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評《英漢大詞典》法學(xué)術(shù)語譯名

2014-08-23 11:52:32譙曉南
遵義師范學(xué)院學(xué)報 2014年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:譯作大詞典英漢

譙曉南

(貴陽市清華中學(xué),貴州貴陽550025)

評《英漢大詞典》法學(xué)術(shù)語譯名

譙曉南

(貴陽市清華中學(xué),貴州貴陽550025)

雙語詞典收錄兩種語言的詞匯是相互對應(yīng)的?!队h大詞典》中存在相當(dāng)多的法學(xué)術(shù)語譯名不確,即非源語言的對應(yīng)詞語。作者以12個法學(xué)術(shù)語為例論述了《英漢大詞典》譯名方面存在的10個問題,與此同時,對這些術(shù)語的譯名提出了修正意見。

《英漢大詞典》;法學(xué)術(shù)語;譯名;評論

雙語詞典收錄的兩種語言的詞匯是相互對應(yīng)的[1]?!队h大詞典》中存在相當(dāng)多的法學(xué)術(shù)語譯名不確,即非原語詞的對應(yīng)詞語。

本文以12個法學(xué)術(shù)語為例論述《英漢大詞典》譯名方面存在的10個問題,與此同時,對這些術(shù)語的譯名提出修正意見。

一、譯名“達(dá)意”問題

“與其求守原文逐字意義,毋寧求達(dá)原文語意[2]?!薄队h大詞典》中有的法學(xué)術(shù)語譯名表現(xiàn)的是“逐字意義”,而非“原文語意”,例如:

(1)《英漢大詞典》給infamous conduct的譯名“無恥行為”就不是該術(shù)語的語意。該術(shù)語指的是“Any conduct in the course of the practice of a profession which competent practitioners of good repute would regard as disgraceful or dishonourable.It is a ground under various statutes for removing a practitioner’s name from the professional register[3].”(在從事某種職業(yè)的工作中的所為,合格的、名聲好的從業(yè)者會將此種行為視為不光彩的或可恥的行為。這是造成以相關(guān)法規(guī)為據(jù)將行為人從該職業(yè)從業(yè)人員花名冊中除名的一個理由)。這便是:喪失職業(yè)道德的行為。

這里有必要說明兩點:其一,用作普通詞語的disgraceful conduct(見《英漢大詞典》第354頁),dishonourable conduct(見《英漢大詞典》第486頁)均可譯作“不光彩的行為”,“可恥的行為”;上述釋義中使用的也是這兩個詞語;其二,infamous conduct作為法學(xué)術(shù)語而存在是一個不爭的客觀存在,自然應(yīng)當(dāng)有別于前兩個普通詞語,換言之,infamous conduct≠disgraceful conduct或 dishonourable conduct。

(2)《英漢大詞典》將civil death譯作“法律上的死亡(如被奪公權(quán)終身,失蹤滿一定期限法院宣告失蹤人死亡等)”也含明顯的“逐字”痕跡。該術(shù)語指:“A man was formerly said to be civilly death (civiliter) when he abjured the realm, went into a monastery,or had been attainted of treason or felony.The concept is now obsolete[3].”(當(dāng)一個人放棄王國國籍,入寺成為修士、修女或因犯叛國罪、重罪而被剝奪財產(chǎn)和公民權(quán)利,該人便被宣告civil death)。作者將其譯作:喪失或被剝奪公民權(quán)利。

二、譯名“內(nèi)包”問題

有的學(xué)者把“兩種語言中詞義范圍大小不同的現(xiàn)象”稱為“內(nèi)包現(xiàn)象”[4]。我們在此借用“內(nèi)包”之說,借指有的術(shù)語詞義范圍大小的不同,B術(shù)語的詞義被A術(shù)語的詞義所“內(nèi)包”?!队h大詞典》的譯名存在對“內(nèi)包現(xiàn)象”的忽略,例如給tort的譯名為“侵權(quán)行為”,給wrong的一個譯名也為“侵權(quán)行為”,這是值得商榷的。

tort指的是:“Thetermincommonlawsystemsfor a civilly actionable harm or wrong,and for the breach of law dealing with liability for such wrongs.”(普通法體系中的tort指的是可提起民事訴訟的侵權(quán)行為,也指違法而應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的侵權(quán)行為)

“torts maybe classified intothose involving intention,those involving negligence,and the wrongs of strict liability.They may also be classified into torts affecting the person(e.g.trespass to land or goods,nuisance,conversion),economic right(deceit,inducement of breach of contract,injurious falsehood)and certain miscellaneous torts such as conspiracy.There are certain kinds of conduct,such as infringement of privacy, which are not yet,but may come to be,recognized as actionable torts[3].”譯文見表1。

表1 torts譯文

我們將其譯作:(應(yīng)負(fù)民事責(zé)任的)侵權(quán)行為。

而wrongs指:“Legal wrongs are themselves distinguished into two overlapping categories, civil wrongs and criminalwrongs.Civilwrongs are thoseinfringements of the right,of others or breaches of legal duty,normally causing personal or pecuniary loss,to others,which give rise to a civil remedy or claimfor redress by the wronged individual,for injunction,damages,accounting or other civil remedy.They include,in particular,breaches of contract,torts,breaches of trust, and some breaches of statutory duty.Criminal wrongs are those infractions of the criminal code of a particular statewhich,by thatcode,aredeemed for thesakeofthe generalwelfare to require repression and to justify punishment of the persons responsible.Criminal wrongs may again be contraventions of common law or of statute[4].”(用于法律中的wrongs分為內(nèi)涵部分相同的兩類:應(yīng)負(fù)民事責(zé)任的侵權(quán)行為和應(yīng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的侵權(quán)行為,應(yīng)負(fù)民事責(zé)任的侵權(quán)行為特指不履行合同以及不履行某些法定義務(wù)。應(yīng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的侵權(quán)行為是指:對違反國家刑法典的責(zé)任人課處刑罰,還指違反普通法或法規(guī)的違法行為)。作者將其譯為:(應(yīng)負(fù)民事責(zé)任的)侵權(quán)行為,(應(yīng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的)侵權(quán)行為。

三、譯名錯誤問題

《英漢大詞典》中存在的譯名錯誤并不難覓,例如將commission of the peace譯作“1.治安官;2.治安官的職權(quán)”。

該術(shù)語僅指:“AcommissionissuedbytheCrown appointing a number of persons to act as justices of the peace within a stated area.Prior to 1835 commissions were issued only to counties,justices in boroughs hav-ing jurisdiction by borough charter or prescription. From 1835 separate commission were issued for each county and each county borough and for some noncounty borough.Since 1974 there areseparate commissions of the peace for each county[3].”(王國政府委派到地區(qū)行使治安法官職權(quán)的若干人組成的委員會。1835年前,這樣的委員會僅僅委派到郡的治安法官憑市鎮(zhèn)特許狀或條例擁有審判權(quán)。從1835年起,每個郡、每個郡級市鎮(zhèn)和(某)一個非郡級市鎮(zhèn)都獨自設(shè)立了這樣的委員會。從1974年起每個郡都設(shè)立了這樣的委員會)。其譯名為:治安委員會。

四、譯名偏移問題

“翻譯名詞……須根據(jù)其界說而譯之[5]?!弊髡甙l(fā)現(xiàn)《英漢大詞典》中有的譯名未“據(jù)其界說”而出現(xiàn)譯名偏移。例如給justices ofthepeace的兩個譯名“治安法官;兼理司法事務(wù)的地方官”中的后者,譯名偏移較為明顯。

“Justices act under a commission of the peace issued by the Crown for any country.…”(治安法官在王國政府為各郡委派的治安委員會領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下行使職權(quán)。)“each commissionareais divided intoanumberof pettysessionsareas.”(每個治安委員會的轄區(qū)內(nèi)又設(shè)立若干直屬的治安法庭的轄區(qū)。)“Unless specially authorized by statute,at least two lay justices must be present to constitute a magistrates’court,but not more than seven.”(除成文法的特許之外,(文職治安法官組成的)混合式初審法庭至少由二人(但最多不得超過七人)組成)。“The judicial functions of justices are imposed by numberous statutes;they are exercised in magistrates’courts and are both civil and criminal[3].”(文職治安法官的審判權(quán)為許多成文法所強(qiáng)加,這樣的審判權(quán)(包括民事審判權(quán)和刑事審判權(quán))通過(文職官員組成的)混合式初級法庭行使)。作者據(jù)此將其譯作:文職治安法官。

五、譯名“殘缺”問題

有的術(shù)語本來指較為復(fù)雜的概念,譯名需盡最大可能將其囊括?!队h大詞典》對這類術(shù)語的譯名概括不全,這便是我們在此所稱的譯名殘缺,例如將magistrate’s court,magistrates’court譯為“治安(官)法庭(刑事審判系統(tǒng)的最低審級)”。

該術(shù)語指的是:“In England,a magistrates’court consists of justices of the peace acting under statute,or at common law,or by virtue of their commission,or of a stipendiary magistrate.Justices sitting as a court or committee ofquarter sessions,or as specialsessions for thepurposeofexecutingadministrativefunctionsunder statutory authority,such as licensing,are excludedfrom the definition of magistrates’court.Such courts are inferior courts….A magistrates’court must normally consist of at least two lay justices.”(英格蘭的magistrates’court由治安法官組成,這些治安法官權(quán)利的行使須依照成文法或普通法相關(guān)規(guī)定,或借助法官委員會或領(lǐng)薪治安法官行使權(quán)利。但是地方法庭委員會里的法官,或者特別法庭里的法官(這種法庭主要行駛的是在政策法規(guī)范圍內(nèi)頒發(fā)證件之類的職能)不包含在magistrate’s court內(nèi)。因為地方法庭或特別法庭是最低層的法院…..magistrate’scourt按慣例至少由兩名業(yè)余治安法官組成。)

“Magistrates’courts have original civil jurisdiction as to the summary recovery of certain kinds of debts,and as to domestic proccedings,including separation and maintenace,guardianship,adoption,affiliation and under various statutes.”(magistrates’court擁有初始的民事審判管轄權(quán),包括追債與家庭內(nèi)的訴訟,包括分居、贍養(yǎng)、撫養(yǎng)、監(jiān)護(hù)、收養(yǎng),親屬關(guān)系以及法律規(guī)定的民事。)“They have original criminal jurisdiction to inquire as examining justices into all matters triableonindictmentand,iftheydeemtheevidence sufficient,to commit the person charged for trial at the Crown Court.They also haveoriginalcriminaljurisdiction to try all offences triable summarily,i.e.without a jury,and offences triable either on indictment or summarily,if the court considers summary trial more suitable in the circumstances[3].”(他們擁有初始的刑事審判權(quán),即以治安法官的身份調(diào)查控告人起訴書上的所有行為,如果他們認(rèn)為證據(jù)充分,則將被告人提交皇家法院。他們還擁有當(dāng)庭裁決某些可以當(dāng)庭宣判的刑事審判權(quán)。也就是說,如果法庭認(rèn)為在庭審過程中當(dāng)庭宣判更合適,那么在沒有陪審團(tuán)的情況下,可以根據(jù)起訴書當(dāng)庭宣判。)綜上所述,其譯名為:(文職治安法官組成的)混合式初級法庭(擁有民事審判管轄權(quán)和刑事審判管轄權(quán))。

六、譯名“擴(kuò)”“縮”問題

譯名須恰如其分反映源語術(shù)語所示概念的內(nèi)涵?!队h大詞典》中有的譯名存在對術(shù)語所示概念的擴(kuò)大或縮小,例如將juvenile delinguency譯為“少年犯罪”就既有擴(kuò)大的一面,也有縮小的一面。

該術(shù)語指的是:“The term for crimes,offences, and other infringements of law perpetrated by children and young persons below the age adulthood.In all Western countries the amount of such law-breaking is large and includes a material proportion of serious crime as well as truancy,petty theft,and malicious mischief.It has sharply increased in mordern times.Attempts to control and reduce juvenile delinquency by specialcourtsandmeansofdealingwith reportedcases, special penalties,and places for dealing with juvenile delinquents,have been conspicuously unsuccessful[3].”(該術(shù)語指未成年和青少年犯罪及其它違法行為。在所有西方國家中,這類違法行為(逃學(xué),小偷小摸,惡意傷害)數(shù)量之大(按所占比例計)并不亞于嚴(yán)重的犯罪,在當(dāng)代呈增長趨勢。為抑制與減少juveniledelinquency,設(shè)立特殊法庭,適用特殊處罰,設(shè)立管教juveniledelinquency的場所,但這類嘗試迄今顯然未獲得預(yù)期結(jié)果)。

由此可見,“crimes,offences,and other infringements oflaw”中“crimes”自然為“犯罪”,“offences”則可能是“犯罪”,可能是“違法”,而“otherinfringements of law”只能是“違法”。《英漢大詞典》將其譯作“犯罪”,是把“違法”也列入了“犯罪”,擴(kuò)大了“犯罪”的范疇,顯然欠妥,因為只有嚴(yán)重的違法行為才屬于“犯罪”。從上述釋文中可知,實施行為的人包括“children andyoungpeople”(青少年),《英漢大詞典》將其譯作“少年”,又縮小了行為人的范疇,也是欠妥的。作者將此術(shù)語譯作:青少年違法犯罪。順帶說明一下,juvenile delinquents不宜譯作“少年罪犯”,宜譯為“少年不法分子”。

七、譯名“來源”問題

這里所說的譯名“來源”并不籠統(tǒng)地指是否以原文釋義為據(jù)的問題,特指下述情況:面對較長的原文釋義宜按最關(guān)鍵即最核心的部分考慮譯名。《英漢大詞典》對有的法學(xué)術(shù)語的譯名在此方面也存在不足之處,例如給notproven的譯名:“(蘇格蘭律)證據(jù)不足”。該術(shù)語(Not proven)指的是:“In Scottish criminal procedure,a court or jury may find an accused Guilt,Not proven,or Not guilty….The effect of a Not proven verdict is the same as that of Not Guilty,in that the accused is released and cannot be tried again,but the implication is that he has escaped conviction only because of same slight doubt or some technical inadequacy of evidence,e.g.lack of corroboration,and that serious suspicion of guilt attaches to him so that a verdict of Not Guilty is not justified,and the verdict is a preventiveagainstunjustified verdictsofNotGuilty[3].”(在蘇格蘭刑事訴訟程序中,法庭或陪審團(tuán)可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)被指控的(被告人)有罪,但(犯罪事實)Notproven,或(被告人)無罪……裁定Notproven與無罪裁定的效力相同,裁定無罪意味著放棄指控,審理不再進(jìn)行;然而無罪裁定意即被告人免罪,這僅僅是因為證據(jù)的一些不確定性或嚴(yán)格地按照法律判定證據(jù)是不充分的,例如缺少進(jìn)一步的證據(jù),此外,懷疑有罪關(guān)系到人,須認(rèn)真對待,所以無罪裁定無需證明是否正確,這樣的裁定可以有效預(yù)防錯誤的有罪裁定。)我們以為,上述較長的引文中“because of some slight doubt orsometechnicalinadequacy ofevidence”不僅至關(guān)重要,而且還有一個怎么理解(或曰翻譯)的問題。作者認(rèn)定,這便是引文(即釋義)的核心,當(dāng)為譯名之源。作者將此術(shù)語譯作:沒有確實、充分證據(jù)。

八、譯名“嚴(yán)密”問題

譯名“嚴(yán)密”問題指的是譯名與“須恰合原文意義[5]”存在一距離。《英漢大詞典》給boroughEnglish的譯名為“[史](英國某些地區(qū))幼子優(yōu)先繼承地產(chǎn)的習(xí)俗”屬于此類情況。

borough-English指“In English common law,a customary tenure of land under which and descended on death to the youngest son or,failing sons,to the yo-ungest daughter to the exclusion of all other children.… The custom continued in many places until the twentieth century,but was abolished in 1925[3].”(英國普通法中,(被繼承人)死亡時,基于習(xí)俗由其幼子繼承土地保有權(quán),若被繼承人無兒子,則由其幼女繼承。直到二十世紀(jì)該習(xí)俗在許多地區(qū)盛行,但于1925年廢除)?!队h大詞典》的譯名與此釋義并不完全吻合,疑與下術(shù)釋義相關(guān):“aformercustominsameparts of England by which the youngest son succeeded to land holding[6]”(過去在英國一些地區(qū)盛行的由幼子繼承租用土地的習(xí)俗),“acustomformerlyexistingin parts ofEngland bywhich thelands of atenantintestate descend to the youngest son[7]”(從前英國一些地區(qū)盛行的習(xí)俗,即承租人的土地由幼子繼承)。綜合分析上述三種釋義,將“a…tenure of land”,“l(fā)and holding”,“the land of a tenant”譯作“地產(chǎn)”不能視為“嚴(yán)密”;其二,后兩種釋義有局限性,即未說明被繼承人或承租人死亡時有無兒子的情況。我們將這一術(shù)語譯作:(從前英國某些地區(qū)盛行的租用土地者的)幼子繼承的習(xí)俗(若被繼承人無兒子,則由幼女繼承)。

九、譯名“創(chuàng)造”問題

有的術(shù)語在漢語中沒有對應(yīng)詞語,譯名“創(chuàng)造”由此而來?!队h大詞典》,有的“造譯”讀者不容易理解、接受,例如給injuriousfalsechood的譯名“詐害(指以虛假的陳述損害他人的財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)或價值)”便值得商榷。

該術(shù)語指:“A category of wrongs constituted by the communication of a false statement of a prejudicial nature,affectingapersonnot,oratleastnotdirectly and immediately,in his honour or reputation,but in his property.It comprehends the individual wrong of slanderofbusiness,slanderofgoods,andslanderoftitle[3].”(這類詆毀包括:散播虛假的信息。這些信息不會、至少不會直接或馬上對一個人的聲譽(yù)造成影響,但會影響到他的財產(chǎn)。這類虛假信息包括對個人生意的誹謗、對商品的誹謗以及對個人名聲的誹謗。)財產(chǎn)詆毀(包括生意詆毀、貨物詆毀與所有權(quán)詆毀)

十、譯名模糊問題

所謂“模糊”指既不正確,也不能說錯誤,換言之,游走于正確與錯誤之間,給人以模棱兩可之感?!队h大詞典》中存在這樣的譯名,例如將confessionand avoidance譯為“[律]自認(rèn)而又持異議”。

該術(shù)語指的是:“Apleadingwhich admits thetruth of a fact alleged in the preceding pleadings but seeks to avoid iteffectby alleging somenewmatter[3].”(承認(rèn)原答辯中所提事實的真實性但又提出某種新的根據(jù)和理由否定原來承認(rèn)的事實的真實性而進(jìn)行答辯)。

[1]R R K哈特曼.詞典學(xué)詞典[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.41.

[2]林語堂.論翻譯[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,1984.263.

[3]David M Walker.The Oxford Companion to Law[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1980.615,222,1224,1310, 249,693,794,697,891,144,619,269.

[4]黃建華,陳楚祥.雙語詞典學(xué)導(dǎo)論[M].北京:商務(wù)印書館, 1997.105.

[5]艾偉.譯學(xué)問題商榷[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 1984.174-175.

[6]David B Guralnik.Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language[K].New York:William Collins Publishers Inc,1980.164.

[7]Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary[K].U.S.A.Spring field,Massachusetts:G.&C.Merriam Company,1973.128.

(責(zé)任編輯:朱 彬)

A Comment on the Translations of Legal Terms in The English-Chinese Dictionary

QIAO Xiao-nan
(Tsinghua High School of Guiyang,Guiyang 550025,China)

The vocabularies of two languages included in a bilingual dictionary are almost equivalent in translation.And there exist many inacurate E-C translations of legal terms in The English-Chinese Dictionary.The author of this paper adduces twelve legal terms translated from English to Chinese to exemplify the ten problems of translation of terms existing in this dictionary;meanwhile,puts some suggestions as to how to improve these problems.

The English-Chinese Dictionary;legal terms;translated names;comment

H315.9

B

1009-3583(2014)-0048-05

2014-03-14

譙曉南,男,四川西充縣人,貴陽市清華中學(xué)中教一級教師。

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