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高遷移率族蛋白B1對(duì)急性自發(fā)性腦出血患者預(yù)后的影響

2014-08-08 16:05金濤權(quán)天龍李東波楊濤宋錦寧
關(guān)鍵詞:腦出血

金濤+權(quán)天龍+李東波+楊濤+宋錦寧

[摘要] 目的 探討高遷移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)對(duì)急性自發(fā)性腦出血(ASICH)患者預(yù)后的影響。 方法 回顧性分析2010年1月1日~2012年12月31日安康市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科117例ASICH患者的臨床資料,ELISA法測(cè)定血漿中HMGB1濃度。采用格拉斯哥預(yù)后評(píng)分(GOS)評(píng)價(jià)患者出院時(shí)的預(yù)后評(píng)分,分為預(yù)后良好組(GOS 4~5分)65例和預(yù)后不良組(GOS 1~3分)52例,采用相關(guān)分析法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。 結(jié)果 117例患者中65例患者預(yù)后良好,占總?cè)藬?shù)的55.6%,52例預(yù)后不良,占44.4%。預(yù)后不良組初始血漿HMGB1濃度[(14.7±2.6)ng/mL]明顯高于預(yù)后良好組[(6.7±1.4)ng/mL],差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 入院時(shí)高濃度HMGB1是ASICH 患者預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測(cè)因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 高遷移率族蛋白B1;腦出血;預(yù)后

[中圖分類號(hào)] R651[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)05(b)-0017-03

Influence of high mobility group box1 protein on prognosis of patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

JIN Tao1,2 QUAN Tianlong2 LI Dongbo2 YANG Tao2 SONG Jinning1▲

1.Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China; 2.Department of Neurosurgery, the Center Hospital of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, Ankang 725000, China

[Abstract] Objective To determine the influence of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in venous blood on the outcome of patiens with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ASICH). Methods 117 patients with ASICH in the Center Hospital of Ankang City from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012 were selected. The patients were divided into good outcome group (GOS 4-5 point, n=65) and poor outcome group(GOS 1-3 point, n=52) by Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS). Patients' clinical data were collected and analyzed. ELISA method was used to determine the concentration of HMGB1 in venous blood. Results 117 patients in total, 65 patients among them were with a good outcome, accounting for 55.6% of the total number; the other 52 cases were with poor outcome, accounting for 44.4%. The poor outcome groupinitial blood HMGB1 [(14.7±2.6) ng/mL]was significantly higher than that of the good outcome group [(6.7±1.4) ng/mL], the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The high concentration of HMGB1 in venous blood may be a predictor of poor prognosis factors in ASICH disease.

[Key words] High mobility group box1 protein; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Outcome

腦出血是神經(jīng)外科常見疾病,具有較高的致殘率和致死率。研究顯示,炎性反應(yīng)在急性自發(fā)性腦出血(ASICH)后病理過程中扮演著重要角色。高遷移率族蛋白1(High mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)是一種非組蛋白DNA結(jié)合蛋白,它在維持核小體結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定和促進(jìn)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄方面發(fā)揮重要作用[1-2]。HMGB1由免疫細(xì)胞分泌或者壞死細(xì)胞釋放到細(xì)胞外環(huán)境,可能參與炎癥的觸發(fā)[3-4]。HMGB1在大腦中廣泛表達(dá)[5-6]。此外,在腦組織中,細(xì)胞因子的刺激可以引起HMGB1釋放,并且參與炎癥過程。在腦膜炎患者的腦脊液中以及腦缺血患者血清中[7-8],HMGB1均升高,提示HMGB1可能是神經(jīng)損傷的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。關(guān)于HMGB1與ASICH患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系尚不明確,因此,本研究進(jìn)行了關(guān)于外周血HMGB1濃度與ASICH患者預(yù)后的實(shí)驗(yàn)性研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析了2010年1月1日~2012年12月31日安康市中心醫(yī)院收治的ASICH患者,均符合全國(guó)第四次腦血管病會(huì)議制訂的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),發(fā)病至入院時(shí)間均在12 h內(nèi)。排除殘疾、卒中病史、其他出血性損傷、缺血出血轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)性并發(fā)癥患者、使用抗凝劑、感染、內(nèi)臟功能不全等患者,共117例,其中男89例,女28例,年齡35~90歲,平均(56.8±8.9)歲。

按照格拉斯哥預(yù)后評(píng)分(GOS)評(píng)價(jià)患者出院時(shí)的預(yù)后評(píng)分進(jìn)行分組,分為預(yù)后良好組(GOS 4~5分)和預(yù)后不良組(GOS 1~3分)。其中預(yù)后良好組65例,占總?cè)藬?shù)的55.6%,男49例,女16例,平均(57.5 ± 8.6)歲。預(yù)后不良組52例,占44.4%,男33例,女19例,平均(59.3±10.2)歲。兩組在性別、年齡比較上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。預(yù)后良好組中有吸煙史者34人(52.3%),飲酒史25人(38.4%);預(yù)后不良組中有吸煙史者27人(51.9%),飲酒史21人(38.8%),兩組患者吸煙史和飲酒比較無(wú)明顯差異(P > 0.05)。見表1。

1.2 方法

全面收集患者入院時(shí)的臨床特征包括:一般情況(年齡、性別、既往病史)、一般狀態(tài)、收縮壓、舒張壓、心率、呼吸、體溫、常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、影像學(xué)資料(頭顱CT檢查結(jié)果,包括血腫位置、最大直徑及患者出院時(shí)獲取的GOS預(yù)后評(píng)分)。對(duì)上述所有資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。根據(jù)出院時(shí)GOS評(píng)分(恢復(fù)良好5分;輕度殘疾4分;重度殘疾3分;植物生存2分;死亡1分)的結(jié)果,將不同預(yù)后的患者分為兩組:預(yù)后良好組和預(yù)后不良組。

1.3 HMGB1濃度測(cè)定

標(biāo)本為靜脈血,均為入院時(shí)獲得。獲得血標(biāo)本后立即放入無(wú)菌的EDTA試管中,離心收集血漿。采用ELISA法測(cè)定血漿中HMGB1濃度。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

血清 HMGB1 濃度監(jiān)測(cè),入院時(shí)預(yù)后良好組患者血清HMGB1濃度測(cè)定為(6.7±1.4)ng/mL,預(yù)后不良組HMGB1濃度測(cè)定為(14.7±2.6)ng/mL,兩組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2。

表2 預(yù)后良好組和預(yù)后不良組患者血清中HMGB1濃度比較

(ng/mL,x±s)

注:與預(yù)后不良組比較,*P < 0.01

3 討論

腦出血后繼發(fā)性腦損傷的病理生理機(jī)制復(fù)雜,其中炎癥反應(yīng)是繼發(fā)性腦損傷的重要組成部分。腦出血后炎癥因子的釋放,使得血腦屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)通透性增加、腦水腫加重、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡等,加重腦損傷。

HMGB1是一種高度保守的非組核蛋白的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的染色質(zhì)DNA,具有廣泛的生物學(xué)活性,核內(nèi)HMGB1與DNA結(jié)合后,參與細(xì)胞的分化、DNA修復(fù)、重組等;膜相關(guān)性HMGB1則參與神經(jīng)軸突的芽生、成纖維細(xì)胞的移位、細(xì)胞分化以及腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移;釋放在細(xì)胞外的HMGB1可以刺激細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和血管的發(fā)生、介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)以及誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[9-12]。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(receptor for advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)和Toll樣受體(toll like Receptor,TLR)均可以與HMGB1結(jié)合參與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。RAGE是最早被確定的HMGB1受體,在血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元、單核巨噬細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá),二者結(jié)合后,激活下游信號(hào)分子引起細(xì)胞骨架的改變誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞成熟和遷移[4]。TLR2和TLR4是最近研究證實(shí)的HMGB1受體,廣泛表達(dá)除T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞核NK細(xì)胞以外的免疫細(xì)胞核上皮細(xì)胞,針對(duì)不同的病原體成分誘導(dǎo)抗感染天然免疫。

中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,HMGB1廣泛表達(dá)于神經(jīng)元和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,主要分布于大腦皮質(zhì)、尾狀核和海馬。RAGE表達(dá)于神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。TLR在各種神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)。HMGB1及其受體在炎癥、細(xì)胞凋亡、BBB通透性調(diào)節(jié)上發(fā)揮重要的作用。炎性反應(yīng)是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的重要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,HMGB1是一種促炎因子,它可以通過激活NF-κB產(chǎn)生炎癥因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中加入HMGB1可以引起環(huán)氧合酶-2表達(dá)上調(diào),而給予RAGE抗體可以抑制這種上調(diào)[13]。重組HMGB1與微血管內(nèi)皮共同孵育時(shí),HMGB1可以增加細(xì)胞間黏附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM-1)和血管細(xì)胞黏附分子(vascular cell adhesion molecule,VCAM-1)的表達(dá)[14]。

BBB是由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞緊密連接、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞終足組成,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)可以通過降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)破壞BBB。HMGB1是一種強(qiáng)效的肝素結(jié)合蛋白,可以誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放纖溶蛋白酶原激活因子抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)和組織型纖溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator,tPA)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HMGB1可能通過tPA激活MMP-9,引起B(yǎng)BB的破壞。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,經(jīng)過HMGB1處理的星形細(xì)胞其MMP-9的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平明顯增高;在大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞模型2 h大鼠腦室內(nèi)注射HMGB1單克隆抗體后,MMP-9的活性被抑制,BBB通透性明顯下降[15]。在腦損傷早期,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞被激活,引起炎性反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HMGB1能誘導(dǎo)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,而給以HMGB1抗體可以抑制小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活,從而減輕神經(jīng)元凋亡[16]。

綜上所述,HMGB1參與了ASICH后繼發(fā)性損傷的炎性反應(yīng)過程,對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡、BBB通透性的改變發(fā)揮著重要作用。本研究顯示,HMGB1在預(yù)后良好組和預(yù)后不良組之間差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),由此不難得出這樣的結(jié)論:ASICH后外周血中HMGB1的濃度與預(yù)后密切相關(guān),它可能參與了ASICH的炎性反應(yīng),可以作為評(píng)價(jià)ASICH后神經(jīng)損傷程度的重要指標(biāo),并且有助于判斷患者的預(yù)后。早期實(shí)施降HMGB1的干預(yù)措施,有望通過降低炎性反應(yīng)程度減輕繼發(fā)性腦損害,為ASICH的治療提供新策略。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Landsman D,Bustin M. A signature for the HMG-1 box DNA-binding proteins [J]. Bioessays,1993,15(8):539-546.

[2]Bustin M. Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins [J]. Mol Cell Biol,1999,19(8):5237-5246.

[3]Lotze MT,Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1):nuclear weapon in the immune Arsenal [J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2005,5(4):331-342.

[4]Scaffidi P,Misteli T,Bianchi ME. Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation [J]. Nature,2002,418(6894):191-195.

[5]Murakami K,Koide M,Dumont TM,et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces gliosis and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine high mobility group box 1 protein [J]. Transl Stroke Res,2011,2(1):72-79.

[6]Watanabe M,Miyajima M,Nakajima M,et al. Expression analysis of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1) in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the congenital hydrocephalus (H-Tx) rat [J]. Acta Neurochir Suppl,2012,113:91-96.

[7]Vogelgesang A,May VE,Grunwald U,et al. Functional status of peripheral blood T-Cells in ischemic stroke patients [J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8718.

[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.

[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.

[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.

[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.

[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.

[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.

[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.

[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.

[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.

(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 教育部“新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃”資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)NCET-05-0831)。

[作者簡(jiǎn)介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學(xué)2010級(jí)神經(jīng)外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。

▲通訊作者

[7]Vogelgesang A,May VE,Grunwald U,et al. Functional status of peripheral blood T-Cells in ischemic stroke patients [J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8718.

[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.

[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.

[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.

[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.

[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.

[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.

[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.

[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.

[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.

(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 教育部“新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃”資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)NCET-05-0831)。

[作者簡(jiǎn)介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學(xué)2010級(jí)神經(jīng)外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。

▲通訊作者

[7]Vogelgesang A,May VE,Grunwald U,et al. Functional status of peripheral blood T-Cells in ischemic stroke patients [J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8718.

[8]Goldstein RS,Gallowitsch-Puerta M,Yang LH,et al. Elevated high-mobility group box 1 levels in patients with cerebral and myocardial ischemia [J]. Shock,2006,25(6):571-574.

[9]Mitola S,Belleri M,Urbinati C,et al. Cutting edge: Extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein is a proangiogenic cytokine [J]. J Immunol,2006,176(1):12-15.

[10]Schlueter C,Weber H,Meyer B,et al. Angiogenetic signaling through hypoxia: HMGB1:an angiogenetic Switch molecule [J]. Am J Pathol,2005,166(4):1259-1263.

[11]Wang H,Bloom O,Zhang M,et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice [J]. Science,1999,285(5425):248-251.

[12]Riuzzi F,Sorci G,Donato R. The amphoterin (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation,apoptosis,adhesiveness,migration,and invasiveness. Functional inactivation of RAGE in L6 myoblasts results in tumor formation in vivo [J]. J Biol Chem,2006,281(12):8242-8253.

[13]Pedrazzi M,Patrone M,Passalacqua M,et al. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box-1 protein signaling [J]. J Immunol,2007,179(12):8525-8532.

[14]Treutiger CJ,Mullins G,Johansson AS,et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium [J]. J Intern Med,2003, 54(4):375-385.

[15]Liu K,Mori S,Takahashi HK,et al. Anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates brain infarction induced by transient ischemia in rats [J]. FASEB J,2007, 21(14):3904-3916.

[16]Hayakawa K,Mishima K,Nozako M,et al. Delayed treatment with minocycline ameliorates neurologic impairment through activated microglia expressing a high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism [J]. Stroke,2008,39(3):951-958.

(收稿日期:2014-02-11本文編輯:蘇暢)

[基金項(xiàng)目] 教育部“新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃”資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)NCET-05-0831)。

[作者簡(jiǎn)介] 金濤(1980-),男,西安交通大學(xué)2010級(jí)神經(jīng)外科專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:高血壓腦出血。

▲通訊作者

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