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以電視紀錄片輔助高中英語閱讀教學的實踐探索*

2014-04-17 08:58:00
基礎外語教育 2014年2期
關鍵詞:龐貝板書紀錄片

董 敏

以電視紀錄片輔助高中英語閱讀教學的實踐探索*

董 敏

本文結合筆者執(zhí)教的一節(jié)高中英語閱讀研討課,闡述了如何利用英語電視紀錄片輔助高中英語閱讀課的詞匯教學和語法教學。

高中英語;詞匯教學;語法教學

一、引言

高中英語閱讀課的教學通常分兩個時段或課時。第一時段要求學生整體理解課文;第二時段則要求學生在復習已學課文的基礎上,繼續(xù)完成對細節(jié)信息的提取,處理課文中以詞匯為主要內容的語言知識,重組信息并嘗試運用重點詞匯進行表達,最后總結和提升所學內容。在實際的教學過程中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)第二時段的教學模式較為單一,基本局限于教師呈現(xiàn)課文中的語言知識,領讀、講解并組織學生操練。這種教學模式讓學生感到枯燥無味,沒有學習興趣。針對目前第二時段教學存在的問題,筆者開展了一堂閱讀課第二課時的研討課,嘗試將BBC紀錄片與閱讀文本相結合,以此提高語言知識教學的效率。

二、背景介紹

(一)紀錄片介紹

英國廣播公司(以下簡稱BBC)拍攝的紀錄片集文字、聲音、影像于一身,觀賞性較強。其專題系列紀錄片有《地球生命》(Life on Earth)、《文明》(Civilisation)、《宇宙奇跡》(Wonders ofthe Universe)、《美麗中國》(Wild China)、《中國學?!罚–hinese School)等,其中部分內容與北師大版高中英語教材的單元話題密切相關。將BBC紀錄片中豐富多彩的真實語言材料引入高中英語教學,可以為學生提供一個真實的聽、說、讀、寫的活動場景。同時,BBC紀錄片所蘊含的歷史文化和人文科普知識能拓寬學生的視野,增加學生的文化知識積累。

(二)教材分析

1. 教學內容分析

北師大版高中英語模塊六Unit 16 Lesson 1 Pompeii: The city that became a time capsule是一篇記敘文,文章分為兩部分。第一部分敘述了古城龐貝在公元79年維蘇威火山爆發(fā)時被掩埋在巖漿中,并得以完整地保存,小普利尼見證了這一過程;第二部分描述了龐貝城的發(fā)掘以及現(xiàn)今的遺址。

2. 語言知識分析

(1)詞匯

本課的生詞和短語共23個,其中不少與火山爆發(fā)有關。根據(jù)文本內容,筆者將文章中的

詞匯分為兩類:第一類是描述維蘇威火山爆發(fā)和龐貝城被淹沒的生詞和短語,如occur, erupt, bury, event, disappear, disaster, destroy, capsule, tremble, burst, block out, volcanic等;第二類是描述龐貝城被發(fā)掘以及龐貝城現(xiàn)狀的詞匯,如ash, awesome, booming, authentic, characteristic of, dig out, historical site,rewind, preserve, monument, architecture, on one's side, feel sympathy等。

(2)語法

本課語法學習的內容為學習一般過去時與過去完成時的區(qū)別,發(fā)現(xiàn)過去完成時的語法構成和使用條件,并能在適當語境中使用。

(三)使用的BBC紀錄片介紹

《龐貝古城:最后一天》(Pompeii: The Last Day)是BBC于2003年推出的紀錄片。與一般紀錄片不同的是,該片采用演員演繹的方式,真實地還原了龐貝城最后一天居民的生活狀態(tài)。同時,電腦特技使得維蘇威火山的爆發(fā)過程以及龐貝城被淹沒的慘烈過程得以真實再現(xiàn)。

《生死龐貝》(Pompeii: Life and Death in aRoman Town)是BBC于2010年推出的紀錄片。該片通過劍橋大學古代史學家瑪麗·比爾德的視角,以游記的形式呈現(xiàn)了一個不一樣的龐貝城。

三、課堂實錄與分析

(一)導入

播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中00:45—01:40的視頻片段,并提醒學生在觀看時注意視頻中提出的問題。

T: Just now the narrator said how the volcano Mount Vesuvius destroyed them and why so many died was for a long time a mystery. But according to the text, thanks to a man, people nowadays can learn something about that event. What's his name?

Ss: Pliny the Younger.

T: Yes, let's enjoy the second video clip. This time try to use one word from Paragraph 1 to tell us what Pliny the Younger did when the disaster occurred.

播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中09:40—10:27的片段。

T: Please say the answer.

Ss: Witness.

T: Good job! Read after me. Witness.

Ss: Witness.

T: Please read this sentence (on PPT) together.

Ss: Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed.

T: Good. Now enjoy the clip again.

再次播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中09:40—10:27的視頻片段。

T: Please use simple English to paraphrase“witness”.

S1: See something with his eyes.

T: You got it. “Witness” means to see and experience important events or changes. Here we can say Pliny the Younger witnessed the volcano eruption, or we can say he was the “witness” of that event.

導入部分用了兩段視頻。筆者先通過播放第一段視頻,引出了災難的見證人——小普利尼這一推動文章發(fā)展的關鍵人物;然后播放第二段視頻,在師生的問答中引出了目標詞匯witness。引出該詞后,再次播放第二段視頻,使學生加深對該詞的理解,并請學生用簡單的英語轉述該詞,然后教師再對witness進行轉述,并在相同語境下,告知學生witness作名詞的用法。

在導入環(huán)節(jié),在視頻片段的幫助下,筆者主要采用領讀法、轉述法和語境法教授witness。領讀法可以引導學生以音、形、義相結合的方式學習詞匯;轉述法幫助學生建立起已有知識和新知識之間的聯(lián)系,而且“在詞匯教學中運用paraphrase,能增加學生的語言輸入量,培養(yǎng)學生用英語思維的習慣,提高學生用英語處理信息的能力”(徐琳,2010);在視頻創(chuàng)設的語境下,筆者也教授了witness的名詞含義和用法。此外,在師生的問答過程中,教師有意識地使用本節(jié)課的

目標詞匯destroy, event, volcano eruption, disaster, occur等來推進課堂教學,為學生的有效詞匯輸出做好鋪墊。

(二)呈現(xiàn)

1. 結合視頻與課文,學習第一類詞匯——關于火山爆發(fā)和淹沒龐貝

(1)利用視頻片段與課文,梳理話題詞匯

T: Just now, we said Pliny the Younger was the witness, because he was present. How did he describe what he saw? Please read Paragraph 1 and try to underline some key verbs and time adverbial he used to describe the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.(給學生充分的時間閱讀課文)

T: Close your book now. Who can name out the verbs and time adverbial?

S2: Block out, tremble, bury and August 24th, 79 AD.

T: Good.(教師板書)Any other answers?

S3: Come down, erupt and occur.

T: Correct.(教師板書并領讀動詞)Here we have these useful verbs. Can you use these words to retell the eruption of Mount Vesuvius? It's a little hard to work out, right? Let me give you a hand. Let's enjoy the video clip again.

第三次播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中09:40—10:27的視頻片段,以展現(xiàn)維蘇威火山爆發(fā)淹沒龐貝城的整個過程。

讓學生細讀課文的第一段并劃出描述火山爆發(fā)的動詞,目的是引導學生回歸課文并在語境中梳理關于火山爆發(fā)的話題詞匯,從而幫助學生聚焦相關話題詞匯,并按照語義歸類,形成自己的詞匯庫,提高學生的詞匯學習效率。研究表明,學習者心理詞庫中的詞語并非是雜亂無序的,而是按照語義聯(lián)系構成的組織嚴密的詞語網絡(王華、甄鳳超,2007)。同時,該環(huán)節(jié)呈現(xiàn)了與課文相關的視頻,動態(tài)地再現(xiàn)了課文內容,創(chuàng)設了真實的語言氛圍,為學生的語言輸出——復述火山爆發(fā)過程這一任務提供參考。

(2)利用視頻截圖,凸顯重點話題短語

T: Now all of us have got a general idea of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Here we have some pictures from the video clip. Please match the pictures with the phrases given.

本環(huán)節(jié)中,教師選取了幾幅視頻截圖,幫助學生以詞義配對的方式學習volcanic eruption, come down, block out, bury everything等短語。這一設計是為了凸顯重點話題短語,提高其重現(xiàn)率,以幫助學生注意到與主題相關的重要信息和語言形式。

(3)創(chuàng)設語境,運用重點話題短語

T: Look at the pictures and phrases (on PPT). Please choose the right phrases to fill in the blanks.

Ss: There is a curtain in our classroomblocking outthe light, which can help usbury ourselvesin our study.

T: Good. What does “blocking out” mean? Let's read the sentence in the text together.

T and Ss: Pliny described a cloud coming down the mountain, blocking out the sun and burying everything in its path, including whole villages and towns.

T: Look at this picture again. Can we see the sun?

Ss: No.

T: So “block out” means “to stop light reaching a place”. Can you catch it?

Ss: Yes.

T: Who can volunteer to explain “bury ourselves in”?

S4: Pay all our attention to.

T: Do you agree with him?

Ss: Yes.

T: “Bury” means “cover something up”. “Bury ourselves in” means “pay all attention to”.

無論在哪個教學環(huán)節(jié),教師都應盡可能利用語境引導學生對詞匯進行深入的理解和體會(陳

則航、王薔,2010)。本環(huán)節(jié)中,在學生對與火山爆發(fā)相關的詞匯充分注意的基礎上,教師結合文本語境,并利用貼近學生現(xiàn)實生活的語境——教室環(huán)境,引導學生在新的情境中理解并運用blocking out, bury ourselves in,以此幫助學生鞏固并擴展所學知識。

2. 依托課文和視頻語境,適時呈現(xiàn)目標語法

(1)引導學生注意一般過去時與過去完成時的區(qū)別

T: Just now, we learned how Mount Vesuvius erupted. Now let's look at the key words on the blackboard. Pay attention to the time adverbial and the tense.(教師標注出板書中的過去式和時間狀語)When we describe something in the past, here on August 24th, 79 AD, we should use the past tense, right?

Ss: Yes.

T: On August 24th, 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted. Pompeii was destroyed. Then what kind of city had ancient Pompeii been like before August 24th, 79 AD? Let's enjoy another video clip.

播放《生死龐貝》中04:16—04:56的視頻片段,展示航拍的龐貝全貌,有整齊的民居、宏偉的大劇院、角斗場等。

T: Impressive, right? Pompeii was buried under the ashes, so Pompeii you enjoyed just now is exactly what it had been like before the eruption. Now read Paragraph 4, then tell me what kind of city ancient Pompeii had been like.(給學生充分的時間閱讀文本)

S5: A booming city.

T: Good, a booming city. Please read the whole sentence (on PPT).

Ss: Before the eruption occurred, it had been a booming Roman city with temples, markets, restaurants and theatres.

T: Yes, before the eruption occurred, before 79 AD, it had been a booming city.(重讀had been,并板書before 79 AD)Why had Pompeii been a booming city before 79 AD? I have some background information. While reading, please identify all “had done” structures and pick them out.

首先教師結合上一環(huán)節(jié)學生總結的火山爆發(fā)的過程以及一般過去時使用的條件,引導學生注意到火山爆發(fā)發(fā)生在過去,接著引導學生思考過去的過去,也就是火山爆發(fā)前的龐貝是什么樣子。學生在相應視頻語境中得以感知后,筆者依據(jù)課文,提出了需要用過去完成時回答的問題,從而引出過去完成時,使學生初步意識到一般過去時與過去完成時的區(qū)別。

(2)引導學生發(fā)現(xiàn)過去完成時的語法構成和使用條件

Background information: The Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano. Before 79 AD, it had broken out several times, bringing ashes around Pompeii. Volcanic ashes contain nutrients(營養(yǎng)物質)that are beneficial to plants, so Pompeii had been a good place for vineyard(葡萄園)before the eruption. Also thanks to the active volcano, Pompeii had been famous for its hot springs(溫泉). Fine wine, hot springs and pleasant weather had attracted many Romans to visit Pompeii frequently on vacations. Before 79 AD, Pompeii had reached its high point in society.

T: Who can read “had done” structures for us?

S6: Before 79 AD, it had broken out several times.

S7: Pompeii had been a good place for the vineyard before the eruption.

S8: Pompeii had been famous for its hot springs.

S9: Before 79 AD, Pompeii had reached its high point in society.

T: Good job! Pay attention to the time adverbial,“before 79 AD”. In what case we can use “had done”structure?

S10: Something before the past.

T: Yes, when we want to describe an action that happened before the past. In this context, before 79

AD, we use the past perfect tense. How to form it? Tell me together.

Ss: Had done.

本節(jié)中筆者并未采用傳統(tǒng)語法教學中只在句子層面對語法知識進行講解和操練的方法(Stern, 1983),而是精心準備了含有多個過去完成時結構的背景知識,讓學生閱讀并挑選其中的過去完成時結構及相應的時間狀語,從而感知目標語法的語法構成和使用條件。在對目標語法進行足夠詳細的語境化顯性教學的基礎上,確保學生掌握過去完成時的語法構成。

3. 解讀標題,引入第二類詞匯——關于發(fā)掘龐貝及龐貝的現(xiàn)狀

(1)思考標題含義,引入關于發(fā)掘龐貝的詞匯

T: Just now, we learned that ash played an important role in making Pompeii a booming city. Besides that, ash also played another important role. What's that? Please read the title together.

Ss: Pompeii: The city that became a time capsule.

T: 龐貝——一個成為時間膠囊的城市。

T: What is a time capsule? What makes Pompeii a time capsule? Look at this.(展示實物膠囊)Capsule is a kind of medicine. But what does “time capsule” mean?

Ss:(沉默)

T: (播放PPT)Time capsule means “a container that can keep some characteristics of the time”.時間膠囊就是存放具有時代特征的物品的容器?!癈haracteristics of the time” means “something belongs to a particular time”.具有時代特征的。(教師板書) In the text, when is this particular time? Before or after 79 AD?

Ss: Before 79 AD.

T: Yes. What made it a “time capsule”?(再次播放火山灰掩埋龐貝的視頻截圖)

Ss: Ash.

T: Yes, ash. This “time capsule” had been buried under the ash for a long time until one day. Now find one sentence from Paragraph 3 to describe it.

Ss: They had started to dig out the ancient city of Pompeii.

T: What's inside this time capsule? Look at these objects dug out by scientists. What are they? Guess.

S11: These are eggs and walnuts.

T: Yes. Do they look real?

Ss: Yes.

T: They are real, and they are authentic.(教師板書并領讀)

T: What's this? Can you guess? (教師先呈現(xiàn)在龐貝發(fā)掘的面包的圖片,然后展示龐貝壁畫中工匠制作面包的圖片)This is a bread found under the ash. Is it in good condition?

Ss: Yes.

T: So we can say ash helped preserve things inside Pompeii. We can also say things under the ash were well-preserved.(教師板書) Besides, ash also helped preserve buildings in Pompeii. Enjoy this clip again, then name out some buildings, or we say some architectures in it.(教師板書并領讀architecture)

結合上一環(huán)節(jié)背景知識提到的火山灰的作用,筆者引出火山灰的另一作用——保存龐貝遺址。筆者通過實物展示引出標題中的time capsule,并用目標詞匯characteristics of the time進行解釋,在此基礎上給出了該詞定義的漢語翻譯,這是因為一些專業(yè)術語(如time capsule)或表示抽象概念的詞匯(如characteristics of)適于用翻譯法教授(張獻臣, 2007)。接下來,筆者利用圖片教授了dig out,并對描述在龐貝發(fā)掘的物品的形容詞和動詞短語進行歸類。

(2)觀看視頻,總結發(fā)掘龐貝與龐貝現(xiàn)狀的詞匯

再次播放《生死龐貝》中04:16—04:56的視頻片段,展示航拍的龐貝全貌。

T: Any difficulty in naming out some architectures? Please read Paragraph 4, then you can find the answers.

Ss: Temple, markets, theatres, street.

T: Are these architectures well-preserved?

Ss: Yes.

T: Volcanic ash helped preserve objects and architectures inside Pompeii. Then what happened to the people there? Can they survive?

Ss: No.

T: The next clip will help you know what happened to the people there when the disaster occurred.

播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中28:30—30:41的視頻片段。(很多龐貝人在海灘上等待救援。火山熔巖侵襲后,這些人瞬間變?yōu)榭窘沟氖w。)

T: Terrible, right? Here are some more pictures.

T: The man in this picture looks as if he is praying; these people look as if they are gathering together; and this one, he is lying on his side. We can say these pictures show the victims' exact shapes. How do you feel for the people there?

S12: Terrible.

S13: Sad.

T: Read this sentence from Paragraph 5 together.

Ss: One can only feel sorrow and deep sympathy for these people.

T: Can it express your feeling?

Ss: Yes.

T: Me too. I also feel sad for these people.

繼上一環(huán)節(jié)歸類了關于在龐貝發(fā)掘的物品的形容詞和動詞短語之后,本環(huán)節(jié)筆者利用視頻和課文,歸類了關于在龐貝發(fā)掘的建筑和居民的形容詞和動詞短語。最后,筆者利用相關視頻情境,層層鋪墊,讓學生自然而然地體會到sorrow和sympathy。

上一環(huán)節(jié)與本環(huán)節(jié)需要處理的目標詞匯較多。在設計每個語言點的銜接時,筆者借鑒化學里的“鏈式反應”原理(楊芝雨,2006),精心設計過渡語,巧妙地把每個語言點串聯(lián)起來,使學生在不知不覺中進入新的語言點的學習,改變了“就事論事”“見什么教什么”的單調、枯燥的知識點導入方式(楊芝雨,2006);同時,筆者注意將語言點以語義分類的方式呈現(xiàn)給學生,激發(fā)了學生的聯(lián)想、歸納等思維活動,也使得新知識更加條理化、系統(tǒng)化。

(三)鞏固與拓展

1. 小結

T:(教師指著板書進行小結)Today we learned how Pompeii was destroyed in 79 AD, what kind of city it had been like before 79 AD and what can be found by visitors in Pompeii today. What's your feeling after learning this text?

S14: Sad.

T: Why?

S14: Because so many people died and such a good city was destroyed.

T: Do you agree?

Ss: Yes.

T: But a great writer Goethe expressed his feeling like this after visiting Pompeii: “Many a calamity has happened in the world, but never one that has caused so much entertainment to posterity as this one.”(在世界上發(fā)生的諸多災難中,還從未有過任何災難像龐貝一樣,它帶給后人的是如此巨大的愉悅。)

2. 討論

T: Do you agree with his comment? Why or why not? Discuss with your partners, please. Try to use more key words and “had done” structures on the blackboard in your discussion.

筆者要求學生在討論和做陳述時,都盡可能使用黑板上列出的關鍵詞和過去完成時。

T: I will show you two more video clips. One will present tragedy happening to Pompeii again; the other one will show the greatness of Pompeii.

再次播放《龐貝古城:最后一天》中28:30—30:41的視頻片段,展示龐貝人等待救援并瞬間被熔巖烤焦的場景。

播放《生死龐貝》中04:16—04:56和9:10—12:10的視頻片段,展示游客參觀龐貝城宏偉的劇院、

角斗場、寬闊的街道的場景,以及史學家瑪麗·比爾德在鏡頭前展示被發(fā)掘出的精致的首飾、錢幣的場景。

分析:輸出活動是檢查閱讀理解程度、培養(yǎng)思維能力、提高語言運用能力及主動建構知識的重要階段(程瑜,2008)。在本環(huán)節(jié),為了幫助學生在學與用之間建立聯(lián)系、實現(xiàn)兩者之間的無縫對接,筆者設計了輸出任務,請學生討論是否贊成歌德的評論,并給出理由。兩段視頻分別展現(xiàn)了龐貝被淹沒時的悲慘以及現(xiàn)今被保存之完好,為學生表達相應觀點提供了依據(jù)。同時,在呈現(xiàn)板書時,筆者逐步給出了輸出環(huán)節(jié)學生可能用到的目標詞匯,這樣既能加深學生對目標詞匯的記憶和對文章的理解,又能有效地幫助學生完成輸出任務。

四、感悟與反思

本節(jié)閱讀研討課后,筆者與學生進行了交流。他們表示本課對BBC紀錄片的使用使得抽象的文本內容形象化,激發(fā)了他們的學習興趣。筆者認為本課的成功之處在于以下幾點:

首先,筆者嘗試以話題為中心重組教材,而不是傳統(tǒng)地按部就班地教教材。筆者圍繞本課話題,利用BBC相關視頻重新整合信息,將文本內容、話題知識、語言點有效地融合在一起。

其次,在引導學生回歸課文并在語境中梳理相關話題詞匯時,筆者巧妙地把握詞匯教學的時機,適時進行目標詞匯的呈現(xiàn)和復現(xiàn),使學生逐步加深對目標詞匯的理解和掌握。

此外,筆者注意在教學環(huán)節(jié)的演進中始終貫穿學生對目標詞匯的學習,并注重目標詞匯與語法教學的環(huán)環(huán)相扣。

最后,筆者利用相關視頻及板書生成,有效地促成了學生的語言輸出。

《全日制義務教育普通高級中學英語課程標準(實驗稿)》(以下簡稱《課標》)(教育部,2001)提出:“教師要積極利用音像、電視、書刊雜志、網絡信息等豐富的教學資源,拓展學習和運用英語的渠道?!痹诒敬窝杏懻n結束后,課題組進一步對選取BBC紀錄片素材提出了以下建議和設想:

第一,在將BBC紀錄片引入閱讀課時,教師應仔細分析教材及相關視頻資料,尋找視頻與課文的最佳結合點,同時應從學生的學情出發(fā)進行教學設計,只有這樣才能有效地落實教學目標。

第二,BBC紀錄片篇幅短小,語言凝練,富含文化韻味。在下一階段,筆者所在學校將結合北師大版高中英語教材單元閱讀話題,將相關紀錄片,比如《美麗中國》(Wild China)、《中國學?!罚–hinese School)的文字解說進行整理、改寫,以補充閱讀材料的形式呈現(xiàn)給學生。

第三,《課標》中關于文化意識的八級目標包括:“了解英語國家主要的文學家、藝術家、科學家的經歷、成就和貢獻;初步了解主要英語國家的政治、經濟等方面的情況等?!睘榱擞行н_成上述目標,課題組準備在本校開設選修課,擬將BBC紀錄片《英倫歷史》(A History of Britain)和《女王的宮殿》(The Queen's Palaces)推薦給學生。

Stern, H. H. 1983.Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

陳則航,王薔. 2010. 以主題意義為核心的詞匯教學探究 [J]. 中小學外語教學(中學篇),(3): 20—25

程瑜. 2008. 初中英語閱讀語言輸出活動有效性探究[J]. 英語教師,(9): 3—9

王華,甄鳳超. 2007. 透過主題詞和關鍵主題詞管窺中國學習者英語口語交際能力中的詞語知識 [J].外語界,(1): 29—38

徐琳. 2010. 運用情景語境策略培養(yǎng)高中英語學生的詞匯學習能力 [J]. 中小學外語教學(中學篇),(3): 26—31

楊芝雨. 2006. 簡述詞匯復習之“鏈式歸納法”及其他方法 [EB/OL]. http://www.ewteacher.com/r5—article—30900.html,2006—09—25/2014—01—05.

張獻臣. 2007. 課程理念下中學英語詞匯教學的問題

與對策 [J]. 中小學外語教學(中學篇),(6): 6—14

中華人民共和國教育部. 2001. 全日制義務教育普通高級中學英語課程標準(實驗稿)[S]. 北京:北京師范大學出版社.

通訊地址:239300 安徽省天長中學

電子信箱:tzdongmin@126.com

編輯:劉娟娟

G623. 31

B

1009-2536 (2014) 02-0105-08

2014-02

* 本文是2012年安徽省級課題“基于‘鏈接生活’活化閱讀教學的實踐研究”(課題編號JG12147)的階段性成果。

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