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攻克閱讀中的生詞五招

2014-02-10 00:06張利瓊
廣東教育·高中 2014年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:同位語后綴生詞

張利瓊

在平時或考試中閱讀短文時,我們遇到最頭痛的問題就是生詞。生詞成為我們獲得閱讀高分的最大障礙。對生詞的處理,不僅影響閱讀速度,同時也影響對文章的理解和掌握。攻克閱讀文章中的生詞,是高中生必備的能力之一。具備了這種能力,既有助于養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,又能解決高考英語閱讀理解中的猜測詞義這一類必考題。本文結(jié)合具體的實例來為大家介紹五種猜測詞義的方法。

一、根據(jù)重復(fù)的表述或句子結(jié)構(gòu)來猜測詞義

有時候,為了把一件事情敘述或說明得更清楚、更詳細,文章的作者往往會使用一些意義相同或相近的詞來表達同一概念或同一動作,這時,我們就可以利用這些意義上重復(fù)的詞語去猜測生詞的詞義。例:

[例1] (2009年廣東) We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard,rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that ten—dollar grand prize,each and every one of us. Im going to spend mine on candies,one hopeful would announce,while another practiced looking serious,wise and rich.

47. The underlined phrase most probably means _____________.

A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for

C. made some space for D. chose some colors for

一開始,“conjured up”的意思不是十分清楚,只要接著往下讀,意思就會逐漸明朗起來,本段上下句是Some...Other...句式,while we conjured up our designs在語法功能和語義的對應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought,可見conjured up的意思是“思考,想象”,故選A。

二、根據(jù)普通常識和生活經(jīng)驗來猜測詞義

在閱讀的過程中,如遇到生詞,也不必驚慌,有時可以根據(jù)自身的直接或間接經(jīng)驗,或運用自己已有的生活常識將其推測出來。例:

[例2](2010年全國高考卷Ⅱ)Beijings skiing craze is partly a result of the recent increase in private cars. This has led to the growth of a leisure industry in the capital's suburbs, which until the late-1990s were unreachable to ordinary people, According to Mr. Wei, about 40% of the visitors to his resort come in their own cars. The rest are bused in by schools, businesses or government offices.

52. The underlined words “l(fā)eisure industry” refer to _________.

A. transport to ski resorts

B. production of family cars

C. business of providing spare time enjoyments

D. part-time work for people living in the suburbs

按常識可知,私家車的增加說明人們的生活水平提高了,娛樂活動亦隨之增加,同時也就促進了滑雪之類行業(yè)的發(fā)展,由此可推知劃線部分的含義是“休閑業(yè)”,因此選C。

三、根據(jù)上下文的語境關(guān)聯(lián)來猜測詞義

字不離詞,詞不離句。任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。做題時,有時候我們可以通過作者所列舉的具體詞匯分析其共同點,抓住其共性,結(jié)合上下文的語境來推測出所給詞匯的意義。例:

[例3](2013年廣東)In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. ...

42. The underlined expression “cutting edge” is closest in meaning to ______.

A. advanced technique B. sharpening toolendprint

C. effective rule D. dividing line

本文通過Jennifer在家考試受監(jiān)控的具體描述,介紹了一些防止網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育中考試作弊的一些先進的手段或方法。由第二段的具體描述來看,這是防止作弊的先進技術(shù),另外,也可以從第五段的第一句中的other high-tich methods(另外的高科技方法)得到啟示,要選A。

四、利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義

在閱讀文章時,我們總會遇上一些新詞匯,有時很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞義,而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用,此時,如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識,這些問題便不難解決了。例:

[例4](2005年廣東)The Bay Hotel.Its a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialised Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point.If pop music is no longer your strong point,and you are considering a relaxing holiday where the scenery is breathtaking and the sound of the sea is live music to your ears,come and stay with us. For adults only.Sssh! Dont tell everyone!

根據(jù)后綴-ise/ize(使……成為,使……化),結(jié)合詞根commercial(商業(yè)的)不難猜出uncommercialized意為:“未被商業(yè)化的”。

中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有:super-(超);mini-(極小的,微小的);re-(再,反復(fù));mis-(誤);im-(不);un-(不,非);in-(不,非);non-(不,非);-able(能……的);-less(不,無);-wards(向)等。

五、以同位語(從句)、定語從句為線索猜測詞義

同位語(從句)用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容,而定語從句則對某一名詞或代詞作了限定。所以有時我們可根據(jù)同位語(從句)或定語從句對其修飾的先行詞的詞義作出推斷。例:

I told him I was a mason,a person whose job is cutting stone into shape for building.

通過后面的同位語及其定語從句不難猜出mason是“石匠”。

再如Another problem for the settler is that much of Alaska is permafrost which is a layer of soil under the ground that is always frozen.

通過后面的定語從句可知permafrost的意思是“地表下的永久凍土層”

構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間通常用連接號,有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號或括號。常用信息詞有:or;similarity; that is to say; in other words; namely; or other; say等。如:

It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily.

從后面的it will break easily可以猜測出brittle是“脆”的意思。

掌握上述技巧,我們以后再在閱讀中遇到生詞難詞就再也不用感到困擾了,希望考生們在考試中取得滿意的閱讀成績。

(作者單位:開平市長師中學(xué))

責任編校 蔣小青endprint

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