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后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的臨床治療研究

2014-03-15 03:01廖榮芳
關(guān)鍵詞:夾閉術(shù)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔

廖榮芳

后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的臨床治療研究

廖榮芳①

目的:探討頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈后交通支動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的治療方法及臨床效果。方法:回顧性分析本院2009-2014年期間收治的頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈后交通支動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的63例患者的臨床資料。結(jié)果:63例患者中,動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)38例,中西醫(yī)結(jié)合保守治療14例,純西醫(yī)保守治療11例。38例動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)患者中,治愈28例(73.7%),輕殘6例(15.8%),中殘2例(5.3%),重殘1例(2.6%),死亡1例(2.6%)。14例中西醫(yī)結(jié)合保守治療患者,治愈4例(28.6%),輕殘2例(14.3%),中殘3例(21.4%),重殘2例(14.3%),死亡3例(21.4%)。11例純西醫(yī)保守治療患者,治愈2例(18.2%),輕殘2例(18.2%),中殘2例(18.2%),重殘2例(18.2%),死亡3例(27.2%)。結(jié)論:后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的患者應(yīng)早期進(jìn)行病因治療,以提高患者預(yù)后。后交通動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)治療是臨床上比較普及的病因治療方法。與內(nèi)科保守治療相比較而言,后交通動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)治療治愈率更高,且致死率和重殘率均低于內(nèi)科保守治療,進(jìn)行內(nèi)科保守治療時(shí),最好選用中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療方法。

后交通動(dòng)脈瘤; 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血; 治療方法

頸內(nèi)-后交通動(dòng)脈起自頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈末段或與其前床突上段的交界處,沿視束下面、蝶鞍和動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)上方水平行向后內(nèi),與大腦后動(dòng)脈吻合[1],國(guó)外資料報(bào)告占顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的25%, 僅次于前交通動(dòng)脈瘤。而國(guó)內(nèi)樣本資料統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明占顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤第 1位[2]。后交通動(dòng)脈瘤(PcoAA)指頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈-后交通動(dòng)脈分叉處的動(dòng)脈瘤,是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的常見(jiàn)類型,可有頭痛、嘔吐、動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)麻痹等表現(xiàn),是蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的常見(jiàn)原因[3-4]。后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血是一種高發(fā)病率、高病死率、高致殘率的疾病[5]。本文分析后交通動(dòng)脈瘤破裂致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的臨床資料,探討其治療方法的選用及療效,旨在減少病死率和致殘率,提高幸存者的生存質(zhì)量。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取2009-2014年期間在本院住院治療的動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,其中因后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血者63例,其中男35例,女28例,年齡32~68歲,中位年齡50.2歲。發(fā)病至就診時(shí)間2 h~6 d,平均(2±0.6)d。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血采用Hunt和Hess分級(jí)[6]:Ⅰ級(jí)20例、Ⅱ級(jí)17例、Ⅲ級(jí)13例、Ⅳ級(jí)11例、Ⅴ級(jí)2例。選入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):頭顱CT平掃確診自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;經(jīng)腦血管造影或頭顱3D-CTA證實(shí)存在后交通動(dòng)脈瘤[7]。

1.2 治療方法

1.2.1 常規(guī)治療 患者絕對(duì)臥床,均給予常規(guī)治療,避免引起顱內(nèi)壓增高的誘因,動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征;常規(guī)給予止痛,疏通大便;預(yù)防腦血管痙攣,預(yù)防癲癇發(fā)作。維持水和電解質(zhì)的平衡,脫水降顱壓,必要者予抗生素治療,防止應(yīng)激性潰瘍[8]。常規(guī)治療同時(shí),根據(jù)患者病情及患者或家屬要求,進(jìn)行不同方式治療。

1.2.2 區(qū)別治療 (1)38例患者行開(kāi)顱動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù),其中Hunt和Hess分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)26例、Ⅲ級(jí)6例、Ⅳ級(jí)6例;(2)14例患者行中西醫(yī)結(jié)合保守對(duì)癥治療,其中Hunt和Hess分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)7例、Ⅲ級(jí)3例、Ⅳ級(jí)3例、V級(jí)1例;(3)11例患者行西醫(yī)保守對(duì)癥治療(西藥常規(guī)治療),其中Hunt和Hess分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)5例、Ⅲ級(jí)3例、Ⅳ級(jí)2例、V級(jí)1例。

1.3 療效判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)治愈:無(wú)頭痛、惡心、嘔吐,無(wú)神經(jīng)功能缺失,能正常工作或勞動(dòng);(2)輕度殘疾:有輕度頭痛或神經(jīng)功能缺失,但生活能自理;(3)中度殘疾:有嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)功能缺失,生活能部分自理;(4)重度殘疾:深昏迷或植物生存;(5)死亡[9]。

2 結(jié)果

63例患者中,38例動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)患者中,治愈28例(73.7%),輕殘6例(15.8%),中殘2例(5.3%),重殘1例(2.6%),死亡1例(2.6%)。14例中西醫(yī)結(jié)合保守治療患者,治愈4例(28.6%),輕殘2例(14.3%),中殘3例(21.4%),重殘2例(14.3%),死亡3例(21.4%)。11例純西醫(yī)保守治療患者,治愈2例(18.2%),輕殘2例(18.2%),中殘2例(18.2%),重殘2例(18.2%),死亡3例(27.2%)。

3 討論

自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者一旦明確診斷,就應(yīng)立刻進(jìn)行相關(guān)病因檢查,其中數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)檢查是蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血病因的最直接、最可靠的檢查方法,并能為外科手術(shù)治療提供指導(dǎo)[10]。在臨床中,引起自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的病因有80%是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,而后交通動(dòng)脈瘤又占其中的25%左右。后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致的自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血之所以病死率高、致殘率高,是因?yàn)樗鼧O易發(fā)生腦血管痙攣和遲發(fā)性腦缺血、交通性腦積水等并發(fā)癥。因此盡快查明病因,并進(jìn)行病因治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)、解除后交通動(dòng)脈瘤的存在,防止動(dòng)脈瘤再次破裂出血的發(fā)生,是提高后交通動(dòng)脈瘤破裂蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的治愈率的關(guān)鍵措施[11]。

顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的治療已進(jìn)入“微侵襲治療時(shí)代”,開(kāi)顱動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)和血管內(nèi)栓塞介入治療已經(jīng)成為處理顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的兩大主要方法,在臨床中對(duì)后交通動(dòng)脈瘤而言,血管內(nèi)栓塞治療微導(dǎo)管易到位、創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快,尤其是出血急性期、反復(fù)出血及危重患者,介入治療更具優(yōu)越性[12]。但由于醫(yī)療條件限制,顯微介入手術(shù)尚未普及各醫(yī)療單位。在本院區(qū),頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈后交通支動(dòng)脈瘤的病因治療仍以開(kāi)顱顯微鏡下動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)為主。據(jù)筆者這次臨床病案回顧性分析的結(jié)果顯示,開(kāi)顱顯微鏡下動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)的治愈率要高于內(nèi)科保守對(duì)癥治療,同時(shí)致死率和重殘率也低于保守治療;而在選擇內(nèi)科保守治療的患者中,中西醫(yī)結(jié)合對(duì)癥治療的治愈率要高于純西醫(yī)保守治療,同時(shí)其致死率和重殘率比純西醫(yī)對(duì)癥治療要低。綜上所述,對(duì)于后交通動(dòng)脈瘤導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的患者,應(yīng)盡快查明病因,盡早進(jìn)行病因治療--行開(kāi)顱夾閉或血管內(nèi)介入治療。只建議Ⅴ級(jí)后交通動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的患者采用保守治療;對(duì)于只能接受保守治療的患者,建議進(jìn)行中西醫(yī)結(jié)合保守對(duì)癥治療。同時(shí)可以看到,手術(shù)并不能解決出血對(duì)于機(jī)體的打擊,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血存在諸多的并發(fā)癥,特別是急性或者遲發(fā)性的腦血管痙攣仍會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)功能缺損,甚至死亡。因此,隨訪對(duì)后交通動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)后的療效觀察至關(guān)重要[13-14]。通過(guò)隨訪,可正確評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)治療的遠(yuǎn)期療效,了解動(dòng)脈瘤有無(wú)得到控制,是否還有蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血情況。同時(shí)總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),不斷提高病因治療技術(shù)。需要指出的是,對(duì)動(dòng)脈瘤術(shù)后的療效觀察,目前認(rèn)為3DDSA是確診顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),能夠明確責(zé)任動(dòng)脈瘤的形態(tài)、大小、指向及其他血管情況,但是血管造影為有創(chuàng)檢查,耗時(shí)較久,對(duì)于危重病人有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn),3D-CTA能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成掃描及重建,是危重病人盡快明確診斷的主要方法,而且3D-CTA能夠?qū)⒀[與動(dòng)脈瘤融合,能夠準(zhǔn)確顯示動(dòng)脈瘤與血腫、毗鄰血管及腦組織之間的關(guān)系,更加有利于手術(shù)入路的選擇及指導(dǎo)手術(shù)[15-16]。

頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈后交通支動(dòng)脈瘤為自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的重要病因之一,一旦明確診斷,應(yīng)及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)送具備治療條件的醫(yī)療單位治療。病因治療頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈后交通支動(dòng)脈瘤目前已全面普及的是開(kāi)顱動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù),若有條件時(shí)最好行血管內(nèi)介入治療,而對(duì)于合并血管畸形者往往需要手術(shù)綜合治療。對(duì)于Ⅴ級(jí)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,除非有血腫危及生命必須手術(shù)清除外,即使積極的病因治療也預(yù)后很差,一般建議內(nèi)科保守對(duì)癥治療,最好選用中西醫(yī)結(jié)合的治療方法,待病情好轉(zhuǎn)后再行病因治療。

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The Clinical Therapy Study of Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Causing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

/LIAO Rong-fang.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(26):127-129

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic method and clinical effect of posterior communicating aneurysm of internal carotid artery causing subarachnoid hemorrhage.Method:The clinical data of 63 patients with posterior communicating aneurysm of internal carotid artery causing subarachnoid hemorrhage in our hospital from 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Result:In 63 patients,38 cases were intracranial aneurysm clipping,14 cases were conservative treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine,11 cases were purely Western medicine conservative treatment.In 38 patients with Intracranial aneurysm clipping,28 cases(73.7%) were cured,6 cases(15.8%) were mild disability,2 cases(5.3%) were moderate disability,1 case(2.6%) were severe disability,1 case(2.6%) were died.In 14 cases of integrated Chinese and Western medicine,4 cases(21.4%) were cured,2 cases(14.3%) were milddisability,3 cases(21.4%) were moderate disability,2 cases(14.3%) were severe disability,3 cases(21.4%) were died.In 11 patients with pure medicine conservative treatment,2 cases(18.2%) were cured,2 cases(18.2%) were mild disability,2 cases(18.2%) were moderate disability,2 cases(18.2%) were severe disability,3 cases(27.2%)were died.Conclusion:The patients with posterior communicating artery aneurysm causing subarachnoid hemorrhage should be performed early etiological treatment,improve the prognosis of patients.Ipsilateral internal carotid artery ligation treatment is more popular clinical etiology treatment.Compared with conservative treatment,artery ligation treatment cure rate is higher,and mortality and severe disability rates are lower than the conservative treatment,when medical conservative treatment,preferably treated with combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine approach.

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Therapeutic method

10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.26.045

2014-06-03) (本文編輯:歐麗)

①江西省景德鎮(zhèn)第二人民醫(yī)院 江西 景德鎮(zhèn) 333000

廖榮芳

First-author’s address:The Second People’s Hospital of J ingdezhen City,J ingdezhen 333000,China

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