劉曉斌
2014年廣東省普通高考英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)題要求考生閱讀完一篇關(guān)于捐助的短文,然后按要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括:
1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的主要內(nèi)容。
2. 以約120個(gè)詞就主人公的捐助行為談?wù)勏敕?,?nèi)容包括:
(1)如何看待主人公的捐助行為;
(2)你認(rèn)為她的捐助對(duì)受惠學(xué)生有哪些影響;
(3)如果你自己要捐助,你會(huì)選擇哪個(gè)群體并陳述理由。
一、試題特色
該題目?jī)?nèi)容是充滿(mǎn)“正能量”的話(huà)題,且主題內(nèi)容難度適中,一般考生略加思考便能展開(kāi)寫(xiě)作和陳述,話(huà)題設(shè)計(jì)的意圖一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)“詞窮”的情況。因此,一般的考生基本能按照要求概括出主要的信息點(diǎn),主題比較明確,一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)跑題的情況,且篇章結(jié)構(gòu)一般都能做到基本連貫。在能力上,本題與往年一樣依然考查考生提取文章主要內(nèi)容、梳理概括要點(diǎn)、組織語(yǔ)義連貫的語(yǔ)篇、表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度的能力。因此可以認(rèn)為今年的讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)題目要求清晰,與往年的難度有很大的相似度。
二、考場(chǎng)作文分析
下面根據(jù)閱卷過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的較為突出的問(wèn)題,談?wù)勅绾胃爬ㄒc(diǎn)和增加作文亮點(diǎn)。
1. 從文章結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)把握要點(diǎn)。
概括部分應(yīng)包括的要點(diǎn)如下:(1)Miss McCarty donated her life saving to a university. (2) She worked as a laundrywoman and lived a very simple life. (3) She was very happy to give her money to students in need.
以上要點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的位置在下劃線(xiàn)部分:
Oseola McCarty spent more than 75 years washing and ironing other peoples clothes. As a laundrywoman, she was paid only a few dollars each time. Certainly nobody would consider her rich, so they were all amazed when Miss McCarty decided to donate $150,000 to the University of Southern Mississippi.
The money was in fact her life savings. She could save such a large amount of money because she lived a vey simple life. She never learned to drive, and when she wanted to go somewhere, she just walked. She never flew to anywhere till the donation(捐贈(zèng)) and in 50 years she had been out of the South only once. The house in which she lived was also a rather modest one her last uncle left her. Only after she became known in America did she begin to travel all over the country. Since then, she had been the subject of many interviews and articles and was even invited to the White House.
Her donation was for students who clearly needed financial help. She herself left school in the sixth grade and had never married or had children. She said to the reporters that the idea of helping somebodys child go to college gave her much pleasure.
從文中的來(lái)源可以看出,本文的三個(gè)要點(diǎn)基本上是各段的主題句或最能體現(xiàn)本文或本段大意的句子。因此在解題過(guò)程中,學(xué)生必須學(xué)會(huì)如何抓住文章各段的主題句,其前提是必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)比較清晰的了解。從上文可以看出,三個(gè)信息點(diǎn)有規(guī)律地出現(xiàn)在各段的尾句或者首句,這是英文中典型的行文結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中非常普遍。讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)所提供的文章,大多數(shù)是記敘文和議論文,而這兩類(lèi)體裁的文章,其主題句出現(xiàn)的位置都有許多相似之處。
對(duì)于概括部分的評(píng)價(jià),除了要求要點(diǎn)信息齊全之外,還要求不能增加與原文無(wú)關(guān)的信息、不能照抄原文句子,且語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)正確、行文規(guī)范。如下面一段話(huà)概括得比較好:
Although Oseola McCarty, a laundrywoman, wasnt wealthy and lived a simple life, she decided to donate $ 150,000, her life savings, to help the students in need, which gave her much pleasure.
很多學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)如何進(jìn)行概括的時(shí)候,為了避免照抄原文句子,常試圖對(duì)主題句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改用其他同義動(dòng)詞或詞組代替。然而這種做法對(duì)于許多學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)難度較高,因?yàn)楦咧猩脑~匯量不會(huì)太大,如何在有限的詞匯中選擇同義詞進(jìn)行替換是一大難題。從上面這段話(huà)我們可以看到,原文中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞詞組如live a simple life,donate $150,000,gave her much pleasure等,都在上面的概括句中原封不動(dòng)地出現(xiàn)。然而該生巧妙地把上述主題句重新組合、排列,再把這些來(lái)自原文的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)置于不同的位置,這樣就避免出現(xiàn)了照抄原句的嫌疑,同時(shí)亦可看出其對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的熟練程度,達(dá)到了檢測(cè)目的。endprint
因此,在概括部分,除了必須熟練掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)之外,也必須善于利用句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化來(lái)生成新的句子。
2. 注意表達(dá)的多樣性。
寫(xiě)作表達(dá)的多樣性(variety),指的是用多種方式來(lái)表達(dá)相似的意思,或者用多種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)組織句子和篇章。多樣性通常體現(xiàn)在遣詞造句中,一般有三種情況:詞匯的多樣性、短語(yǔ)搭配的多樣性以及句型結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性。此外,寫(xiě)作的多樣性還表現(xiàn)在,盡量避免使用口語(yǔ)化的、其他人常用的表達(dá)方式。比如說(shuō),大多數(shù)人都會(huì)用more and more people 來(lái)表達(dá)“越來(lái)越多的人”之意,盡管這種表達(dá)沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,但往往不能形成寫(xiě)作表達(dá)中的亮點(diǎn),像People in growing/mounting/increasing/expanding numbers等表述方式就能體現(xiàn)出表達(dá)的多樣性。
因此,可以說(shuō),表達(dá)的多樣性,是區(qū)分作者是否達(dá)到一定寫(xiě)作水平的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在高考寫(xiě)作中,不同得分檔次的作文,其表達(dá)的多樣性有顯著的區(qū)別。如下面這段話(huà):
If I need to donate, I will donate to the homeless children. Because they are young. They need care. But their parents cant help them. They are flowers. They need donation. We should give hope to them. Let their life change better.
上面這段話(huà)中,句子大多通順且沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。然而這段話(huà)的特點(diǎn)是大量短句的簡(jiǎn)單堆砌,使人讀起來(lái)感覺(jué)很平淡,讓人覺(jué)得表達(dá)手法稚嫩。另外篇章連貫性也較差。
對(duì)比下面這段話(huà):
I would donate to those poor children. First, children are the societys next generation. Only with enough education can they better serve others and contribute to the society. Whats more, they have little ability to earn money and it's not their responsibility for not receive education. Last but not least, it is children who are innocent and pretty that make our society more beautiful and harmonious. As a consequence of our help, they have equal right to go to school as other children do.
可以看出,作者運(yùn)用了各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。同時(shí),整個(gè)段落的邏輯性非常強(qiáng),主要體現(xiàn)在first, whats more, last but not least, as a consequence of等連接性短語(yǔ)和副詞的使用,使句子之間的關(guān)系更為緊密,讀起來(lái)有很強(qiáng)的連貫性。
然而必須指出,寫(xiě)作中并非越多長(zhǎng)句越好,也并非句子越長(zhǎng)越好。上面這段話(huà)也是個(gè)很好的例子。段落開(kāi)始第一句話(huà)I would donate to those poor children.用言簡(jiǎn)意賅的方式表達(dá)了作者的觀點(diǎn),隨后作者展開(kāi)的論述都圍繞這句話(huà)進(jìn)行。一個(gè)段落中,長(zhǎng)、短句的結(jié)合使用是寫(xiě)作表達(dá)的常見(jiàn)方式。如在段落中連續(xù)用了幾個(gè)長(zhǎng)句,最后以一個(gè)短句進(jìn)行點(diǎn)題的結(jié)尾方式,顯得有氣勢(shì),或者能強(qiáng)烈地表達(dá)語(yǔ)境中的特定語(yǔ)氣。
因此在平時(shí)的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)中,我們不能滿(mǎn)足于寫(xiě)正確的句子,更應(yīng)該善于運(yùn)用一定的寫(xiě)作手法寫(xiě)出富有新意的句子和邏輯性強(qiáng)的段落篇章,而多樣性是最基本的方法。
(作者單位:華南師范大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)言文化學(xué)院)
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青endprint