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修辭問(wèn)句的嬗變過(guò)程及句法、語(yǔ)義特征

2014-07-19 02:42杜文霞康光明
考試周刊 2014年41期
關(guān)鍵詞:語(yǔ)義特征嬗變

杜文霞+康光明

摘 要: 修辭疑問(wèn)句是疑問(wèn)句探詢功能不斷消減弱化,句式結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,消磨其作為疑問(wèn)句的句法特征,最終退化為非疑問(wèn)句的過(guò)程,是疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)用性嬗變和語(yǔ)法性嬗變的結(jié)果。修辭問(wèn)句有標(biāo)記項(xiàng)而疑問(wèn)句無(wú)標(biāo)記項(xiàng),修辭問(wèn)句顯示出區(qū)別于疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義特征。

關(guān)鍵詞: 修辭問(wèn)句 嬗變 句法特征 語(yǔ)義特征

一、引言

對(duì)于修辭問(wèn)句的研究可追溯到古希臘,亞里士多德最早注意到問(wèn)句“無(wú)疑而問(wèn)”的修辭用法,古羅馬修辭學(xué)家Quintilian對(duì)修辭問(wèn)句的適用條件及其作為“思想的修辭(a figure of thought)”進(jìn)行了范疇化的描述(馮江鴻,2004:33-34)。傳統(tǒng)的研究興盛于20世紀(jì)70年代,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者主要從語(yǔ)法嬗變及語(yǔ)用推理和修辭角度對(duì)修辭問(wèn)句進(jìn)行研究,重點(diǎn)探討修辭問(wèn)句的詞匯語(yǔ)法特征、語(yǔ)氣探詢功能、語(yǔ)義生成機(jī)制、語(yǔ)境依賴等(Quirk 1985;Sadock 1971,1974;Linbarger 1987;Progovac 1993;Lee 1995;呂叔湘,1990/1942:290;邵敬敏,1996;郭繼懋,1997;徐盛桓,1999)。這些傳統(tǒng)的研究屬于句子語(yǔ)法的范疇,關(guān)注的是修辭問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu),但句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)義會(huì)受到句外因素的影響。從語(yǔ)篇的角度研究和解釋句法現(xiàn)象是功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)重要課題:句子中詞語(yǔ)的順序不是任意的,句子的形式會(huì)受到語(yǔ)篇中前后句子的影響,英、漢語(yǔ)中的許多句法現(xiàn)象都可以從語(yǔ)篇的角度得到解釋(van Dijk 1997;苗興偉,2008b)。反觀之,在語(yǔ)篇的層面上,由于不同的句法結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的信息結(jié)構(gòu),句法結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性可以滿足語(yǔ)篇組織的需要,實(shí)施不同的語(yǔ)篇組織功能(苗興偉,2008b)。我們將主要分析修辭問(wèn)句的嬗變及其句法、語(yǔ)義特征。

二、修辭問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)用嬗變

徐盛桓認(rèn)為,語(yǔ)法性嬗變是由語(yǔ)用性嬗變?cè)斐傻模钦T發(fā)語(yǔ)用性嬗變的語(yǔ)用因素凝固而最終實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法化的結(jié)果。

三、修辭問(wèn)句的句法、語(yǔ)義特征

修辭問(wèn)句是有標(biāo)記范疇,用疑問(wèn)句的形式表示肯定/否定的陳述、斷言,“形式上是問(wèn)句,表示的是強(qiáng)烈的肯定或否定”(Nesfield 1956;Slot 1993:3)。疑問(wèn)句的所有問(wèn)句形式都可以用于修辭問(wèn)句,其中是非問(wèn)句(Yes-no問(wèn)句和附加問(wèn)句)和特指問(wèn)句(選擇問(wèn)句和wh-問(wèn)句)用于反問(wèn)句較多(徐盛桓,1998;黃伯榮,1991:123)。是非問(wèn)句用作修辭問(wèn)句,如例(1)、(2)所示(下劃線、括號(hào)內(nèi)容及“*”標(biāo)記為不適宜,為筆者所加,下同):

(1)Is that a reason for despair?(Qukk etal 1985:826)

(2)He likes the job,doesnt he?(降調(diào))(同上)

例(1)是Yes-no問(wèn)句發(fā)揮修辭問(wèn)句的功能,例(2)則是附加問(wèn)句用作修辭問(wèn)句。下面的例(3)、(4)說(shuō)明了特指問(wèn)句作為修辭問(wèn)句的用法,此兩例分別對(duì)應(yīng)于選擇問(wèn)句、wh-問(wèn)句用于修辭問(wèn)句的情況。

(3)Dr.Rivers:Yes you do,Jane.In your heart you know perfectly well.Your duty is to prepare yourself to do Gods work in the world.Isnt that true?And who can do Gods work,an ignorant woman,or an educated woman?Yes,you know the answer to that.And where can you get an education,Jane?Where?

(周嬋,2001:190)

(4)How couldnt you remember?

(Qukk etal 1985:826)

根據(jù)疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體理論(徐盛桓,1999),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)修辭問(wèn)句與疑問(wèn)句在句法結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)手段上一致,共享疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體,如表1所示:

表1 英語(yǔ)修辭問(wèn)句與疑問(wèn)句共享疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體

國(guó)外學(xué)者認(rèn)為修辭問(wèn)句(Curme 1931;Jespersen 1949;Nesfield 1956;Quirk etal 1985等)是形式與含意的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一體:疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式實(shí)現(xiàn)了肯定/否定陳述、斷言,其作為一種間接言語(yǔ)行為在人際交往中起著極為重要的作用;修辭問(wèn)句實(shí)質(zhì)上是無(wú)疑而問(wèn),即非問(wèn)。用“非問(wèn)”表陳述的功能涉及修辭學(xué)中的“反問(wèn)”,“反問(wèn)也是無(wú)疑而問(wèn)……但它(反問(wèn))只問(wèn)不答,把要表達(dá)的確定意思包含在問(wèn)句里”(黃伯榮,1991:291)。例如:

(5)“Are you astonished?”

Carton,still drinking the pinch,rejoined,“Why should I be astonished?”

Carton,still drinking the pinch,rejoined,“Why should I be not approved?”

“Well!”said his friend Stryver,[...]

(A Tale of Two Cities,1994:168)

例(5)的Carton用了兩個(gè)由“why”引導(dǎo)的特指修辭問(wèn)句的形式,表達(dá)了自己的觀點(diǎn)—“He is not astonished at all and he will certainly approve”;Carton以這樣的回答向Stryver表明了他的氣憤(rejoin)和話語(yǔ)意圖—希望Stryver贊同,這一點(diǎn)恰恰由Stryver的回答“Well!”得到證實(shí)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)話者使用修辭問(wèn)句“無(wú)疑而問(wèn)”的形式,以通過(guò)預(yù)設(shè)命題突出其真實(shí)的交際意圖,違背了合作原則,實(shí)施了間接言語(yǔ)行為。作為形式與含意對(duì)立統(tǒng)一體,修辭問(wèn)句具有雙重特征:既表示疑問(wèn),又傳達(dá)陳述斷言,并且這里的“陳述斷言”及所傳達(dá)的隱含意義才是使用修辭問(wèn)句的真實(shí)意圖,具體表現(xiàn)為形式與功能的離散(Badarneh 2009:640)。在由修辭問(wèn)句得出的陳述含意的基礎(chǔ)上再作引申推測(cè)其隱含意義,我們才能理解說(shuō)話者使用修辭問(wèn)句所傳達(dá)的真實(shí)意圖。endprint

由此可見(jiàn),修辭問(wèn)句身份的確定依賴于語(yǔ)篇,我們是在具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中區(qū)別了修辭問(wèn)句與疑問(wèn)句;那么,也是在語(yǔ)篇交際的過(guò)程中,疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體逐漸嬗變具有了修辭問(wèn)句的特征,并最終體現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)標(biāo)示元和疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)上,如yes-no修辭問(wèn)句語(yǔ)調(diào)為降調(diào),wh-修辭問(wèn)句的[wh-word]疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)內(nèi)容為空域等;特別是修辭問(wèn)句所表達(dá)的話語(yǔ)含意、所體現(xiàn)的交際策略,以及所實(shí)現(xiàn)的交際效果,更是離不開具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)篇是社會(huì)成員之間進(jìn)行社會(huì)意義交換的互動(dòng)過(guò)程,是一個(gè)由意義組成的語(yǔ)義單位,產(chǎn)生于意義潛勢(shì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之中;語(yǔ)篇既是語(yǔ)義選擇的結(jié)果,同時(shí)又是語(yǔ)義功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的手段(Halliday & Hasan,1985:10),那么,修辭問(wèn)句又反過(guò)來(lái)在語(yǔ)篇建構(gòu)中發(fā)揮其獨(dú)特的作用。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

修辭問(wèn)句就其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式而言,與疑問(wèn)句相同,共享同樣的疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體;但從語(yǔ)義功能方面而言,修辭問(wèn)句有標(biāo)記范疇,蘊(yùn)含了預(yù)設(shè)命題。只有在語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用過(guò)程中,修辭問(wèn)句才區(qū)分于疑問(wèn)句,并依賴語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境,我們才能進(jìn)行語(yǔ)用推理,明示其隱含的交際意圖。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Austin,J.L.How to do things with words[M].Harvard University Press,1962.

[2]Curme,G.O.Syntax,A Grammar of the English Language,Vol.3[M].Boston:D.C.Heath & Company,1931.

[3]De Beaugrande,R.Text,Discourse and Process:Towards a Multidisciplinary Science of Texts[M].Noiwood,New Jersey:ABLEX Publishing Corporation,1980.

[4]Dickens,Charles.A Tale of Two Cities[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reseach Press,1994.

[5]Frank,Jane.You call that a rhetorical question?Forms and functions of rhetorical questions in conversation[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1990(14)723-738.

[6]Givón,T.Discourse and Syntax[C].Syntax and Semantics 12 New York Academic Press,1979.

[7]Halliday,M.A.K.&R.Hasan,Language,Context,and Text:Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective[M].Geelong,Victoria:Deakin University Press,1985.

[8]Haverkate,Indirectness in speech acts from a diachronic perspective:Some evolutionary aspects of rhetorical questions in Spanish dialough[J].In Jadranka Gvozdanovik(ed.),Language change and functional explanations,219-246.Berlin & New York:Mouton de Gruyter,1997.

[9]Jespersen,O. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles Vol. IV[A], Copenhagen: George Allen & Unwin,1949.

[10]Lambrechet,K.Information Structure and Sentence Form[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994.

[11]Lee,F(xiàn).A.Negative Polarity Licensing in Wh-Questions:The Case for Two Licensers[A].Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,1995.

[12]Linbarger,M.C.Negative Polarity and Grammatical Representation[J].Linguistics and Philosophy,1987(10(3)),325-387.

[13]Martin JR,D Rose.Genre Relations:Mappingculture[M].London:Equinox,2008.

[14]Nesfield,J.C.English Grammar:Past and Present[M].London:Mac Millan & Co,1956.

[15]Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,J.Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]..London:Longman Group Limited,1985.

[16]Searle,J.Expression and Meaning:Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press,2001.

[17]郭繼懋.反問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)義語(yǔ)用特點(diǎn)[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1997(2).

[18]黃伯榮,廖序東.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)(下冊(cè))[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1991.

[19]胡曉斌.反問(wèn)句的話語(yǔ)制約因素[J].世界漢語(yǔ)教學(xué),1999(1).

[20]胡壯麟,朱永生,等.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2005.

[21]呂叔湘.中國(guó)文法要略[M].呂叔湘文集(第一卷).北京:商務(wù)印書館,1990/1942.

[22]苗興偉.語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用學(xué):句法與語(yǔ)篇的界面[J].外語(yǔ)研究2008a(2).

[23]王振華.“自首”的系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視角[J].現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ),2006(1).

[24]徐盛桓.疑問(wèn)句探詢功能的遷移[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1999(1).

[25]朱永生.語(yǔ)境動(dòng)態(tài)研究[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2006.

[26]周嬋.英文經(jīng)典電影腳本匯編[C].廣州:廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社,2001.endprint

由此可見(jiàn),修辭問(wèn)句身份的確定依賴于語(yǔ)篇,我們是在具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中區(qū)別了修辭問(wèn)句與疑問(wèn)句;那么,也是在語(yǔ)篇交際的過(guò)程中,疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體逐漸嬗變具有了修辭問(wèn)句的特征,并最終體現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)標(biāo)示元和疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)上,如yes-no修辭問(wèn)句語(yǔ)調(diào)為降調(diào),wh-修辭問(wèn)句的[wh-word]疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)內(nèi)容為空域等;特別是修辭問(wèn)句所表達(dá)的話語(yǔ)含意、所體現(xiàn)的交際策略,以及所實(shí)現(xiàn)的交際效果,更是離不開具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)篇是社會(huì)成員之間進(jìn)行社會(huì)意義交換的互動(dòng)過(guò)程,是一個(gè)由意義組成的語(yǔ)義單位,產(chǎn)生于意義潛勢(shì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之中;語(yǔ)篇既是語(yǔ)義選擇的結(jié)果,同時(shí)又是語(yǔ)義功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的手段(Halliday & Hasan,1985:10),那么,修辭問(wèn)句又反過(guò)來(lái)在語(yǔ)篇建構(gòu)中發(fā)揮其獨(dú)特的作用。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

修辭問(wèn)句就其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式而言,與疑問(wèn)句相同,共享同樣的疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體;但從語(yǔ)義功能方面而言,修辭問(wèn)句有標(biāo)記范疇,蘊(yùn)含了預(yù)設(shè)命題。只有在語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用過(guò)程中,修辭問(wèn)句才區(qū)分于疑問(wèn)句,并依賴語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境,我們才能進(jìn)行語(yǔ)用推理,明示其隱含的交際意圖。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Austin,J.L.How to do things with words[M].Harvard University Press,1962.

[2]Curme,G.O.Syntax,A Grammar of the English Language,Vol.3[M].Boston:D.C.Heath & Company,1931.

[3]De Beaugrande,R.Text,Discourse and Process:Towards a Multidisciplinary Science of Texts[M].Noiwood,New Jersey:ABLEX Publishing Corporation,1980.

[4]Dickens,Charles.A Tale of Two Cities[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reseach Press,1994.

[5]Frank,Jane.You call that a rhetorical question?Forms and functions of rhetorical questions in conversation[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1990(14)723-738.

[6]Givón,T.Discourse and Syntax[C].Syntax and Semantics 12 New York Academic Press,1979.

[7]Halliday,M.A.K.&R.Hasan,Language,Context,and Text:Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective[M].Geelong,Victoria:Deakin University Press,1985.

[8]Haverkate,Indirectness in speech acts from a diachronic perspective:Some evolutionary aspects of rhetorical questions in Spanish dialough[J].In Jadranka Gvozdanovik(ed.),Language change and functional explanations,219-246.Berlin & New York:Mouton de Gruyter,1997.

[9]Jespersen,O. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles Vol. IV[A], Copenhagen: George Allen & Unwin,1949.

[10]Lambrechet,K.Information Structure and Sentence Form[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994.

[11]Lee,F(xiàn).A.Negative Polarity Licensing in Wh-Questions:The Case for Two Licensers[A].Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,1995.

[12]Linbarger,M.C.Negative Polarity and Grammatical Representation[J].Linguistics and Philosophy,1987(10(3)),325-387.

[13]Martin JR,D Rose.Genre Relations:Mappingculture[M].London:Equinox,2008.

[14]Nesfield,J.C.English Grammar:Past and Present[M].London:Mac Millan & Co,1956.

[15]Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,J.Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]..London:Longman Group Limited,1985.

[16]Searle,J.Expression and Meaning:Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press,2001.

[17]郭繼懋.反問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)義語(yǔ)用特點(diǎn)[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1997(2).

[18]黃伯榮,廖序東.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)(下冊(cè))[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1991.

[19]胡曉斌.反問(wèn)句的話語(yǔ)制約因素[J].世界漢語(yǔ)教學(xué),1999(1).

[20]胡壯麟,朱永生,等.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2005.

[21]呂叔湘.中國(guó)文法要略[M].呂叔湘文集(第一卷).北京:商務(wù)印書館,1990/1942.

[22]苗興偉.語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用學(xué):句法與語(yǔ)篇的界面[J].外語(yǔ)研究2008a(2).

[23]王振華.“自首”的系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視角[J].現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ),2006(1).

[24]徐盛桓.疑問(wèn)句探詢功能的遷移[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1999(1).

[25]朱永生.語(yǔ)境動(dòng)態(tài)研究[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2006.

[26]周嬋.英文經(jīng)典電影腳本匯編[C].廣州:廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社,2001.endprint

由此可見(jiàn),修辭問(wèn)句身份的確定依賴于語(yǔ)篇,我們是在具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境中區(qū)別了修辭問(wèn)句與疑問(wèn)句;那么,也是在語(yǔ)篇交際的過(guò)程中,疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體逐漸嬗變具有了修辭問(wèn)句的特征,并最終體現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)標(biāo)示元和疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)上,如yes-no修辭問(wèn)句語(yǔ)調(diào)為降調(diào),wh-修辭問(wèn)句的[wh-word]疑問(wèn)項(xiàng)內(nèi)容為空域等;特別是修辭問(wèn)句所表達(dá)的話語(yǔ)含意、所體現(xiàn)的交際策略,以及所實(shí)現(xiàn)的交際效果,更是離不開具體的語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)篇是社會(huì)成員之間進(jìn)行社會(huì)意義交換的互動(dòng)過(guò)程,是一個(gè)由意義組成的語(yǔ)義單位,產(chǎn)生于意義潛勢(shì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之中;語(yǔ)篇既是語(yǔ)義選擇的結(jié)果,同時(shí)又是語(yǔ)義功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的手段(Halliday & Hasan,1985:10),那么,修辭問(wèn)句又反過(guò)來(lái)在語(yǔ)篇建構(gòu)中發(fā)揮其獨(dú)特的作用。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

修辭問(wèn)句就其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式而言,與疑問(wèn)句相同,共享同樣的疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)體;但從語(yǔ)義功能方面而言,修辭問(wèn)句有標(biāo)記范疇,蘊(yùn)含了預(yù)設(shè)命題。只有在語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用過(guò)程中,修辭問(wèn)句才區(qū)分于疑問(wèn)句,并依賴語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境,我們才能進(jìn)行語(yǔ)用推理,明示其隱含的交際意圖。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Austin,J.L.How to do things with words[M].Harvard University Press,1962.

[2]Curme,G.O.Syntax,A Grammar of the English Language,Vol.3[M].Boston:D.C.Heath & Company,1931.

[3]De Beaugrande,R.Text,Discourse and Process:Towards a Multidisciplinary Science of Texts[M].Noiwood,New Jersey:ABLEX Publishing Corporation,1980.

[4]Dickens,Charles.A Tale of Two Cities[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reseach Press,1994.

[5]Frank,Jane.You call that a rhetorical question?Forms and functions of rhetorical questions in conversation[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1990(14)723-738.

[6]Givón,T.Discourse and Syntax[C].Syntax and Semantics 12 New York Academic Press,1979.

[7]Halliday,M.A.K.&R.Hasan,Language,Context,and Text:Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective[M].Geelong,Victoria:Deakin University Press,1985.

[8]Haverkate,Indirectness in speech acts from a diachronic perspective:Some evolutionary aspects of rhetorical questions in Spanish dialough[J].In Jadranka Gvozdanovik(ed.),Language change and functional explanations,219-246.Berlin & New York:Mouton de Gruyter,1997.

[9]Jespersen,O. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles Vol. IV[A], Copenhagen: George Allen & Unwin,1949.

[10]Lambrechet,K.Information Structure and Sentence Form[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994.

[11]Lee,F(xiàn).A.Negative Polarity Licensing in Wh-Questions:The Case for Two Licensers[A].Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,1995.

[12]Linbarger,M.C.Negative Polarity and Grammatical Representation[J].Linguistics and Philosophy,1987(10(3)),325-387.

[13]Martin JR,D Rose.Genre Relations:Mappingculture[M].London:Equinox,2008.

[14]Nesfield,J.C.English Grammar:Past and Present[M].London:Mac Millan & Co,1956.

[15]Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,J.Svartvik A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]..London:Longman Group Limited,1985.

[16]Searle,J.Expression and Meaning:Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press,2001.

[17]郭繼懋.反問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)義語(yǔ)用特點(diǎn)[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1997(2).

[18]黃伯榮,廖序東.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)(下冊(cè))[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1991.

[19]胡曉斌.反問(wèn)句的話語(yǔ)制約因素[J].世界漢語(yǔ)教學(xué),1999(1).

[20]胡壯麟,朱永生,等.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2005.

[21]呂叔湘.中國(guó)文法要略[M].呂叔湘文集(第一卷).北京:商務(wù)印書館,1990/1942.

[22]苗興偉.語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用學(xué):句法與語(yǔ)篇的界面[J].外語(yǔ)研究2008a(2).

[23]王振華.“自首”的系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視角[J].現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ),2006(1).

[24]徐盛桓.疑問(wèn)句探詢功能的遷移[J].中國(guó)語(yǔ)文,1999(1).

[25]朱永生.語(yǔ)境動(dòng)態(tài)研究[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2006.

[26]周嬋.英文經(jīng)典電影腳本匯編[C].廣州:廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社,2001.endprint

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