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胃動素對大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的影響

2014-10-11 05:00韓波等
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2014年25期
關(guān)鍵詞:胃動素

韓波等

【摘要】 目的:研究胃動素對大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的影響。方法:采用急性分離新生Wistar大鼠下丘腦細(xì)胞和全細(xì)胞膜片鉗技術(shù)的方法,觀察胃動素對大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的影響。結(jié)果:胃動素可抑制大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元電壓依賴性鉀電流,使電流由(5.406±0.86)nA降至(3.621±0.78)nA,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。步進(jìn)電刺激下丘腦神經(jīng)元,隨著刺激電壓強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),鉀外向電流增加,使電壓-電流曲線(Ⅰ~Ⅴ曲線)右移,但不改變Ⅰ~Ⅴ曲線的形態(tài)。結(jié)論:胃動素可通過抑制大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流,發(fā)揮其增強(qiáng)胃腸運動的作用。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 胃動素; 下丘腦PVN細(xì)胞; 全細(xì)胞膜片鉗技術(shù); 電壓依賴性鉀電流

【Abstract】 Objective:To study the influence of motilin on the voltage-dependent K+ current of hypothalamic PVN neurons.Method:Patch clamp experiment:rat hypothalamic PVN neurons cells were acute dissociated and observed the influence of motilin on voltage-dependent K+ current of hypothalamic PVN neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques.Result:Motilin could inhibit the voltage-dependent K+ current of rat hypothalamic PVN neurons.The current was decreased from (5.406±0.86)nA to (3.621±0.78)nA,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Step electric stimulation of hypothalamic neurons,with stimulus voltage strength increased,outward potassium current increased,and the Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve shifted right,but the form of the Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve was not changed.Conclusion:Motilin can enhance the motility of gastrointestinal through inhibiting the voltage-dependent K+ current of hypothalamic PVN neurons.

【Key words】 Motilin; Hypothalamic PVN neurons; Whole-cell patch clamp; Voltage-dependent K+ current

First-authors address:The Peoples Hospital of Weicheng District in Weifang City,Weifang 261021,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.25.005

眾所周知,下丘腦是一個重要的飲食調(diào)節(jié)中樞。下丘腦位于前腦底部,主要有內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)和外側(cè)區(qū)組成,其內(nèi)存在一個食欲調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò),并受生物節(jié)律的影響[1-3]。下丘腦弓狀核(ARC)、腹內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)(VMH)、背內(nèi)側(cè)核(DMN)、室旁核(PVN)、視交叉上核(SCN)和外側(cè)區(qū)(LHA)等均是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心”的重要組成部分。其中VMH被稱為飽食中樞,電刺激VMH可抑制攝食,而損毀雙側(cè)VMH則導(dǎo)致攝食過量和肥胖[4]?,F(xiàn)在普通認(rèn)為,PVN是中樞神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)胃腸運動的重要中樞。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),下丘腦的弓狀核參與胃動素對胃腸運動的調(diào)節(jié),另外在腦脊液中注射胃動素相關(guān)肽ghrelin可導(dǎo)致下丘腦PVN、DMN、VMH的c-fos表達(dá)增加,同時孤束核(NTS)c-fos的表達(dá)也有增加,并通過迷走神經(jīng)激活下丘腦促食欲神經(jīng)肽Y介導(dǎo)的生長素受體的激活[5-7]。

胃動素是一種由22種氨基酸組成的腦腸肽,空腹時由小腸上端黏膜合成并呈周期性釋放,具有促進(jìn)胃排空和增強(qiáng)胃腸運動的作用[8]。許多研究證明,大鼠腦內(nèi)存在著胃動素免疫反應(yīng)陽性神經(jīng)元。胃動素在大鼠腦內(nèi)的分布和其他神經(jīng)肽不同,以小腦的胃動素濃度最高。在下丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)基底部和正中隆起具有中等濃度的胃動素分布,提示腦內(nèi)的胃動素能神經(jīng)元可能具有神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌作用[9]。臨床已有報道稱,靜脈內(nèi)給予胃動素能夠加速胃排空的速率和增強(qiáng)胃癌患者消化間期移行性綜合波三期的運動[10]。多項研究表明,胃動素促進(jìn)胃腸運動主要在PVN通過PVN-延髓(DVC)-迷走神經(jīng)軸實現(xiàn)[11-12]。但是,胃動素怎樣通過影響下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的通道實現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)胃腸運動的作用還未有報道。本文運用全細(xì)胞膜片鉗技術(shù)觀察胃動素對下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的作用,來進(jìn)一步探討其調(diào)節(jié)胃腸運動的機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 新生1~3 d的Wistar大鼠7只,由濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院實驗動物中心提供。胃動素(Sigma公司)、胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶(protease E)(solarblo公司),HEPES(sigma公司),其余均為國產(chǎn)分析純。人工腦脊液(ACSF):NaCl 126 mmol/L,KCl 5 mmol/L,CaCl2 2 mmol/L,MgSO4

2 mmol/L,NaHCO3 5 mmol/L,NaH2PO4 1.5 mmol/L,endprint

Glucose 10 mmol/L(現(xiàn)配)。通95%O2+5%CO2混合氧,調(diào)節(jié)pH至7.4。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)胞外液:NaCl 150 mmol/L,KCl 5 mmol/L,CaCl2 2 mmol/L,HEPES 10 mmol/L,D-Glucose 10 mmol/L,MaCl2 1 mmol/L,NaOH調(diào)節(jié)pH至7.4。電極內(nèi)液:KCl 140 mmol/L,EGTA 10 mmol/L,HEPES

10 mmol/L,MaCl2 1 mmol/L,Na2ATP 4 mmol/L,用KOH調(diào)節(jié)pH至7.4。

1.2 細(xì)胞分離 根據(jù)Paxions-Watson圖譜,運用酶解以及機(jī)械法消化大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞。在0~4 ℃的孵育液中孵育后,取出組織,在ACSF中剪成約

1 cm3的組織塊,室溫靜置30 min。在含0.05%胰酶的緩沖液中于32 ℃通氧消化30 min,沖洗兩遍,將組織塊置于含0.05%蛋白酶E的緩沖液中進(jìn)行二次消化。棄去消化液,放置在含2 mL細(xì)胞外液的35 mm的培養(yǎng)皿中,輕輕吹打成細(xì)胞懸液,靜置20 min待細(xì)胞貼壁后,即可進(jìn)行膜片鉗記錄。為了阻斷Ca2+和Na+通道,實驗開始前加入CdCl2(200 ?M)和TTX(1.2 ?M)。

1.3 全細(xì)胞膜片鉗記錄 玻璃微電極由微電極拉制儀(PP-83,Narishige,Japan)分兩步拉制,尖端直徑為1~2 μm,充灌內(nèi)液后電極阻抗為2~4 MΩ。運用EPC9膜片鉗放大器(HEKA,Germany)進(jìn)行全細(xì)胞模式的電壓鉗記錄,當(dāng)電極入液后加負(fù)壓破膜,使電極內(nèi)液與細(xì)胞內(nèi)液相通,形成全細(xì)胞記錄模式,待破膜穩(wěn)定后補(bǔ)償慢電容(Cs)以及局部串聯(lián)電阻(Rs),隨即開始進(jìn)行記錄,刺激頻率為1 KHz,采集頻率為2 KHz。實驗過程中Rs<25 MΩ且電流穩(wěn)定的數(shù)據(jù)被看作有效數(shù)據(jù)。所有實驗均在20~25 ℃室溫下進(jìn)行。

1.4 給藥方法 采用微量注射器快速給藥(胃動素最終濃度為10-6 mol/L),觀察給藥前后下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的變化和電流-電壓曲線(Ⅰ~Ⅴ曲線)的改變。每次給藥實驗結(jié)束后經(jīng)灌流沖洗1 min再行下次加藥觀察。

1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 所有數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果分析均在HEKA Pulsefit 8.5和Origin 6.0軟件上完成,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用 字2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 胃動素對下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流峰值的影響 待急性分離的細(xì)胞貼壁后,使用ACSF灌流沖洗,洗去未貼壁的細(xì)胞,鏡下觀察選取胞膜完整清晰,立體感強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行操作。在鉗制電壓-80 mV、刺激電壓(Vt)30 mV條件下,記錄給藥前后下丘腦神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞電壓依賴性鉀電流的改變。結(jié)果顯示,給予胃動素(終濃度10-6 mol/L)2~3 min后,電刺激下丘腦神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞,鉀外向峰值電流明顯降低,峰值電流由(5.406±0.86)nA降至(3.621±0.78)nA,降低了(24.01±6.39)%(P<0.05),見圖1。

3 討論

當(dāng)攝入食物時,其食物成分刺激消化道的感官細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生的信號由迷走神經(jīng),通過一系列的級聯(lián)反應(yīng),傳入抬到腦干孤束核。然后從孤束核將這內(nèi)臟資訊傳遞到大腦的其他不同部位,發(fā)揮其參與內(nèi)分泌,植物神經(jīng)和行為效應(yīng)的作用。有研究表明,當(dāng)注入下丘腦或入腦室胃動素會增加胃腸蠕動,提示下丘腦是胃動素作用一個主站點[13],而且是通過PVN-DVC-迷走神經(jīng)軸實現(xiàn)。胃動素在食物的消化中起著重要的作用,它在消化間期呈周期性釋放,并可刺激消化道的機(jī)械和細(xì)胞電運動,并可引起膽汁的分泌[14]。胃動素及其受體分布廣泛,不僅存在于胃腸等外周器官,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)如下丘腦、海馬、丘腦、垂體、松果體等也有廣泛的存在[15]。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在甲狀腺癌患者中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了胃動素的表達(dá),并通過血液運輸影響胃腸運動和PNV的調(diào)節(jié)功能[16]。以前有研究表明,在大鼠的下丘腦室旁核(PVN)內(nèi)給予胃動素和胃動內(nèi)酯后,可加強(qiáng)大鼠的胃運動,還可誘導(dǎo)PNV中立早基因c-fos的表達(dá),這都表明中樞尤其是下丘腦的胃動素參與了胃腸運動的調(diào)節(jié)[6]。

鉀通道在人體的各種生理活動中起著非常重要的作用,其主要由電壓依賴性、受體偶聯(lián)性、鈣敏感及ATP敏感性鉀通道組成,而電壓依賴性鉀通道是其家族中的重要成員。電壓依賴性鉀通道主要由快速失活A(yù)型通道和毒蕈堿敏感的M通道組成,尤其是快速失活性鉀通道廣泛分布在神經(jīng)元中,主要功能是產(chǎn)生動作電位,它的開啟受細(xì)胞膜電位的控制,從而調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元的放電及其興奮,發(fā)揮其生理特性。電壓依賴性鉀電流在在受到外來刺激后,可產(chǎn)生外向電流,改變細(xì)胞的靜息膜電位,影響細(xì)胞的基本電節(jié)律及其動作電位。

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃動素可顯著地抑制大鼠下丘腦PVN神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的電壓依賴性鉀電流,峰值電流從(5.406±0.86)nA降至(3.621±0.78)nA,Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲線右移,但是形態(tài)無明顯改變。因電壓依賴性鉀電流主要影響動作電位的時程,當(dāng)鉀電流被抑制時,動作電位的時程可延長,而導(dǎo)致鈣電流內(nèi)流增加,進(jìn)而影響神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放。本課題組以前發(fā)現(xiàn),胃動素受體激動劑紅霉素也可抑制小鼠海馬神經(jīng)元電壓依賴性鉀電流,此次結(jié)果從而驗證了PVN與海馬等調(diào)節(jié)胃腸功能的神經(jīng)中樞有著密切的聯(lián)系,也證實胃動素可在影響中樞神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞靜息電位的基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)揮其增強(qiáng)胃腸運動的作用。由于Ca2+也可作為信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的第二信使發(fā)揮其生理作用,具體通過哪種轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑,將在以后研究中進(jìn)行探討。

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[9] Jacobowitz D M,ODonohue T L,Chey WY,et al.Mapping of motiln immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain[J].Poptides,1981,2(4):479-487.

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[11] Yan C L,Wang S B,Jiang Z Y.The effect of motilin in PVN of hypothalamus on the gastric motility[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology,2002,18(4):317-320.

[12]張愛軍,唐明,蔣正堯.大鼠下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)微量注射胃動素對胃竇運動和迷走背核復(fù)合體神經(jīng)元電活動的影響[J].生理學(xué)報,2002,54(5):417-421.

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(收稿日期:2014-02-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint

[2] Cuomo R,DAlessandro A,Andreozzi P,et al.Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake:do gut motility,enteric nerves and entero-hormones play together?[J].Minerva Endocrinol,2011,36(4):281-293.

[3] Konturek P C,Brzozowski T,Konturek S J.Gut clock:implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2011,62(2):139-150.

[4] Bray G A,F(xiàn)isler J,York D A.Neuroendocrine control of the development of obesity:understanding gained from studies of experimental animal models[J].Front Neuroendocrinol,1990,11(1):128-181.

[5] Xu L,Gao S,Guo F,et al.Effect of motilin on gastric distension sensitive neurons in arcuate nucleus and gastric motility in rat[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2011,23(3):265-270.

[6] Lawrence C B,Snape A C,Baudoin F M,et al.Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers[J].Endocrinology,2002,143(1):155-162.

[7] Fujitsuka N,Asakawa A,Amitani H,et al.Ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement[J].Methods Enzymol,2012,514(1):289-301.

[8] Boivin M,Raymond M,Riberdy L,et al.Plasma motilin variation during the interdigestive and digestive states in man[J].J Gastr Mot,1990,1(2):240-246.

[9] Jacobowitz D M,ODonohue T L,Chey WY,et al.Mapping of motiln immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain[J].Poptides,1981,2(4):479-487.

[10] Fujitsuka N,Asakawa A,Amitani H,et al.Ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement[J].Methods Enzymol,2012,514(1):289-301.

[11] Yan C L,Wang S B,Jiang Z Y.The effect of motilin in PVN of hypothalamus on the gastric motility[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology,2002,18(4):317-320.

[12]張愛軍,唐明,蔣正堯.大鼠下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)微量注射胃動素對胃竇運動和迷走背核復(fù)合體神經(jīng)元電活動的影響[J].生理學(xué)報,2002,54(5):417-421.

[13] Tang M,Zhang H Y,Jiang Z Y,et al.Effect of central administration of motilin on the activity of gastric-related neurons in brain stem and gastric motility of rats[J].Journal of Physiology,2000,52(5):416-420.

[14]章麗金,鄭曉玲,林志輝,等.胃動素與青壯年膽汁反流的關(guān)系探討[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(29):144-146.

[15] Deortere I,Van Assdhe G,Peeters T L.Distribution and subcellular localization of motilin binding sites in the rabbit brain[J].Brain Res,1997,777(1-2):103-109.

[16] Guo F,Xu L,Sun X,et al.The paraventricular nucleus modulates thyroidal motilin release and rat gastric motility[J].J Neuroendocrinol,2011,23(9):767-77.

(收稿日期:2014-02-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint

[2] Cuomo R,DAlessandro A,Andreozzi P,et al.Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake:do gut motility,enteric nerves and entero-hormones play together?[J].Minerva Endocrinol,2011,36(4):281-293.

[3] Konturek P C,Brzozowski T,Konturek S J.Gut clock:implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinal tract[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2011,62(2):139-150.

[4] Bray G A,F(xiàn)isler J,York D A.Neuroendocrine control of the development of obesity:understanding gained from studies of experimental animal models[J].Front Neuroendocrinol,1990,11(1):128-181.

[5] Xu L,Gao S,Guo F,et al.Effect of motilin on gastric distension sensitive neurons in arcuate nucleus and gastric motility in rat[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2011,23(3):265-270.

[6] Lawrence C B,Snape A C,Baudoin F M,et al.Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers[J].Endocrinology,2002,143(1):155-162.

[7] Fujitsuka N,Asakawa A,Amitani H,et al.Ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement[J].Methods Enzymol,2012,514(1):289-301.

[8] Boivin M,Raymond M,Riberdy L,et al.Plasma motilin variation during the interdigestive and digestive states in man[J].J Gastr Mot,1990,1(2):240-246.

[9] Jacobowitz D M,ODonohue T L,Chey WY,et al.Mapping of motiln immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain[J].Poptides,1981,2(4):479-487.

[10] Fujitsuka N,Asakawa A,Amitani H,et al.Ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement[J].Methods Enzymol,2012,514(1):289-301.

[11] Yan C L,Wang S B,Jiang Z Y.The effect of motilin in PVN of hypothalamus on the gastric motility[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology,2002,18(4):317-320.

[12]張愛軍,唐明,蔣正堯.大鼠下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)微量注射胃動素對胃竇運動和迷走背核復(fù)合體神經(jīng)元電活動的影響[J].生理學(xué)報,2002,54(5):417-421.

[13] Tang M,Zhang H Y,Jiang Z Y,et al.Effect of central administration of motilin on the activity of gastric-related neurons in brain stem and gastric motility of rats[J].Journal of Physiology,2000,52(5):416-420.

[14]章麗金,鄭曉玲,林志輝,等.胃動素與青壯年膽汁反流的關(guān)系探討[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(29):144-146.

[15] Deortere I,Van Assdhe G,Peeters T L.Distribution and subcellular localization of motilin binding sites in the rabbit brain[J].Brain Res,1997,777(1-2):103-109.

[16] Guo F,Xu L,Sun X,et al.The paraventricular nucleus modulates thyroidal motilin release and rat gastric motility[J].J Neuroendocrinol,2011,23(9):767-77.

(收稿日期:2014-02-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint

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