姚玲女 孔繁斗
[摘要] 目的 探討原發(fā)性外陰陰道惡性黑色素瘤的臨床特點、治療及預(yù)后。 方法 回顧性分析大連醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院自1995年6月~2010年2月期間收治的16例外陰陰道惡黑的臨床資料。 結(jié)果 本組16例病例中,外陰惡黑12例(75.00%),陰道惡黑4例(25.00%)。手術(shù)率81.00%,手術(shù)方式以外陰廣泛切除術(shù)和局部擴大切除術(shù)為主,8例患者應(yīng)用了輔助治療方法(免疫治療、放療、化療)。隨訪時間1~98個月,失訪2例,隨訪率87.50%,隨訪期內(nèi)因復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移死亡9例,死亡率56.70%。外陰惡黑患者平均生存期37.10個月,3年生存率(除外失訪和生存不足3年患者)為55.50%,僅3例患者現(xiàn)無瘤生存;陰道惡黑患者中1例生存期為17個月,2例現(xiàn)帶瘤平均生存34.00個月,1例失訪。 結(jié)論 原發(fā)性外陰陰道惡黑惡性程度高,治療應(yīng)以手術(shù)為主,輔以免疫、放化療,早期診斷、合理分期、早期治療、定期隨診是改善預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 惡性黑色素瘤;外陰;陰道;治療;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號] R737.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)10-10-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and the prognostic factors in patients with the primary malignant melanoma of vulva and vagina. Methods The clinical data of 16 patients with primary malignant melanoma of vulva and vagina, admitted to the first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University from 1995.6 to 2010.2 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of the 16 cases, there were 12 cases of primary malignant melanoma of vulva(75%), 4 cases of primary malignant melanoma of vagina(25%).The rate of surgery was 81%, radical vulvectomy and extended resection were the main forms of the operations, and 8 cases was received the secondary treatment methods (immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). The flow-up time was from 1 to 98 months, 2 cases were out of flow-up, and the flow-up rate was 87.5%.During the flow-up time, 9 patients died of recrudescence or metastasis, and the death rate was 56.7%.The mean survival period of the patients with the primary malignant melanoma of the vulva was 37.1 months, and the survival rate in 3 years was 55.5%(not including the patients who were out of flow-up and whose flow-up time were less than three years), and only 3 cases were alive without tumor. Among patients with the primary malignant melanoma of the vagina, the survival period of 1 patient was 17 months, 2 patients had been alive with tumor for 26-42monthes, the mean period was 34 months; and the other 1 patient was out of flow-up. Conclusion Malignant melanoma of the female genital tract is an high malignancy tumor, the therapy should be based on operation, supplemented by immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Early diagnose, equitable staging, early therapy and flow-up in time are very important for improving prognosis.
[Key words] Malignant melanoma; Vulva; Vagina; Therapy; Prognosis
女性生殖器惡性黑色素瘤臨床非常罕見,僅占所有惡黑色素瘤(以下簡稱惡黑)的1%~5%,多見于外陰、陰道,也可見于宮頸、子宮體、子宮內(nèi)膜及卵巢,惡性程度高,易轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后差。為進一步了解女性生殖器惡黑的臨床特征、治療及預(yù)后,并為大樣本的臨床分析提供病例,筆者回顧性分析了16例外陰陰道惡黑病例資料,報道如下。endprint
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇大連醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院1995年6月~2010年2月期間收治的16例外陰陰道惡黑患者為研究對象,年齡33~86歲,中位年齡55歲,其中12例外陰惡黑(中位年齡為56歲),4例陰道惡黑(中位年齡為53歲)。1.3 分期
尚無統(tǒng)一觀點,因本研究中的病理結(jié)果未能明確表明腫瘤的厚度和浸潤深度,影響使用美國癌癥聯(lián)合會(AJCC)于2002年制定的分期[1],故根據(jù)國際婦產(chǎn)科聯(lián)盟(FIGO)1994關(guān)于外陰癌手術(shù)和病理學進行分期,見表2。
1.4 治療方法
臨床上多以手術(shù)治療為主,本組手術(shù)率為81%(13/16),8例患者輔以免疫、放化療進行綜合治療。
1.4.1 手術(shù)治療 外陰惡黑12例,初治8例,2例為外院術(shù)后入本院行進一步治療。4例Ⅰ期患者:接受外陰廣泛切除術(shù)2例,外陰廣泛切除術(shù)+部分尿道切除1例,1例失訪,1例生存期為,局部廣泛切除術(shù)1例;4例Ⅱ期患者行外陰局部擴大切除術(shù)+部分尿道切除術(shù)2例、外陰廣泛切除術(shù)1例、外陰及后半盆腔切除術(shù),乙狀結(jié)腸造瘺術(shù)1例;2例Ⅲ期患者行外陰廣泛切除術(shù)+雙側(cè)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)1例、外陰廣泛切除術(shù)+右側(cè)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)1例 ;2例Ⅳ期患者,接受外陰廣泛切除術(shù)+雙側(cè)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)1例、外陰腫物切除術(shù)(姑息手術(shù))1例(患者86歲)。陰道惡黑4例,僅1例Ⅲa期患者行陰道局部擴大切除術(shù)+右側(cè)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù),3例Ⅰ期患者均未行手術(shù)治療。
1.5 隨訪
參照外陰癌隨訪標準:第1年1~6月每月1次,7~12月每兩月1次;第2年每3個月1次;第3、4年每半年1次;第5年及以后每年1次。對所有患者進行定期隨訪。隨訪方式:建立隨診病志,門診、電話等。隨訪內(nèi)容:患者出院后的生存情況,有無復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,近期或遠期并發(fā)癥情況及后續(xù)治療情況等。生存時間為自手術(shù)治療之日(未手術(shù)者為該病診斷之日)至末次隨訪日或死亡時間。隨訪截止時間為2010年2月。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學處理
查閱病志,收集患者的資料并進行描述性分析。應(yīng)用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計量資料用()的形式表示,采用t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
3 討論
原發(fā)性外陰陰道惡黑是繼外陰鱗狀細胞癌之后的第2位女性生殖道惡性腫瘤。目前,該病在臨床特征、治療及預(yù)后因素等方面尚無定論,本研究即在這三個方面展開探討。
該病臨床上多見于絕經(jīng)婦女,好發(fā)于光滑黏膜,外陰惡黑多于陰道惡黑,臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性。本組外陰惡黑患者就診時主要臨床表現(xiàn)為外陰包塊,次為色素沉著和瘙癢;陰道惡黑主要為陰道包塊,次為陰道流血流液。16例患者僅1例為無色素惡黑,余均有局部色素改變,多以發(fā)現(xiàn)外陰或陰道包塊為主訴就診,這也在一定程度上給予臨床醫(yī)生們警示:當發(fā)現(xiàn)外陰陰道出現(xiàn)局部異常色素沉著,對應(yīng)AJCC歸納的惡黑早期征象四個特點:A(asymmetry)不對稱病變;B(irregularity)邊緣不規(guī)則;C(color variegation)顏色多樣;D(dismeter enlarging):直徑增大,應(yīng)高度警惕惡黑可能。確診多依靠活組織病理檢查,近年大樣本對照研究結(jié)果表明,活檢并不增加患者的復(fù)發(fā)率及死亡率,也不影響患者的預(yù)后[2]。本組病例較少,無法就局部活檢與預(yù)后進行相關(guān)性分析。
外陰惡黑傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方式為外陰根治切除及雙側(cè)腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),但目前認為手術(shù)范圍需由腫瘤侵犯深度及生長方式?jīng)Q定。Hullu等[3-4]認為手術(shù)切除的范圍應(yīng)遵循腫瘤浸潤深度及有無潰瘍來決定。本組患者手術(shù)切緣范圍為0.5~3.5cm,手術(shù)主要以外陰廣泛切除和局部擴大切除為主,有1例IV期患者行姑息手術(shù),術(shù)后生存30個月。Ⅰ期外陰惡黑患者有3例行外陰廣泛切除術(shù),1例失訪,1例生存期為60個月,另1例現(xiàn)無瘤生存6個月;1例行局部擴大切除(生存48個月)。3例Ⅱ期患者:1例行外陰局部擴大切除(生存36個月);2例行外陰廣泛切除(平均生存36個月)。有4例患者行腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清掃,分別為3例Ⅲ期和1例Ⅳ期,均出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移,死亡2例。而陰道惡黑的傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)觀點是最大限度切除腫瘤及區(qū)域淋巴結(jié),必要時擴大手術(shù)。研究中1例Ⅲa期陰道惡黑患者行陰道局部擴大切除術(shù)+右腹股溝淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)[5],術(shù)后1年復(fù)發(fā),生存期17個月。
輔助治療方面,本組2例患者接受放療結(jié)合化療治療,其中1例外陰惡黑Ⅲ期患者術(shù)后生存15個月,1例陰道惡黑I期患者未行手術(shù),現(xiàn)已生存26個月。本組中6例患者輔以免疫治療,其中1例為術(shù)前應(yīng)用,明顯縮小腫瘤面積;2例結(jié)合放化療,其中1例IV期患者,生存期4年,較1例Ⅲ期患者只用放化療長30+月,提示免疫治療在外陰陰道惡黑中術(shù)前和術(shù)后輔助治療中存在一定療效,可有效改善預(yù)后??傊畱?yīng)當根據(jù)腫瘤侵犯深度,有無潰瘍,臨床有無可疑淋巴結(jié),進行個體化的治療。輔助治療上免疫治療被認為能延長無瘤生存期[6-7],化療和放療雖敏感性差,但對于晚期和不宜手術(shù)患者,仍不失為好的選擇[8]。
據(jù)報道,外陰惡性黑色素瘤各期總的5年存活率約為47%[9],陰道惡性黑色素瘤各期總的5年存活率約為5% ~25%[10-11]。本研究中外陰惡黑患者3年生存率為55%,5年生存率為11% ,明顯低于資料數(shù)據(jù),考慮與病例較少有關(guān)。值得一提的是,研究中外陰惡黑Ⅱ期合并晚期妊娠患者1例,其病灶大小隨妊娠發(fā)展迅速,平均每3個月增大1cm,終止妊娠經(jīng)手術(shù)治療后,生存期為44個月,該病例在一定程度上提示妊娠可能加快該病病程進展,但無明顯提示其對預(yù)后的影響[12-14]。
有報道指出,惡黑預(yù)后與病灶有無黑色素沉著、生長方式、組織病理類型、腫瘤厚度、侵入皮膚層次、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況及脈管內(nèi)有無瘤栓有關(guān)[15]。本研究結(jié)果也提示臨床分期越高、伴有潰瘍、結(jié)節(jié)型生長方式、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、術(shù)中清淋巴不利于外陰陰道惡黑的預(yù)后生存,應(yīng)用輔助治療可以改善預(yù)后,而早期診斷、合理分期、早期治療、定期隨診是改善預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵因素。endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 龐得全,王慧,王佩國,等.原發(fā)陰道、外陰惡性黑色素瘤的臨床特征分析[J].中國煤炭工業(yè)醫(yī)學雜志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
[12] 曹澤毅.中華婦產(chǎn)科學(下冊)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1999:2069.
[13] 臧榮余,張志毅,唐美琴.外陰惡性黑色素瘤治療15例報告[J].中華婦產(chǎn)科雜志,2000,35(6):368.
[14] 高嶸,劉乃富,盛修貴.卵巢惡性黑色素瘤并腹盆腔廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移1例報告及文獻復(fù)習[J].癌癥,2010,29(4): 509-511.
[15] 李勝澤,馬玲.原發(fā)性女性生殖器惡性黑色素瘤16例分析[J].蚌埠醫(yī)學院學報,2001,26(2):115-116.
(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 龐得全,王慧,王佩國,等.原發(fā)陰道、外陰惡性黑色素瘤的臨床特征分析[J].中國煤炭工業(yè)醫(yī)學雜志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
[12] 曹澤毅.中華婦產(chǎn)科學(下冊)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1999:2069.
[13] 臧榮余,張志毅,唐美琴.外陰惡性黑色素瘤治療15例報告[J].中華婦產(chǎn)科雜志,2000,35(6):368.
[14] 高嶸,劉乃富,盛修貴.卵巢惡性黑色素瘤并腹盆腔廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移1例報告及文獻復(fù)習[J].癌癥,2010,29(4): 509-511.
[15] 李勝澤,馬玲.原發(fā)性女性生殖器惡性黑色素瘤16例分析[J].蚌埠醫(yī)學院學報,2001,26(2):115-116.
(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 龐得全,王慧,王佩國,等.原發(fā)陰道、外陰惡性黑色素瘤的臨床特征分析[J].中國煤炭工業(yè)醫(yī)學雜志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
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(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint