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中國政府公共支出的碳減排效應研究

2014-10-17 09:21胡宗義朱麗唐李偉
中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:碳排放經(jīng)濟增長

胡宗義+朱麗+唐李偉

摘要 在“節(jié)能減排”呼聲日益高漲的現(xiàn)實背景下,中國政府加大了對碳排放行業(yè)的環(huán)

境公共支出力度。本文根據(jù)1998-2011年中國省際面板數(shù)據(jù),考慮政府支出和碳排放的雙向

作用機制,在碳排放與經(jīng)濟增長相互影響的聯(lián)立方程模型中引入政府公共支出變量,研究政

府公共支出對碳排放的影響。研究結(jié)果表明:政府公共支出對碳排放既具有負向的直接作用,

能夠發(fā)揮減排效應,又能在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不同階段通過促進經(jīng)濟增長來發(fā)揮間接作用,間接效

應的強弱和方向與收入水平密切相關(guān):在均值收入水平下,政府公共支出對碳排放的影響中

正向的間接效應占主導地位,從而使得總效應為正,不具有減排效應。此外,我們計算得出

CO2倒N型曲線的轉(zhuǎn)折點為720元和271 445元,到2011年我國所有省份都處于CO2倒N型曲線的上升階段,人均收入提高會直接增加碳排放,并且離跨越轉(zhuǎn)折高點還有

較遠距離。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人均物質(zhì)資本、經(jīng)濟開放度和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)都對碳排放存在正向影

響,會加劇地區(qū)的碳排放污染;而受教育程度的提高以及人口規(guī)模的擴大在一定程度下會增

加人們對高質(zhì)量環(huán)境的需求,從而減緩碳排放進程。因此,對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不同的地區(qū),亟

待實施差異化的公共支出政策來實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟增長和環(huán)境保護的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞 公共支出;經(jīng)濟增長;碳排放;聯(lián)立方程模型

中圖分類號 F812.7 文獻標識碼 A

文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0032-09

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.006

改革開放30多年來,中國的工業(yè)化道路帶來了城鎮(zhèn)化進程的迅猛推進和經(jīng)濟的高速穩(wěn)定增長,創(chuàng)造了“中國經(jīng)濟增長奇跡”。高污染、高能耗換取經(jīng)濟增長的發(fā)展模式加大了資源環(huán)境壓力,環(huán)境問題特別是碳排放所誘發(fā)的全球氣候變暖問題日益嚴重?!吨袊鴼夂蚬珗蟆凤@示2013年全國平均氣溫10.2℃,較常年偏高0.6℃,為1961

年以來第四暖年,極端高溫事件不斷增加,彰顯了溫室氣體過多排放所帶來的不良后果。2014

年最新出爐的“全球環(huán)境績效指數(shù)”(Environmental Peformance Index,EPI)排名中,中國

在178個國家中排在第118位,并且就單項空氣污染指標來看,中國排在最后一名。

碳減排問題已經(jīng)成為經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家對話的重要內(nèi)容,中國也面臨著由于碳減排所形成的國際環(huán)境約束。從公共支出方面來看,2000-2012十三年間,政府用于環(huán)境污染治理投資由1 014.9億元提高到8 253.46億元,增幅接近8倍,顯示出國家政府治理污染的決心。但長期以來,中國式的分權(quán)改革使得地方政府在財政支出和資源配置上擁有相對自由的裁量權(quán)。在以GDP增長為核心的政績考核標準下,為“增長而競爭”的地方政府出于理性選擇和思維慣性會偏好于生產(chǎn)性的財政支出,阻礙服務性支出的增長。一些地方政府為了吸引外部資源甚至放松對碳排放污染行業(yè)的監(jiān)管,影響了政府公共支出直接的碳減排效應。除直接效應外,政府公共支出通過經(jīng)濟增長間接影響碳排放的路徑機制同樣值得重視[1]。當前,在國際社會要求中國“節(jié)能減排”呼聲日益高漲的形勢下,研究政府公共支出對碳排放的具體影響,揭示兩者之間的相互作用機理,對解釋我國政府的支出意向、實現(xiàn)“低碳社會”目標和促進經(jīng)濟社會的協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有很強的現(xiàn)實意義。

1 文獻述評

對于政府應在環(huán)境保護領(lǐng)域扮演的角色以及如何起作用的相關(guān)研究,最早始于19世紀90年代。碳排放作為環(huán)境領(lǐng)域中的一種純公共物品,Marshall[2]在其著作《經(jīng)濟學原理》中開創(chuàng)性地提出“外部經(jīng)濟”的概念,主張政府應該介入這一領(lǐng)域。此后,Pigou[3]從福利經(jīng)濟學的角度,針對環(huán)境污染的外部性提出“庇古稅”的概念,認為可以通過對排污企業(yè)征稅,將污染的外部成本“內(nèi)部化”。國內(nèi)對政府和環(huán)境保護之間關(guān)系的研究展開較晚,但也成果頗豐。理論研究均表明政府在碳排放領(lǐng)域具有特殊的作用和地位,可以實施相應的環(huán)境財政政策發(fā)揮引導作用和強制作用,如政府的直接投資、財政補貼、政府“綠色”采購制度以及環(huán)境性因素的財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付等[4-5]??v觀國內(nèi)外早期相關(guān)的研究,學者們主要從理論上強調(diào)政府在碳減排中的突出地位,缺乏從實證角度具體分析政府公共支出的減排效應。隨著對該領(lǐng)域研究的深入,一些學者開始運用計量模型進行研究。按照研究角度和層次的不同,本文從以下3個方面梳理了國內(nèi)外一些相關(guān)文獻。

第一類側(cè)重研究了公共支出對經(jīng)濟增長的作用。公共支出作為政府調(diào)整經(jīng)濟運行的主要政策工具,對兩者關(guān)系的研究一直是熱點問題,但均未達成共識性結(jié)論。持有公共支出促進經(jīng)濟增長觀點的學者認為,政府公共支出為經(jīng)濟增長提供了大量的公共品和其他具有外部效應的社會先行資本,鼓勵和便利了私人資本投資[6-9];而持反對意見者認為,政府決策的無效率和干預的無效率可能會扭曲稅收和激勵系統(tǒng)、干預自由市場的運行,增長的公共支出可能會通過擠出私人領(lǐng)域的投資阻礙經(jīng)濟增長[10-13]。

第二類研究主要探討碳排放與經(jīng)濟增長之間的經(jīng)驗關(guān)系,圍繞環(huán)境庫茨涅茨曲線(EKC)關(guān)系展開。自Grossman和Krueger提出EKC曲線以來,EKC理論已成為研究碳排放和經(jīng)濟增長關(guān)系的基本框架。Jalil[14]通過中國1975-2005年的經(jīng)驗數(shù)據(jù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)碳排放狀況隨人均收入的增加先惡化而后改善,為EKC曲線關(guān)系的存在提供了理由。Apergis和Payne[15]、Esteve[16]、林伯強和蔣竺均[17]、魏下海[18]、許海平[19]等也發(fā)現(xiàn)了相同的研究結(jié)論。但是也有一些學者的實證分析質(zhì)疑CO2EKC曲線的存在,Agras和Chapman[20] 在動態(tài)面板數(shù)據(jù)模型的基礎(chǔ)上進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn)碳排放并不存在顯著的EKC曲線,庫茲涅茨曲線假設(shè)值得懷疑;Wagner[21]運用100個國家的面板數(shù)據(jù),得出碳排放和人均收入之間呈單調(diào)遞增關(guān)系;劉倩[22]對15個主要碳排放國實證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)國家的碳排放量與經(jīng)濟增長之間存在正的線性關(guān)系。

第三類研究圍繞公共支出、經(jīng)濟增長和環(huán)境這一整體框架展開,探討政府公共支出對環(huán)境的影響。多數(shù)實證研究表明,政府規(guī)模對環(huán)境直接影響的作用方向還不明確(Frederik 和 Lundstrom[23];Bernauer和 Koubi[24])。但也有實證研究表明存在政府支出有助于減少污染物排放的證據(jù)。如Lopez和Galinato[25]重點研究了公共支出結(jié)構(gòu)變化對環(huán)境的影響,分析得出政府對公共產(chǎn)品和私人產(chǎn)品的再分配會降低水污染和SO2排放。在一個類似的研究中,Lopes和Palacios[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),增加公共產(chǎn)品的供給仍會帶來更優(yōu)質(zhì)的空氣質(zhì)量。

綜上所述,雖然目前對于公共支出和環(huán)境保護之間關(guān)系的研究從理論到實證都已經(jīng)取得一定的成果,但針對公共支出對碳排放的影響效應進行的研究還處于空白期,并且鮮有文獻關(guān)注公共支出對碳排放的間接影響機制。此外,在研究對象上,已有研究大多是以經(jīng)濟合作和發(fā)展組織(OECD)集團中的全部或者個別國家作為研究對象,運用單方程模型展開實證研究,較少對單一發(fā)展中國家的環(huán)境問題進行分析,從省級層面考察公共支出對碳排放影響效應的文獻基本沒有。鑒于此,本文基于1998-2011年中國29個省市的省際面板數(shù)據(jù),利用包含政府公共支出、人均收入和碳排放的聯(lián)立方程模型,系統(tǒng)地估計中國公共支出對碳排放的直接效應、間接效應和總效應。

第一,直接的路徑機制。一方面,CO2作為一種純公共物品,使得本地的環(huán)境質(zhì)量取決于所有地區(qū)排放污染物的總量,政府必須直接通過公共支出來矯正碳排放的市場失靈[27];另一方面,政府公共支出對私人部門的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新直接進行投資時,將會產(chǎn)生正向的杠桿效應和負向的擠壓效應,碳排放可能減少或者增加,發(fā)揮出公共支出的直接效應[1]。但同時Shafik[28]提出當一種污染物的治理成本不確定時,其影響范圍愈廣以及影響后代的可能性越大,都將會降低人們對改善環(huán)境的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的需求。正如Stern[29]在其研究中所分析得出的,碳減排成本高回報低的特性使得各地區(qū)政府的主動減排意愿不足,削弱了公共支出的直接碳減排效應。

第二,間接的路徑機制。一方面,在EKC分析框架下,政府公共支出通過影響經(jīng)濟增長從而間接影響碳排放;另一方面,碳排放對政府公共支出的間接影響表現(xiàn)為:在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展初期,產(chǎn)生大量CO2的化石能源作為經(jīng)濟增長過程中的必要投入或者副產(chǎn)品能直接推動經(jīng)濟增長,當經(jīng)濟發(fā)展到某些階段時,政府會實施相應的擴張性或者

緊縮性的財政政策來調(diào)控經(jīng)濟,由此改變公共支出的規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。

2.3.4 控制變量

參照大多數(shù)學者的相關(guān)研究并考慮數(shù)據(jù)的可得性,控制變量包括經(jīng)濟開放度(open)、人均物質(zhì)資本存量(capital)、人口密度(popden)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)(sect)、受教育程度(edu)和人口增長率(poprate)。其中經(jīng)濟開放度(open)用進出口總額占GDP比重的經(jīng)濟開放度指標作為控制變量;人均物質(zhì)資本存量(capital)參照張軍等[31]的做法,以2000年各省區(qū)的資本存量為基期各省份的資本存量,然后除以各地區(qū)人口總數(shù)得到;人口密度(popden)用各地區(qū)總?cè)丝诔孕姓^(qū)面積表示;產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)(sect)依據(jù)各地區(qū)第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值除以當年的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值得到;受教育程度借鑒國內(nèi)學者徐現(xiàn)祥[32]和張學良[33]的做法,使用平均受教育年限作為其代理變量;人口增長率(poprate)用

各地區(qū)的人口自然增長率來表示。表1給出了相應指標原始數(shù)據(jù)的基本統(tǒng)計性描述。

3 模型估計及效應分解

3.1 變量的平穩(wěn)性檢驗

以往學者在EKC框架中進行研究時,大多都忽略了對變量進行平穩(wěn)性檢驗。一些非平穩(wěn)的經(jīng)濟時間序列往往表現(xiàn)出共同的變化趨勢,此時,若直接進行估計,常常導致“偽回歸”或“虛假回歸”。出于嚴謹考慮,本文選擇了目前研究中使用相對廣泛的兩種方法檢驗變量的平穩(wěn)性,即判別共同單位根存在性的Levin Lin and Chu T統(tǒng)計量(以下簡稱為LLC)和判別個體單位根存在性的Fisher

ADF統(tǒng)計量(以下簡稱為ADF)。檢驗過程中的滯后階數(shù)根據(jù)施瓦茨準則判定,結(jié)果見表2所示。檢驗結(jié)果表明,模型中所有變量都在1%的顯著性水平上拒絕了單位根的存在,排除了“偽回歸”的可能。

3.2 聯(lián)立方程系統(tǒng)下方程(1)的估計結(jié)果分析

表3給出了不同估計方法下政府公共支出對人均收入影響的結(jié)果。政府公共支出比率系數(shù)在所有的回歸方法下都是正的并且高度顯著。Hausman檢驗拒絕了隨機效應模型的有效性,過度識別的Hansen檢驗顯示沒有證據(jù)拒絕工具變量外生的原假設(shè),說明方程使用的工具變量有效。此外,CraggDonald Fstatistic的值為44.652,遠大于StockYogo弱工具變量在10%的臨界值,表明本文建立的計量模型并不存在弱工具變量問題。表3顯示,政府公共支出在2SLS估計方法下具有更大的產(chǎn)出彈性(0.728),意味著政府公共支出比率提高1%會帶來人均收入水平0.728%的提升。這表明公共支出對經(jīng)濟增長有顯著的正效應,能夠提供經(jīng)濟發(fā)展所需的部分先行資本,增加私人部門生產(chǎn)性投資的效益,為中國經(jīng)濟的起飛創(chuàng)造良好的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營和投資環(huán)境。這一點和經(jīng)濟學的直覺相符,與Barth和Bradley[34]、Engen和Skinner[35]等的經(jīng)驗研究一致,也與莊子銀[36]、劉生龍[37]對中國的研究結(jié)果類似。

值得注意的是,在其他一些能夠影響人均收入的變量中,人均物質(zhì)資本和經(jīng)濟開放度都有顯著的正向影響,符合理論預期。表3的結(jié)果還表明人口增長和教育都對人均收入有負面影響,對于這兩點我們也能從國內(nèi)的實際經(jīng)濟運行中找到一些可能的解釋。眾所周知,我國是一個人

口和勞動力大國,人口的過快增長阻礙了我國產(chǎn)業(yè)從勞動

密集型向技術(shù)密集型轉(zhuǎn)型,削弱了我國的自主創(chuàng)新能力,從而對經(jīng)濟增長產(chǎn)生了不利影響。教育對人均收入有負向影響,一方面可能與公共教育投入結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理有關(guān),政策更多地傾向沿海地區(qū),未能充分發(fā)揮對地區(qū)經(jīng)濟增長的促進作用;另一方面可能是因為教育對經(jīng)濟增長具有門檻效應,當前中國的教育水平還未達到臨界值,沒有發(fā)揮出應有的促進作用。

3.3 聯(lián)立方程系統(tǒng)下方程(2)的估計結(jié)果分析

表4給出了政府公共支出對碳排放影響的2SLS方法的估計結(jié)果。Hausman檢驗確定固定效應形式優(yōu)于隨機效應形式,Hansen檢驗則為工具變量估計的有效性提供了理由。為了比較,本文分別給出了OLS、FE和2SLS的估計結(jié)果。結(jié)果顯示大部分變量的系數(shù)并沒有受到不同

估計方法的影響,考慮到內(nèi)生性影響和口徑一致問題,本文將只評述表4中2SLS方法估計得到的結(jié)果。

由表4可知,政府公共支出對碳排放有顯著的直接減排效果,即政府公共支出通過對企業(yè)環(huán)境友好型的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新提供補貼可以提高能源的利用率,減少碳排放,改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量。具體而言,政府公共支出比率提高1%,將會使人均碳排放減少0.228%。人均物質(zhì)資本的系數(shù)為正,但結(jié)果并不顯著??赡艿慕忉尀橘Y本是工業(yè)經(jīng)濟增長的重要引擎,資本密集型行業(yè)往往帶來更多污染物,但這一影響目前并不穩(wěn)定。受教育程度的影響系數(shù)為負,一般認為教育水平的提高將會提升勞動者素質(zhì),改善資本利用效率,推動企業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,減少對能源的路徑依賴。但中國

當前的教育投入還遠遠不夠,教育的碳減排效應還未得到

4 結(jié)論與啟示

本文主要討論了中國財政分權(quán)的制度背景下政府公共支出的碳減排效應問題。本文得到了如下的基本結(jié)論及啟示:第一,政府公共支出對經(jīng)濟具有正的“溢出”作用,能顯著促進經(jīng)濟增長;第二,政府公共支出對碳排放有顯著的直接減排效應;在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不同階段政府公共支出對碳排放的間接效應是變動的,使得最終的總效應曲線形狀和間接效應曲線形狀基本相同,具體來說,在當前的收入水平下,增加政府公共支出會加大碳排放,并不具有減排效應;第三,碳排放與人均收入之間存在倒N型的曲線關(guān)系。

鑒于上述結(jié)論,中國想要實現(xiàn)“低碳社會”目標,需要根據(jù)不同省份經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的實際情況來實施不同規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)的公共支出政策。第一,對東部發(fā)達省份來說,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平已經(jīng)跨入CO2倒N型曲線的第三階段,而且政府公共支出的增加能有效減少碳排放。此時政府應加大對科技、教育等領(lǐng)域的投入,加快技術(shù)創(chuàng)新步伐,優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),提高污染性行業(yè)在當?shù)氐纳骈T檻,促進產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的“去污染化”,對部分碳排放基數(shù)較高的發(fā)達省份,可以制訂嚴格的減排政策,充分發(fā)揮政府公共支出的碳減排效應。第二,在經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)相對薄弱的中西部地區(qū),經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平還處于CO2倒N型曲線的上升階段,而且碳排放效應中正向的間接效應占主導地位,政府公共支出并不能有效發(fā)揮碳減排效應。此時,政府應重視對相對落后地區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及基本公共服務的投入,大力發(fā)展資源節(jié)約型和環(huán)境友好型產(chǎn)業(yè),為西部地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的騰飛創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境,盡快跨越CO2倒N型曲線的第二階段,同時應逐步落實相應的碳排放規(guī)制,建立健全碳排放的產(chǎn)權(quán)保護和市場機制,實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

本文在分析政府公共支出對碳排放影響效應的深度和廣度方面還有待進一步研究和拓展,如文中僅考慮了政府公共支出規(guī)模對碳排放的效應,沒有充分考慮不同公共支出項目對碳排放的影響,可以借助Grossman[38]的思想,進一步分解和探討地方政府公共支出結(jié)構(gòu)對碳排放的影響效應,挖掘出支出結(jié)構(gòu)偏向背后蘊含的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學含義,從而更好地指導政府各種碳排放政策的制訂,實現(xiàn)更大程度的減排,這也是一個值得研究的課題。

(編輯:常 勇)

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[36]莊子銀,鄒薇.公共支出能否促進經(jīng)濟增長:中國的經(jīng)驗分析[J]. 管理世界,2003,(7):4-12+154. [Zhuang Ziyin, Zou Wei. Does Public Expenditure Boost Economic Growth: An Analysis of Chinas Experience [J]. Management World, 2003, (7):4-12+154.]

[37]劉生龍,胡鞍鋼. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外部性在中國的檢驗:1988-2007[J]. 經(jīng)濟研究,2010,(3):4-15. [Liu Shenglong, Hu Angang. Test on the Externality of Infrastructure in China: 1988-2007 [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (3):4-15.]

[38]Grossman G M, Krueger A B. Economic Growth and the Environment [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, 110(2): 353-377.

Exploring the Impacts of Government Public Expenditure on Carbon Emissions in China:

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Simultaneous Equation Model

HU Zongyi ZHU Li TANG Liwei

(School of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410079,China)

Abstract

Under the background of energysaving and emission reduction, China has enforced the

environmental public expenditure on industry with carbon emissions. Based on the interactional mechanism

between carbon emissions and public expenditure, we make use of panel data of 29 provinces in China during

1998-2011 to construct the simultaneous equation model, exploring the relationship among carbon emissions,

economic growth and public expenditure. The results show that government public expenditure has a negative

direct effect on per capita carbon emission, which could hinder emission abatement. Further it could operate

through impacting on per capita income to have indirect effect at different stages of economic development. The

strength and direction of the indirect effect are closely related to income level. Moreover the total effects of

government public expenditure on carbon emissions follow the patterns of positive indirect effects at the mean

income level, which means that public expenditure could not reduce carbon emissions at all. Furthermore the

two turningpoint of the invertedNshaped curve is 720 and 271 445 RMB, respectively. All the provinces are

situating at the rise phase of the invertedNshaped curve. The increasing of per income leads to the carbon

emissions, and its a long time to get through the turningpoint. In addition, per capital, trade liberalization and

industrial structure have positive effects on carbon emissions, which mean it would aggravate the carbon

emissions. While the enhancement of education and population would increase peoples requirement of the

quality of environment in some extent and slow down the speed of carbon emissions. Therefore, it is urgent to

implement different public expenditure policies to achieve the coordinated development between economic

growth and environmental protection in different regions.

Key words public expenditure; economic growth; carbon emissions; simultaneous equation model

[37]劉生龍,胡鞍鋼. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外部性在中國的檢驗:1988-2007[J]. 經(jīng)濟研究,2010,(3):4-15. [Liu Shenglong, Hu Angang. Test on the Externality of Infrastructure in China: 1988-2007 [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (3):4-15.]

[38]Grossman G M, Krueger A B. Economic Growth and the Environment [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, 110(2): 353-377.

Exploring the Impacts of Government Public Expenditure on Carbon Emissions in China:

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Simultaneous Equation Model

HU Zongyi ZHU Li TANG Liwei

(School of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410079,China)

Abstract

Under the background of energysaving and emission reduction, China has enforced the

environmental public expenditure on industry with carbon emissions. Based on the interactional mechanism

between carbon emissions and public expenditure, we make use of panel data of 29 provinces in China during

1998-2011 to construct the simultaneous equation model, exploring the relationship among carbon emissions,

economic growth and public expenditure. The results show that government public expenditure has a negative

direct effect on per capita carbon emission, which could hinder emission abatement. Further it could operate

through impacting on per capita income to have indirect effect at different stages of economic development. The

strength and direction of the indirect effect are closely related to income level. Moreover the total effects of

government public expenditure on carbon emissions follow the patterns of positive indirect effects at the mean

income level, which means that public expenditure could not reduce carbon emissions at all. Furthermore the

two turningpoint of the invertedNshaped curve is 720 and 271 445 RMB, respectively. All the provinces are

situating at the rise phase of the invertedNshaped curve. The increasing of per income leads to the carbon

emissions, and its a long time to get through the turningpoint. In addition, per capital, trade liberalization and

industrial structure have positive effects on carbon emissions, which mean it would aggravate the carbon

emissions. While the enhancement of education and population would increase peoples requirement of the

quality of environment in some extent and slow down the speed of carbon emissions. Therefore, it is urgent to

implement different public expenditure policies to achieve the coordinated development between economic

growth and environmental protection in different regions.

Key words public expenditure; economic growth; carbon emissions; simultaneous equation model

[37]劉生龍,胡鞍鋼. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的外部性在中國的檢驗:1988-2007[J]. 經(jīng)濟研究,2010,(3):4-15. [Liu Shenglong, Hu Angang. Test on the Externality of Infrastructure in China: 1988-2007 [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2010, (3):4-15.]

[38]Grossman G M, Krueger A B. Economic Growth and the Environment [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, 110(2): 353-377.

Exploring the Impacts of Government Public Expenditure on Carbon Emissions in China:

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Simultaneous Equation Model

HU Zongyi ZHU Li TANG Liwei

(School of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha Hunan 410079,China)

Abstract

Under the background of energysaving and emission reduction, China has enforced the

environmental public expenditure on industry with carbon emissions. Based on the interactional mechanism

between carbon emissions and public expenditure, we make use of panel data of 29 provinces in China during

1998-2011 to construct the simultaneous equation model, exploring the relationship among carbon emissions,

economic growth and public expenditure. The results show that government public expenditure has a negative

direct effect on per capita carbon emission, which could hinder emission abatement. Further it could operate

through impacting on per capita income to have indirect effect at different stages of economic development. The

strength and direction of the indirect effect are closely related to income level. Moreover the total effects of

government public expenditure on carbon emissions follow the patterns of positive indirect effects at the mean

income level, which means that public expenditure could not reduce carbon emissions at all. Furthermore the

two turningpoint of the invertedNshaped curve is 720 and 271 445 RMB, respectively. All the provinces are

situating at the rise phase of the invertedNshaped curve. The increasing of per income leads to the carbon

emissions, and its a long time to get through the turningpoint. In addition, per capital, trade liberalization and

industrial structure have positive effects on carbon emissions, which mean it would aggravate the carbon

emissions. While the enhancement of education and population would increase peoples requirement of the

quality of environment in some extent and slow down the speed of carbon emissions. Therefore, it is urgent to

implement different public expenditure policies to achieve the coordinated development between economic

growth and environmental protection in different regions.

Key words public expenditure; economic growth; carbon emissions; simultaneous equation model

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