving the level of technical efficiency and technical progress. Secondly,technical progress could suppressed urban land expansion by changing the elasticity of substitution between producing factors,and improving the intensity of land use and changing land use structure. Thirdly,technical efficiency suppressed the expansion of urban land through economies of scale,improving urban management level,perfecting rational land system and land policy. An empirical study had been done to justify the effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion using panel data of 14 cities in Liaoning. The results showed that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.19% when there was 1% increase in index of total factor productivity of 14 cities in Liaoning Province. It also found that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.27% when there was 1% increase in index of technology progress. Technical efficiency had no significant statistically effect on land expansion. Similar conclusions were made in Shenyang Economic Zone model. Coefficients of total factor productivity,technical efficiency and technical progress were statistically insignificant,suggesting that the quality of economic growth had no effect on inhibition of land expansion in Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt Area. Urban population and economic development had significantly positive influence on urban land expansion in 14 cities of Liaoning Province,Shenyang Economic Zone,Liaoning Coastal Economic belt area. Countermeasures and policies were put forward based on the perspective of technical efficiency and technical progress in different regions.
Key words land economics; total factor productivity; urban land expansion; Liaoning; panel data
[26]王小魯,樊綱.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的可持續(xù)性:跨世紀(jì)的回顧與展望[M].北京:經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)出版社,2000.[Wang Xiaolu,F(xiàn)an Gang. Sustainability of Chinas Economic Growth: Review and Prospects of Crosscentury [M]. Beijing: Economic Science Press,2000.]
[27]張軍,章元.對中國資本存量K的再估計(jì)[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(7):35-43.[Zhang Jun,Zhang Yuan. Recalculating the Capital of China and a Review of Li and Tangs Article[J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(7): 35-43.]
[28]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國潛在產(chǎn)出與產(chǎn)出缺口的估算[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(3):9-18.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap in China [J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(3): 9-18.]
[29]張軍,吳桂英,張吉鵬.中國省際物質(zhì)資本存量估算:1952-2000[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2004,(10):35-44.[Zhang Jun,Wu Guiying,Zhang Jipeng. The Estimation of Chinas Provincial Capital Stock: 1952-2000 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2004,(10): 35-44.]
[30]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國全要素生產(chǎn)率的估算:1979-2004[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2005,(6):51-60.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Total Factor Productivity in China:1979-2004 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,(6): 51-60.]
[31]Hall R E,Jones C I. Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(1): 83-116.
Theory of Economic Growth Quality Effect on Urban Land Expansion: An Empirical
Study of 14 Cities in Liaoning Province
ZHAO Ke1 ZHANG Bingxin2 ZHANG Anlu3
(1.School of Humanities and Law,Northeastern University,Shenyang Liaoning 110819,China;
2.Management Department,Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College,Guangzhou Guangdong 510507,China;
3. College of Public Administration,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China)
Abstract It is well known that economic growth was one of the driving forces of urban land expansion. Only several articles were written about effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion that was focused in this study. Firstly,enhancing the quality of economic growth could decrease urban land expansion through improving the level of technical efficiency and technical progress. Secondly,technical progress could suppressed urban land expansion by changing the elasticity of substitution between producing factors,and improving the intensity of land use and changing land use structure. Thirdly,technical efficiency suppressed the expansion of urban land through economies of scale,improving urban management level,perfecting rational land system and land policy. An empirical study had been done to justify the effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion using panel data of 14 cities in Liaoning. The results showed that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.19% when there was 1% increase in index of total factor productivity of 14 cities in Liaoning Province. It also found that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.27% when there was 1% increase in index of technology progress. Technical efficiency had no significant statistically effect on land expansion. Similar conclusions were made in Shenyang Economic Zone model. Coefficients of total factor productivity,technical efficiency and technical progress were statistically insignificant,suggesting that the quality of economic growth had no effect on inhibition of land expansion in Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt Area. Urban population and economic development had significantly positive influence on urban land expansion in 14 cities of Liaoning Province,Shenyang Economic Zone,Liaoning Coastal Economic belt area. Countermeasures and policies were put forward based on the perspective of technical efficiency and technical progress in different regions.
Key words land economics; total factor productivity; urban land expansion; Liaoning; panel data
[26]王小魯,樊綱.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的可持續(xù)性:跨世紀(jì)的回顧與展望[M].北京:經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)出版社,2000.[Wang Xiaolu,F(xiàn)an Gang. Sustainability of Chinas Economic Growth: Review and Prospects of Crosscentury [M]. Beijing: Economic Science Press,2000.]
[27]張軍,章元.對中國資本存量K的再估計(jì)[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(7):35-43.[Zhang Jun,Zhang Yuan. Recalculating the Capital of China and a Review of Li and Tangs Article[J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(7): 35-43.]
[28]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國潛在產(chǎn)出與產(chǎn)出缺口的估算[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2003,(3):9-18.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap in China [J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(3): 9-18.]
[29]張軍,吳桂英,張吉鵬.中國省際物質(zhì)資本存量估算:1952-2000[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2004,(10):35-44.[Zhang Jun,Wu Guiying,Zhang Jipeng. The Estimation of Chinas Provincial Capital Stock: 1952-2000 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2004,(10): 35-44.]
[30]郭慶旺,賈俊雪.中國全要素生產(chǎn)率的估算:1979-2004[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2005,(6):51-60.[Guo Qingwang,Jia Junxue. Estimating Total Factor Productivity in China:1979-2004 [J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,(6): 51-60.]
[31]Hall R E,Jones C I. Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(1): 83-116.
Theory of Economic Growth Quality Effect on Urban Land Expansion: An Empirical
Study of 14 Cities in Liaoning Province
ZHAO Ke1 ZHANG Bingxin2 ZHANG Anlu3
(1.School of Humanities and Law,Northeastern University,Shenyang Liaoning 110819,China;
2.Management Department,Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College,Guangzhou Guangdong 510507,China;
3. College of Public Administration,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China)
Abstract It is well known that economic growth was one of the driving forces of urban land expansion. Only several articles were written about effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion that was focused in this study. Firstly,enhancing the quality of economic growth could decrease urban land expansion through improving the level of technical efficiency and technical progress. Secondly,technical progress could suppressed urban land expansion by changing the elasticity of substitution between producing factors,and improving the intensity of land use and changing land use structure. Thirdly,technical efficiency suppressed the expansion of urban land through economies of scale,improving urban management level,perfecting rational land system and land policy. An empirical study had been done to justify the effect of economic growth quality on urban land expansion using panel data of 14 cities in Liaoning. The results showed that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.19% when there was 1% increase in index of total factor productivity of 14 cities in Liaoning Province. It also found that land expansion would be suppressed by 0.27% when there was 1% increase in index of technology progress. Technical efficiency had no significant statistically effect on land expansion. Similar conclusions were made in Shenyang Economic Zone model. Coefficients of total factor productivity,technical efficiency and technical progress were statistically insignificant,suggesting that the quality of economic growth had no effect on inhibition of land expansion in Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt Area. Urban population and economic development had significantly positive influence on urban land expansion in 14 cities of Liaoning Province,Shenyang Economic Zone,Liaoning Coastal Economic belt area. Countermeasures and policies were put forward based on the perspective of technical efficiency and technical progress in different regions.
Key words land economics; total factor productivity; urban land expansion; Liaoning; panel data