国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

基礎(chǔ)寫作“五步”法

2014-02-10 08:15吳萍萍
廣東教育·高中 2014年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:五步信息點(diǎn)二手煙

吳萍萍

高考英語廣東卷寫作題中包括了15分的基礎(chǔ)寫作,目的是要檢測考生最基礎(chǔ)的書面表達(dá)能力,如用詞的合理性、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜度、語法運(yùn)用的正確性、信息內(nèi)容的完整性、句子之間的連貫性等。作為長期奮戰(zhàn)在第一線的高三老師,筆者總結(jié)出基礎(chǔ)寫作“五步”寫作方法,并以歷年高考基礎(chǔ)寫作題為例進(jìn)行分析,希望對考生有所幫助。

步驟一:認(rèn)真審題,分析文體,確定時(shí)態(tài)。

2009—2012年廣東省高考基礎(chǔ)寫作都屬于報(bào)道類應(yīng)用文體,包括采訪報(bào)道(2009年)、禁煙報(bào)道(2010年)、圖書信息以及相關(guān)報(bào)道(2011年),2012年是人物介紹的校園報(bào)道。根據(jù)應(yīng)用文體的特點(diǎn),文章應(yīng)以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)作為主導(dǎo)時(shí)態(tài)。如:2010年高考禁煙報(bào)道的基礎(chǔ)寫作,可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表述禁煙時(shí)間、禁煙內(nèi)容以及禁煙的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)然并非整篇文章只能使用唯一時(shí)態(tài),部分細(xì)節(jié)信息可以根據(jù)具體的時(shí)間狀語,考慮用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。如2009年高考基礎(chǔ)寫作中的第一個信息點(diǎn):上周末,我采訪了眼科醫(yī)生王教授,進(jìn)行了關(guān)于我國中小學(xué)生近視問題的采訪。這個句子應(yīng)該根據(jù)它明顯的過去時(shí)間狀語采用一般過去時(shí)態(tài):Last weekend,I had an interview with Professor Wang,an eye doctor, concerning the issue of short-sightedness of school children in China.

總體而言,如果是記敘文,一般采用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)或者根據(jù)具體的情況使用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài),包括過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、過去將來時(shí)態(tài)與過去完成時(shí)態(tài)等等。如果是說明類的文體,考慮用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主。當(dāng)然如果談及某個地方或者某個人物的歷史,我們可以考慮用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。也有可能是展望某個地方的前景或某個人物的夢想,就需考慮用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)了。如果是議論文,應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),因?yàn)橛行┦聦?shí)、觀點(diǎn)或者看法是恒定而沒有改變的,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為佳。

步驟二:根據(jù)考題的中文寫作信息進(jìn)行五個句子的整合或者分拆。

筆者特別強(qiáng)調(diào)根據(jù)中文寫作信息直接劃分為五個句子是為了避免信息點(diǎn)的遺漏。整合或者分拆句子的原則是相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)合并,每個句子必須至少包含一個重要的信息點(diǎn)。2007年至2012年的基礎(chǔ)寫作信息點(diǎn)都較多,大部分都在8個信息點(diǎn)左右。這點(diǎn)與命題者的思路相關(guān):較多的信息點(diǎn)促使學(xué)生可以靈活運(yùn)用所學(xué)的并列句式或者從屬句式,注重篇章效果,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用相關(guān)的連接詞,能展示學(xué)生的謀篇能力?,F(xiàn)在,筆者以2010年高考基礎(chǔ)寫作題為例,闡述此部分的解題思路。

(2010廣東高考)以下是一則關(guān)于中國政府決定禁煙的報(bào)道的主要內(nèi)容。

內(nèi)容:公共場所禁煙

實(shí)施時(shí)間: 2011年1月1日起

實(shí)施范圍:全國

目標(biāo):所有室內(nèi)公共場所無煙

措施:張貼禁煙標(biāo)志

相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù):

(1)吸煙人數(shù):約3.5億

(2)分布:男性75%;女性25%

(3)受二手煙影響人數(shù):約5.4億

(4)因二手煙死亡人數(shù):超過10萬/年

?鄢二手煙:second-hand smoke

[寫作內(nèi)容]

請根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容給學(xué)校英語墻報(bào)寫一篇通訊,內(nèi)容包括:

1. 禁煙決定的內(nèi)容及實(shí)施的時(shí)間和范圍;

2. 目標(biāo)和措施;

3. 相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。

[寫作要求]

只能用5個句子表達(dá)全部內(nèi)容。

[評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

思路分析:該題為應(yīng)用文中的通訊報(bào)道。試題詳細(xì)地給出了內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),屬于控制性寫作。這次的寫作主題是“禁煙通告”,并且要求考生闡述與之相關(guān)的信息。根據(jù)信息點(diǎn)的相關(guān)性以及信息點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的多少,可以考慮劃分成以下5組信息點(diǎn)(當(dāng)然,這并非是唯一方式,僅供參考)。

第一句包括實(shí)施內(nèi)容、時(shí)間和范圍:2011年1月1日,中國政府決定在全國進(jìn)行禁煙;

第二句內(nèi)容是實(shí)施目標(biāo)以及措施:通過張貼禁煙標(biāo)志,在所有室內(nèi)公共場合實(shí)現(xiàn)無煙;

第三句包含數(shù)據(jù)(1)(2):全國吸煙人數(shù)約3.5億,其中75%是男性而25%是女性;

第四句包含數(shù)據(jù)(3):受到二手煙影響的人數(shù)約為5.4億;

第五句包括數(shù)據(jù)(4):每年因二手煙死亡人數(shù)已超過10萬人。

筆者認(rèn)為一定要在審題時(shí)把五組信息點(diǎn)劃分出來,這樣不僅可以避免信息點(diǎn)遺漏,還可以使信息點(diǎn)平衡,每個句子包括一個重要信息點(diǎn),使文章可以彰顯作者的整體謀篇能力。

步驟三:根據(jù)五組已經(jīng)劃分好的信息點(diǎn),從句子層面思索,進(jìn)行翻譯。

這里筆者特別強(qiáng)調(diào)絕對不可詞對詞進(jìn)行翻譯,這樣容易造成中式英語。最好的做法是根據(jù)句子的意思,從句子層面考慮使用恰當(dāng)?shù)木涫健⒍陶Z或者具體的詞匯去表述。如果能關(guān)注課本語言知識、句式的總結(jié),平時(shí)能多熟記參考作文中的優(yōu)美詞句,同學(xué)們將比較容易在寫作過程中有效地提取相關(guān)信息。筆者還是以2010年基礎(chǔ)寫作為例,說明自己的看法(題目略)。

根據(jù)已劃分好的信息點(diǎn),用五個句子翻譯如下。

第1句:Our country has begun to carry out the policy that prevents smoking in public buildings since January 1st, 2011. 本句采用了定語從句,先行詞為policy,在從句中充當(dāng)主語??紤]到since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,主句的謂語使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。

第2句:The main aim is to make every public rooms have no smoke by posting the sign of preventing smoking. 此句采用常見句式The goal/aim/purpose is/was to...,由不定式短語作表語。endprint

第3句:There are 350 million people smoking recently, in which the male hold 75 percent and the female hold 25 percent. 本句數(shù)據(jù)較多,用了非限制定語從句,利用in which引導(dǎo)起補(bǔ)充說明作用的非限制性定語從句。

第4句:Because of these smokers, about 540 million non-smokers are influenced. 此句用了because of引導(dǎo)的原因狀語起承上啟下的作用。

第5句:Worse still, more than 100 thousand people per year die because of the second-smoke. 此句用worse still短語作為過渡,用簡單句式點(diǎn)出最后一個信息內(nèi)容。

分析總結(jié)五個句子能簡單明了、流暢地表達(dá)出題目羅列的重要信息點(diǎn),符合英語表達(dá)的習(xí)慣,效果顯著。

步驟四:注重使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞,以使行文連貫。

基礎(chǔ)寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中包括語言的連貫性,總分2分。筆者認(rèn)為不可小看這2分,其實(shí)使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞能使文章內(nèi)容連貫,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,提升文章的評分檔次。筆者進(jìn)行了過渡詞常見用法的歸納總結(jié)如下表。

步驟五:細(xì)致檢查,注意表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性。

最后一步再次瀏覽全文,特別檢查信息點(diǎn)的完整性,表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性,尤其關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)問題,如拼寫是否正確,主語與謂語是否保持一致等問題。這里筆者特別提醒各位考生,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)確實(shí)有需要修改之處,請把錯誤之處用一斜線劃掉,在旁邊寫上正確表達(dá),這樣可以保證卷面的清晰。當(dāng)然,如能形成較好的寫作習(xí)慣,做到全篇下來無一處更改,字跡工整清楚,更是理想,這就需要大家在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中三思而后行,做到準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。

即時(shí)訓(xùn)練

(一)

假設(shè)你買了一本英文詞典,發(fā)現(xiàn)有一些質(zhì)量問題,書店的服務(wù)態(tài)度又不好,就給報(bào)社編輯寫信。信中包括以下內(nèi)容:

1. 事情的起因:自己在匆忙的情況下隨便拿起一本書店的英文詞典,沒有檢查就離開了書店。

2. 字典的問題:有些詞條的解釋模糊;有兩面是12頁,沒有13頁。

3. 與書店交涉的經(jīng)過:我回到書店要求更換字典,但是書店的工作人員告訴我店里已經(jīng)沒有相同的詞典。我建議他與出版社聯(lián)系,但是他直接拒絕我,要求我自己去聯(lián)系出版社解決問題。

4. 呼吁服務(wù)行業(yè)提高服務(wù)意識:良好的服務(wù)理念會贏得顧客的信心并爭取更多的顧客,希望服務(wù)業(yè)提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

參考詞匯:詞條 word entries 模糊 illegible 服務(wù)行業(yè) service trades

【寫作要求】

1. 文章開始與結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入五個句子中;

2. 只能用5個句子表達(dá)全部內(nèi)容。

【評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】

句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

思路引導(dǎo):

1. 文章是屬于_________ 文體,主導(dǎo)時(shí)態(tài)是

______________________________。

2. 五個句子如何劃分:

(1)______; (2)_______; (3)________; (4)________; (5)___________

3. 采用何種句式(短語等)翻譯五個句子?

__________________________

4. 句子之間使用的過渡詞是

________________________________

5. 檢查文章,注意信息點(diǎn)完整,句子表達(dá)的精確性。

(二)

實(shí)踐活動深受學(xué)生們的歡迎,對此,家長們有不同的看法。具體情況見下表。

參考詞匯:社會實(shí)踐活動 Social Practice 補(bǔ)充 supplement

【寫作要求】

1. 首句已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入五個句子中。

2. 只能用5個句子表達(dá)全部內(nèi)容。

【評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】

句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確,信息內(nèi)容完整,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. ...

思路引導(dǎo):

1. 文章是屬于_________ 文體,主導(dǎo)時(shí)態(tài)是

____________________________。

2. 五個句子如何劃分:(1)_______;(2)_______; (3) ;(4)________;(5)___________

3. 采用何種句式(短語等)翻譯五個句子?

__________________________

4. 句子之間使用的過渡詞是

_______________________________

5. 檢查文章,注意信息點(diǎn)完整,句子表達(dá)的精確性。

參考范文

(一)

Dear Sir/ Madam,endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者單位:梅州市曾憲梓中學(xué))

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者單位:梅州市曾憲梓中學(xué))

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青endprint

Last Wednesday I bought an English-Chinese dictionary in Youhao bookstore. Because I was in a hurry,I picked up a copy,paid for it and left the store without looking it over. The next day I found the notes under several word entries were illegible,and worse still, there were two page 12s but no page 13. Then I went back to the bookstore,asking for an exchange, but the shop assistant told me that there was no copy left in the store. Therefore,I requested him to contact the Publishing House to arrange a replacement for me, which was refused by the shop assistant,who asked me to do it myself. Something has to be changed in service trades since a strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to gain the customersconfidence and win more customers, so it is high time for those working in the lines changed their attitude toward customers and raise their awareness of service.

Sincerely yours,

Jenny

(二)

Social Practice has been more and more popular among students. Some parents believe that Social Practice offers the students a chance to contact the society and get some idea of the society, so they support it. Besides, the students are supposed to apply what they have learned in class to the practical work,which will be helpful to their future career. However,some parents who hold the opposite opinion argue that students may get more interest in social work and spend long time on it,thus neglecting their studies. Worse still, attention distraction makes them unable to focus on the study. Still some others think students should put their studies in the first place and hold the Social Practice just as a supplement of their study.

(作者單位:梅州市曾憲梓中學(xué))

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青endprint

猜你喜歡
五步信息點(diǎn)二手煙
二手煙也會增加口腔癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
吸二手煙會增加口腔癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
接觸二手煙 傷兒童視力
一種基于模板的配電終端信息點(diǎn)表自動生成方案
Personalized Ranking Metric Embedding forNext New POI Recommendation
主題出發(fā),以生為本
醫(yī)療建筑智能化施工中常見問題的協(xié)調(diào)解決
“五步”+“三力”,強(qiáng)化小組管理
現(xiàn)代散文“五步”快速閱讀法
挪窮窩 斬窮根“五步”搬遷保脫貧
收藏| 盐津县| 武陟县| 遵义市| 临朐县| 故城县| 平舆县| 图片| 塔河县| 炉霍县| 镇安县| 桐乡市| 恩平市| 贡觉县| 喜德县| 华坪县| 工布江达县| 泗水县| 江西省| 庄河市| 深水埗区| 嘉义市| 丽江市| 章丘市| 榆社县| 凤庆县| 上高县| 凤山市| 东源县| 和林格尔县| 阿瓦提县| 浪卡子县| 诸城市| 太白县| 体育| 洪泽县| 阳新县| 上虞市| 宝坻区| 陕西省| 佛山市|