李小勝+余芝雅+安慶賢
摘要
改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)取得到了快速發(fā)展,但與此同時(shí),我國(guó)很多環(huán)境污染指標(biāo)在世界排名也顯著提高。那么中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是否是造成環(huán)境污染的原因?經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)環(huán)境一定是有害的嗎?也就是環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)在中國(guó)是否存在?圍繞著這些問(wèn)題國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量有益的探討。但是很多文獻(xiàn)都是利用人均收入和人均排放關(guān)系來(lái)識(shí)別是否存在環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)。這種方法的缺點(diǎn)是沒(méi)有認(rèn)清這兩者都是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的產(chǎn)出,是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的投入導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)出的結(jié)果。忽略生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的投入和產(chǎn)出組合的效率變化,只研究?jī)蓚€(gè)產(chǎn)出之間的關(guān)系會(huì)影響傳統(tǒng)的環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ),也妨礙環(huán)境效率影響因素的識(shí)別。正是循著這個(gè)方向,很多學(xué)者構(gòu)建了一個(gè)綜合的環(huán)境績(jī)效指標(biāo)。通過(guò)研究環(huán)境績(jī)效指標(biāo)與人均收入之間的關(guān)系來(lái)識(shí)別是否存在環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)?;诖?,本文利用中國(guó)30個(gè)省份1997-2011年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和污染排放數(shù)據(jù),利用考慮環(huán)境的數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)模型研究了環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)及其分解。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):考慮環(huán)境因素的全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)年均增長(zhǎng)2.94%,環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)主要來(lái)自技術(shù)進(jìn)步指數(shù)。影響環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的空間面板Tobit回歸模型表明,人均收入對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生正向的作用,這表明經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平越高,經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)性越好。人均收入的平方項(xiàng)系數(shù)為負(fù),表明環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)存在。對(duì)外開(kāi)放水平高導(dǎo)致環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的下降。技術(shù)進(jìn)步始終是環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)的積極原因。
關(guān)鍵詞 距離函數(shù);環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率;空間面板Tobit回歸
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) F124 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)10-0017-07 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.004
改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)取得到了快速發(fā)展,按照可比價(jià)計(jì)算1978-2011年我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)年均增長(zhǎng)速度達(dá)到9.7%,2010年中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)取代日本成為世界上第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。但與此同時(shí),我國(guó)很多環(huán)境污染指標(biāo)在世界排名也顯著提高。目前中國(guó)的多個(gè)城市環(huán)境污染在世界的排名都是靠前的。在人均收入取得較快速度增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)人們對(duì)環(huán)境的要求隨之越來(lái)越高,國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)的環(huán)境指責(zé)和準(zhǔn)備針對(duì)中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品征收環(huán)境稅等要求日益增多。那么中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是否是造成環(huán)境污染的原因?經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)環(huán)境一定是有害的嗎?也就是環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)在中國(guó)是否存在?圍繞著這些問(wèn)題國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量有益的探討。
Grossman和Krueger[1]研究了北美貿(mào)易協(xié)定對(duì)環(huán)境的影響,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)多種污染物與人均收入之間存在一種倒“U”型關(guān)系。幾乎同時(shí)Panayotou等[2]人也得到了類(lèi)似的結(jié)果,并且Panayotou首次將這種倒“U”型關(guān)系稱(chēng)之為環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)。隨后很多學(xué)者對(duì)不同國(guó)家的環(huán)境污染指標(biāo)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行計(jì)量檢驗(yàn),得到的結(jié)論幾乎是喜憂(yōu)參半,一部分學(xué)者支持環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)存在,另一部分學(xué)者不支持環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)的結(jié)論。同樣,國(guó)內(nèi)很多學(xué)者對(duì)特定的環(huán)境污染指標(biāo)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系,利用不同的計(jì)量方法設(shè)定后進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),如包群等[3]、蔡昉等[4]、李小勝等[5],他們得到的結(jié)論和國(guó)外的研究結(jié)論是基本一致的。Jobert等[6]認(rèn)為環(huán)境污染指標(biāo)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系如何,這主要受到污染指標(biāo)的選取、解釋變量的選取、數(shù)據(jù)處理、計(jì)量方法選擇和函數(shù)的形式設(shè)定等不同而不同。目前這一觀點(diǎn)基本受到了認(rèn)可。
但遺憾的是,上述文獻(xiàn)都是利用人均收入和人均排放關(guān)系來(lái)識(shí)別是否存在環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)。這種方法的缺點(diǎn)是沒(méi)有認(rèn)清這兩者都是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的產(chǎn)出,是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的投入組合導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)出的結(jié)果。忽略生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的投入和產(chǎn)出組合的效率變化,只研究?jī)蓚€(gè)產(chǎn)出之間的關(guān)系會(huì)影響傳統(tǒng)的環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ),也妨礙環(huán)境效率影響因素的識(shí)別[7]。正是循著這個(gè)方向,很多學(xué)者構(gòu)建了一個(gè)綜合的環(huán)境績(jī)效指標(biāo)。Zaim和Taskin[7]采用雙曲線(xiàn)型的效率測(cè)度方法,對(duì)OECD國(guó)家的環(huán)境效率進(jìn)行測(cè)量。Zhou等[8] 基于環(huán)境生產(chǎn)技術(shù)構(gòu)建了環(huán)境導(dǎo)向的距離函數(shù),研究了1997-2004年世界前18個(gè)碳排放大國(guó)的CO2排放全要素生產(chǎn)率,并利用DEA技術(shù)從“多投入和多產(chǎn)出”的角度研究環(huán)境效率,這種方法比傳統(tǒng)的利用“單投入單產(chǎn)出”更加全面和客觀[8]。國(guó)內(nèi)王群偉等[9]采用與Zhou等[8]相同的方法構(gòu)造環(huán)境效率指數(shù),并且利用面板回歸和面板協(xié)整模型分析了環(huán)境效率的影響因素。
上述的文獻(xiàn)都注意到應(yīng)用全要素的角度來(lái)度量環(huán)境效率,但是有些研究中沒(méi)有考慮能源投入問(wèn)題,實(shí)際上很多污染指標(biāo)是與能源使用有一定的關(guān)系。其次,很多研究中的非期望產(chǎn)出只采用一種污染指標(biāo)作為非期望產(chǎn)出,代表性有可能不夠。為了避免這種遺漏變量問(wèn)題,本文將能源消費(fèi)看成與資本投入和勞動(dòng)投入一樣,是一種重要的投入要素。對(duì)于期望產(chǎn)出,本文和通常的文獻(xiàn)一樣將各地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)總值作為代表。但是非期望產(chǎn)出,本文采用SO2排放和CO2排放這兩種污染指標(biāo)。最后,上面的文獻(xiàn)一個(gè)重要缺陷是對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)和環(huán)境效率指數(shù)等的影響因素測(cè)量,采用的都是普通線(xiàn)性回歸或面板回歸的方法。本文正是考慮了上述研究的這些問(wèn)題,借助Zhou等[8]測(cè)定環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)和環(huán)境效率的研究方法。首先,得到我國(guó)省際之間環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)及其分解;其次,應(yīng)用空間面板Tobit模型對(duì)影響環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的因素進(jìn)行研究;最后,是本文的實(shí)證結(jié)果分析和一些政策建議。
公式(7)表示地區(qū)i利用t+1時(shí)期的投入和產(chǎn)出量,以t時(shí)期的技術(shù)為參照,而計(jì)算的效率大小。同樣還有三個(gè)距離函數(shù)可以通過(guò)上面的規(guī)劃問(wèn)題求得,這些距離函數(shù)只需將約束條件中的上標(biāo)時(shí)間進(jìn)行更換就能得到。
2 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
根據(jù)環(huán)境導(dǎo)向的距離函數(shù)設(shè)置和環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率計(jì)算要求,我們需要資本存量、從業(yè)人員、能源消費(fèi)和地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值以及非期望產(chǎn)出SO2和CO2排放的數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)地區(qū)資本存量我們采用永續(xù)盤(pán)存法進(jìn)行核算,可以用公式Kit=Kit-1(1-δ)+Iit來(lái)表示,其中δ表示折舊率,本文認(rèn)為折舊率為10%,這也是很多文獻(xiàn)采用的折舊率。投資數(shù)據(jù)很多文獻(xiàn)都采用的是固定資本形成總額數(shù)據(jù),本文也采用該指標(biāo),這個(gè)指標(biāo)直接從中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒上可以找到。投資品的價(jià)格指數(shù)我們采用固定資產(chǎn)投資價(jià)格指數(shù)來(lái)表示。由于1997年前部分地區(qū)的很多數(shù)據(jù)不全,本文只研究了1997-2011年中國(guó)除西藏、港、澳、臺(tái)地區(qū)的30個(gè)省份情況。對(duì)于期初的資本存量,由于我們研究的期限是1997-2011年,采用1997年的固定資本形成總額除以折舊率10%和1997-2011年各省份GDP的平均增長(zhǎng)速度得到,這樣就得到了以1997年為基期的資本存量數(shù)據(jù),單位為億元。勞動(dòng)力本文采用年底就業(yè)人員數(shù)的平均值表述,單位為萬(wàn)人。能源消費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自《中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》,單位是萬(wàn) t標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。好產(chǎn)出用各地區(qū)的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值表示,單位為億元,按照年鑒中提供的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值發(fā)展速度指數(shù)折算成不變價(jià)。中國(guó)各種統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒中沒(méi)有CO2排放量的直接統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),本文采用肖明月、方言龍的核算方式得到,單位為萬(wàn) t[10]。SO2排放的數(shù)據(jù)直接來(lái)自《中國(guó)環(huán)境統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》,單位為萬(wàn) t。
3 環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率分析
根據(jù)我們收集整理的中國(guó)30個(gè)省份1997-2011年數(shù)據(jù),以及環(huán)境導(dǎo)向的距離函數(shù)公式(7)等,我們能得到四種距離函數(shù)。在得到距離函數(shù)后,可以根據(jù)公式(4)得到1998-2011年的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)及其分解的技術(shù)效率指數(shù)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步指數(shù)。通過(guò)分析我們發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)省份這些年環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率是上升趨勢(shì)的,特別是廣東、貴州、湖南上升的趨勢(shì)比較明顯。但是我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)部分省份的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率出現(xiàn)下降的趨勢(shì),例如安徽省和天津市,但占總省份的數(shù)目不多。環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率上升的階段,也是我國(guó)“十一五”和“十二五”時(shí)期政府對(duì)節(jié)能減排工作的重視階段,這個(gè)時(shí)期我國(guó)多數(shù)省份也都經(jīng)歷經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整過(guò)程,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸趨向合理,資源利用效率逐漸提高,環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng)。
雖然環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率雖然是上升的,但是波動(dòng)還是比較劇烈的,從最高的1.847 4,到最低的0.372 5。從表1中各個(gè)省份的1998-2011年的平均值情況來(lái)看其波動(dòng)的特征也比較明顯。30個(gè)省份環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)(MCPI)在1998-2011年年均增長(zhǎng)為2.94%,北京的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率在這30個(gè)省是增長(zhǎng)最快,年均增長(zhǎng)22.27%,其次是江蘇年均增長(zhǎng)18.36%,和排名第一的北京相差3.91個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。湖北、上海、廣東、海南、福建、河北、浙江、天津這八個(gè)省份的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率也是年均增長(zhǎng)率在10%以上。部分省份也出現(xiàn)了環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的下降,例如,湖南、江西、內(nèi)蒙古等地區(qū),但從總的趨勢(shì)看,這些省份的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率還是上升趨勢(shì)的。從這些平均值我們也總結(jié)出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率比較低或者出現(xiàn)下降的省份,多數(shù)是中、西部地區(qū),如山西、內(nèi)蒙古、吉林、黑龍江等;而經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率不約而同的出現(xiàn)了上升。隨著發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)增強(qiáng)和處罰力度的加大,省份間產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的現(xiàn)象比較普遍,一些能源消耗多、污染排放大、低效率行業(yè)逐漸被轉(zhuǎn)移到中西部地區(qū)。這種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致中國(guó)總的環(huán)境污染排放并沒(méi)有下降的趨勢(shì)。從表1我們還得到一個(gè)非常有意義的現(xiàn)象,我國(guó)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的上升主要來(lái)自技術(shù)進(jìn)步的提高,技術(shù)效率的貢獻(xiàn)幾乎沒(méi)發(fā)生變化。這種現(xiàn)象表明各地區(qū)提高技術(shù)進(jìn)步的同時(shí)應(yīng)該在效率方面下功夫,只有效率提高了才是一種內(nèi)涵式的發(fā)展方式。
為了理解各省份環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率波動(dòng)的原因,我們從時(shí)間維度來(lái)理解波動(dòng)的原因。隨著這些年中國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)的重視以及中國(guó)加入一些國(guó)際性的環(huán)境保護(hù)協(xié)定的要求,我國(guó)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率整體上有了較大的提高。雖然各省份的波動(dòng)比較大,但是逐年的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率總體上也是上升趨勢(shì)的。表2顯示我國(guó)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率從1998年的0.868 8上升到2011年的1.132 5。特別是進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后的這11年只有2003和2005年發(fā)生了環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的下降,其余年份,年均的增長(zhǎng)速度都在6%以上。從時(shí)間維度來(lái)看環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的增長(zhǎng)也主要來(lái)自技術(shù)進(jìn)步。從上面的分析我們可以看出整體上中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度和環(huán)境質(zhì)量之間的協(xié)調(diào)性越來(lái)越好。
產(chǎn)率的提高隨著人均收入的提高也是有一定的極限,是否到了零界點(diǎn)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展水平是相關(guān)的。其次,經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的系數(shù)為-0.155 1,表明經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化導(dǎo)致環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的下降,這一點(diǎn)與我國(guó)的當(dāng)前現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)是密切相關(guān)的。數(shù)據(jù)顯示我國(guó)2005年后的重工業(yè)化的傾向日益嚴(yán)重,由于重化工業(yè)是能源消耗密集型行業(yè),隨著排放的污染氣體增多,對(duì)中國(guó)的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率起到一定的阻礙作用,這一結(jié)論與采用基于投入產(chǎn)出表的兩級(jí)分解技術(shù)得到的結(jié)論是一致的。對(duì)外開(kāi)放水平對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的影響系數(shù)為-0.002 5,產(chǎn)生阻礙作用。技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的作用系數(shù)為0.033,且在5%的顯著性水平下顯著,技術(shù)進(jìn)步的符號(hào)符合理論的預(yù)期,一方面技術(shù)的進(jìn)步有效的降低了能源的消耗,而能源的消耗與污染的排放是直接相關(guān)的。另一個(gè)方面技術(shù)的進(jìn)步會(huì)導(dǎo)致污染控制技術(shù)和清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的大量應(yīng)用,隨之環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率出現(xiàn)上升情況。
從上面的四個(gè)模型分析我們可以看到,雖然各個(gè)模型估計(jì)的系數(shù)都是符合經(jīng)濟(jì)理論意義的,但是空間面板Tobit模型有效的考慮了空間效應(yīng)和截?cái)喾植记闆r,得到的結(jié)果更為可靠。最重要的是模型的顯著性比前面的三個(gè)模型都提高了,特別是技術(shù)進(jìn)步在前面的模型中都不是很顯著,隨著空間效應(yīng)的引入,這個(gè)變量的顯著性發(fā)生了明顯的改變。
5 結(jié)論與政策含義
通過(guò)環(huán)境導(dǎo)向的距離函數(shù),我們計(jì)算了環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)及其分解。從上面的分析看,無(wú)論是從省份分析,還是從時(shí)間維度分析,1998-2011中國(guó)的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)都是上升的。影響環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率因素的空間面板Tobit回歸模型分析表明,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)因素對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率產(chǎn)生正向的作用,該系數(shù)顯著,且系數(shù)值較大,是促進(jìn)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)上升的主要力量。人均收入的平方項(xiàng)對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的影響系數(shù)為負(fù),表明對(duì)于環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(xiàn)存在。以工業(yè)產(chǎn)值占GDP比重表示的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo),對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的作用為負(fù),工業(yè)化降低了環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)的上升。對(duì)外開(kāi)放水平高并沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的上升,反而起到了消極的作用。技術(shù)進(jìn)步是促進(jìn)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)的重要因素之一。
從上面的分析我們可以看出,技術(shù)進(jìn)步無(wú)論是在全要素生產(chǎn)率構(gòu)成中,還是影響環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率指數(shù)分析中都表明是主要力量和因素。這給我們的啟示是:①今后應(yīng)該繼續(xù)加大技術(shù)進(jìn)步的力度,技術(shù)進(jìn)步一方面能加快經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的速度,另一方面能夠減少能源消費(fèi),減少污染排放,是提高環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的主要渠道。②東部和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)省份在保持環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí),應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮區(qū)位優(yōu)勢(shì),在推動(dòng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的同時(shí)繼續(xù)引進(jìn)國(guó)際上環(huán)保的生產(chǎn)技術(shù),借鑒國(guó)外的先進(jìn)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn),保證自身的環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率穩(wěn)步提高,從而產(chǎn)生輻射帶動(dòng)西部地區(qū)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提高。西部地區(qū)在模仿和創(chuàng)新的同時(shí),在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移的過(guò)程中不能一味追求GDP的上升,今后更應(yīng)該注重是否滿(mǎn)足節(jié)能環(huán)保要求,發(fā)展適宜性的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)。③對(duì)外開(kāi)放水平并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)我國(guó)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的上升,這與我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期處于在國(guó)際分工中價(jià)值鏈的低端,生產(chǎn)的是一些“高污染、高能耗、高排放”的產(chǎn)品有一定的關(guān)系,我國(guó)出口的產(chǎn)品主要是一些資源消耗大的產(chǎn)品,今后應(yīng)該通過(guò)稅收和行政手段控制這些行業(yè)的出口,扭轉(zhuǎn)這種局面。④工業(yè)化阻礙環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率的提高。我國(guó)新一輪工業(yè)化對(duì)環(huán)境全要素生產(chǎn)率產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面影響。所以只有合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)才能真正的降低環(huán)境污染,提高效率,走上可持續(xù)發(fā)展和綠色的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展道路。
(編輯:田 紅)
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Influencing Analysis on Chinese Provincial Environmental Total Factor Productivity
LI Xiaosheng1 YU Zhiya1 AN Qingxian2
(1.Department of Statistics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
2. School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China)
Abstract Since the reform and openingup, Chinese economy obtained a rapid development. But at the same time, many environmental pollutions indexes of China increased significantly among the world ranking. Whether Chinese economic growth is one of the causes of environmental pollution? Is economic growth harmful to the environment? Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist in China? Based on these problems, domestic and foreign scholars carried out many beneficial discussion. But a lot of studies only use per capita income and per capita emissions to recognize the existence of environmental Kuznets curve. The disadvantage of this method is that it considers the process from the aspects of production outputs, which are consequences of the combination of inputs. Thus, it ignores the efficiency change in the production process. Only studying the relationship between the two kinds of outputs will affect the base of judging environmental Kuznets curve, and also hinder the recognition of the environmental factors. According to this proposition, many scholars have constructed a comprehensive index of environmental performance. Recognizing the existence of environmental Kuznets curve by studying the relationship between environmental performance indicators and per capita income. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from the year 1997 to 2011, an environmental data envelopment analysis model was applied in this paper to analyze the environmental TFP index and its decomposition. It is found that the average annual growth of TFP index considering environmental factors increased 2.94%, the environmental TFP growth was mainly from technological progress. The analysis of Spatial Panel Tobit regression model affecting the environmental TFP factors showed that per capita income had the positive effect on the growth of environmental total factor productivity, which suggested that the higher the level of economic development, the better the coordination of economy and environment. Squared coefficient of per capita income was negative, indicating that the environmental TFP Kuznets Curve existed. High level of openingup led to a decline in the environmental total factor productivity. And technological progress is always the positive cause for environmental TFP growth.
Key words distance function; environmental TFP; spatial panel tobit regression
[11]Anselin L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models[M]. Kluwer,1988.
Influencing Analysis on Chinese Provincial Environmental Total Factor Productivity
LI Xiaosheng1 YU Zhiya1 AN Qingxian2
(1.Department of Statistics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
2. School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China)
Abstract Since the reform and openingup, Chinese economy obtained a rapid development. But at the same time, many environmental pollutions indexes of China increased significantly among the world ranking. Whether Chinese economic growth is one of the causes of environmental pollution? Is economic growth harmful to the environment? Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist in China? Based on these problems, domestic and foreign scholars carried out many beneficial discussion. But a lot of studies only use per capita income and per capita emissions to recognize the existence of environmental Kuznets curve. The disadvantage of this method is that it considers the process from the aspects of production outputs, which are consequences of the combination of inputs. Thus, it ignores the efficiency change in the production process. Only studying the relationship between the two kinds of outputs will affect the base of judging environmental Kuznets curve, and also hinder the recognition of the environmental factors. According to this proposition, many scholars have constructed a comprehensive index of environmental performance. Recognizing the existence of environmental Kuznets curve by studying the relationship between environmental performance indicators and per capita income. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from the year 1997 to 2011, an environmental data envelopment analysis model was applied in this paper to analyze the environmental TFP index and its decomposition. It is found that the average annual growth of TFP index considering environmental factors increased 2.94%, the environmental TFP growth was mainly from technological progress. The analysis of Spatial Panel Tobit regression model affecting the environmental TFP factors showed that per capita income had the positive effect on the growth of environmental total factor productivity, which suggested that the higher the level of economic development, the better the coordination of economy and environment. Squared coefficient of per capita income was negative, indicating that the environmental TFP Kuznets Curve existed. High level of openingup led to a decline in the environmental total factor productivity. And technological progress is always the positive cause for environmental TFP growth.
Key words distance function; environmental TFP; spatial panel tobit regression
[11]Anselin L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models[M]. Kluwer,1988.
Influencing Analysis on Chinese Provincial Environmental Total Factor Productivity
LI Xiaosheng1 YU Zhiya1 AN Qingxian2
(1.Department of Statistics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
2. School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China)
Abstract Since the reform and openingup, Chinese economy obtained a rapid development. But at the same time, many environmental pollutions indexes of China increased significantly among the world ranking. Whether Chinese economic growth is one of the causes of environmental pollution? Is economic growth harmful to the environment? Does the environmental Kuznets curve exist in China? Based on these problems, domestic and foreign scholars carried out many beneficial discussion. But a lot of studies only use per capita income and per capita emissions to recognize the existence of environmental Kuznets curve. The disadvantage of this method is that it considers the process from the aspects of production outputs, which are consequences of the combination of inputs. Thus, it ignores the efficiency change in the production process. Only studying the relationship between the two kinds of outputs will affect the base of judging environmental Kuznets curve, and also hinder the recognition of the environmental factors. According to this proposition, many scholars have constructed a comprehensive index of environmental performance. Recognizing the existence of environmental Kuznets curve by studying the relationship between environmental performance indicators and per capita income. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from the year 1997 to 2011, an environmental data envelopment analysis model was applied in this paper to analyze the environmental TFP index and its decomposition. It is found that the average annual growth of TFP index considering environmental factors increased 2.94%, the environmental TFP growth was mainly from technological progress. The analysis of Spatial Panel Tobit regression model affecting the environmental TFP factors showed that per capita income had the positive effect on the growth of environmental total factor productivity, which suggested that the higher the level of economic development, the better the coordination of economy and environment. Squared coefficient of per capita income was negative, indicating that the environmental TFP Kuznets Curve existed. High level of openingup led to a decline in the environmental total factor productivity. And technological progress is always the positive cause for environmental TFP growth.
Key words distance function; environmental TFP; spatial panel tobit regression