康 磊 徐小潔 馬 超 王榮福
FDG PET/CT在診斷神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副腫瘤綜合征的研究進(jìn)展*
康 磊①徐小潔②馬 超①王榮福①
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副腫瘤綜合征(paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome,PNS)是發(fā)生于某些惡性腫瘤患者體內(nèi)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)異常的一類少見疾病,其臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,且神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀的出現(xiàn)多早于惡性腫瘤的診斷。雖然抗神經(jīng)元抗體對診斷PNS有提示作用,但是存在較多假陽性和假陰性情況。因此,PNS的診斷往往是臨床工作的難點(diǎn)。PET/CT是一種解剖和功能融合的顯像技術(shù),通過一次掃描即可評價全身情況。脫氧氟代葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT對于PNS的診斷優(yōu)勢不但在于能夠顯示全身范圍內(nèi)潛在的惡性腫瘤病灶,而且可以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腦部代謝異常。本文通過介紹PNS的發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷,并對FDG PET/CT在診斷PNS的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述,擬為臨床上PNS的診斷提供幫助。
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副腫瘤綜合征 脫氧氟代葡萄糖 PET/CT 抗神經(jīng)元抗體
副腫瘤綜合征(paraneoplastic syndrome)是指發(fā)生在某些惡性腫瘤患者體內(nèi),在未出現(xiàn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下,即對遠(yuǎn)隔器官產(chǎn)生影響并引起功能障礙的一類少見疾病。其中,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副腫瘤綜合征(paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome,PNS)表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常,通常由異常的免疫應(yīng)答間接導(dǎo)致[1-2]。PNS的發(fā)病率不足1%,但在臨床上可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)功能障礙,針對原發(fā)腫瘤的治療對提高預(yù)后至關(guān)重要。通常,PNS出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀常早于原發(fā)腫瘤的發(fā)現(xiàn),甚至發(fā)生于數(shù)年前,其臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,而且一些PNS的發(fā)生可能不伴副腫瘤抗體的異常,或一些抗體增高的患者無神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀,導(dǎo)致臨床工作中對PNS的確診成為難點(diǎn)。正電子發(fā)射斷層/計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography, PET/CT)能夠?qū)ET提供的功能信息與CT顯示的形態(tài)學(xué)信息相結(jié)合,通過一次掃描即可評價全身情況。氟-18標(biāo)記脫氧氟代葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)是一種葡萄糖類似物,由于惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞對FDG的攝取程度往往高于正常組織,使其在惡性腫瘤的診斷價值得到廣泛認(rèn)可[3],而且FDG顯像還可評價腦組織的葡萄糖代謝水平[4],因此FDG PET/CT對于PNS的診斷具有較好的應(yīng)用價值。本文通過介紹PNS的發(fā)病、臨床診斷及FDG PET/CT對其診斷的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展,希望為臨床上PNS的診斷提供幫助。
幾乎所有類型的惡性腫瘤均可能發(fā)生PNS,其中出現(xiàn)較多的腫瘤為小細(xì)胞肺癌(SCLC)、胸腺瘤、卵巢癌、畸胎瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、睪丸癌、乳腺癌、頭頸部腫瘤等[1]。SCLC是成人最常見PNS的惡性腫瘤,PNS發(fā)生率為1%~3%。神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤是兒童PNS最常見的惡性腫瘤,眼陣攣-肌陣攣綜合征(opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome,OMS)的發(fā)病率為2%~3%[5]。副腫瘤病變可累及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的任何部位,如腦、脊髓、周圍神經(jīng)、神經(jīng)-肌肉接頭和肌肉等,因而神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)臨床癥狀多樣。但一些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變?nèi)缒X脊髓炎(paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis,PEM)、小腦退化癥(paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration,PCD)、OMS、亞急性感覺神經(jīng)元病及Lambert-Eaton肌無力綜合征(LEMS)的發(fā)生常與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān),被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)典的PNS,如LEMS多提示SCLC的存在[6]。
PNS的發(fā)病原因尚不明確,但普遍認(rèn)為異常的免疫交叉反應(yīng)是PNS發(fā)病的重要因素。腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)的一些蛋白在正常的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)亦有表達(dá),針對這些蛋白的免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)同時作用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),從而導(dǎo)致PNS的發(fā)生。雖然尚無明確證據(jù)證實(shí)副腫瘤抗體是致病因素,但仍可作為PNS的相關(guān)標(biāo)記物。目前研究明確的抗體有抗Hu、抗Yo、抗CV2、抗Ri、抗Ma2、抗NMDAR(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor)和抗兩性蛋白抗體[7-9]。抗Hu抗體常與SCLC密切相關(guān),表現(xiàn)為邊緣葉腦炎、PEM、感覺神經(jīng)元病、PCD。約半數(shù)的邊緣葉腦炎患者抗Hu抗體陽性,且陽性患者的療效較差??筜o抗體常與乳腺癌、卵巢癌有關(guān),表現(xiàn)為PCD??筊i抗體可見于乳腺癌、婦科惡性腫瘤和SCLC,表現(xiàn)為PCD和OMS??笴V2(或CRMP5)抗體常與SCLC和胸腺癌有關(guān),表現(xiàn)為PEM、PCD、感知-運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元病等??筂a2抗體與睪丸生殖細(xì)胞腫瘤及SCLC有關(guān),表現(xiàn)為大腦邊緣葉、間腦、腦干功能障礙??箖尚缘鞍卓贵w與睪丸生殖細(xì)胞腫瘤及乳腺癌有關(guān),可表現(xiàn)為僵人綜合癥、PEM??筃MDAR抗體最常見于卵巢畸胎瘤,表現(xiàn)為腦炎的多種癥狀[8-9]。
2004年Graus等[10]提出PNS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),認(rèn)為5年內(nèi)發(fā)生神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常,有典型的臨床表現(xiàn)并發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤病灶,無論副腫瘤抗體異常與否均可診斷為PNS。在排除神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀自發(fā)緩解的情況、抗腫瘤治療后,不典型PNS的臨床癥狀明顯緩解或消失亦可診斷PNS。此外,有典型或不典型的PNS臨床癥狀且可檢測到特征性抗體,雖然當(dāng)時未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤,但需長期密切隨診。
PET/CT將PET顯像的功能成像和CT的解剖成像相結(jié)合,作為一種融合顯像方式,不但可以顯示尚未發(fā)生解剖結(jié)構(gòu)改變的早期功能異常病灶,還可以精確定位病灶,對于探測和診斷惡性病變的靈敏度較高。18F-FDG作為葡萄糖類似物,能夠顯示全身及腦部的葡萄糖代謝水平。由于腦組織所需能量完全由葡萄糖代謝所提供,因此腦組織FDG的異常攝取常早于解剖結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾患的早期診斷及療效評價的靈敏度高。此外,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT對惡性腫瘤病灶的應(yīng)用價值已被廣泛認(rèn)可。對于PNS,無論是PET還是PET/CT均可在其他常規(guī)檢查(如全身CT掃描)結(jié)果陰性時提高20%的腫瘤檢出率[11]。在1例副腫瘤邊緣葉腦炎的病例中,MRI顯示左側(cè)杏仁體和海馬的T2加權(quán)呈異常高信號,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT不但在相應(yīng)腦組織顯示出異常代謝增高灶,而且發(fā)現(xiàn)了肺部的惡性腫瘤,為最終確診提供了重要信息[12]。因此,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT在PNS的診斷價值主要體現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變的評估和對惡性腫瘤病變的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
FDG PET作為一種功能顯像,腦部葡萄糖代謝異??砂l(fā)生在解剖結(jié)果改變之前即可被探測到,對于有些腦部病變的檢出較MRI顯像更靈敏。1例抗Ma2抗體陽性的視震顫患者的MRI顯示前中央顳回信號增高但無強(qiáng)化,PET顯示小腦深部及下直肌、上眼斜肌的FDG攝取增高,最終確診為睪丸精原細(xì)胞瘤[13]。副腫瘤邊緣葉腦炎作為經(jīng)典的PNS,相關(guān)研究和病例報(bào)道較多,F(xiàn)DG PET可顯示顳葉邊緣系統(tǒng)的異常高代謝區(qū),然而MRI顯像卻對一些病灶無法顯示[14]。有報(bào)道[15]顯示1例邊緣葉腦炎患者的抗Ma2抗體陽性且進(jìn)行性增高,提示病程進(jìn)展,但是MRI顯像中左內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉的T2高信號未見明顯變化,相比之下,F(xiàn)DG PET可發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉的FDG攝取逐漸增高。Ances等[16]顯示7例邊緣葉腦炎患者中有3例腦葡萄糖代謝異常,包括1例腦干代謝增高、枕葉代謝減低,2例小腦代謝增高。PCD患者在治療前小腦表現(xiàn)為異常高代謝,而治療后小腦代謝程度降低,提示FDG可用于評估病情進(jìn)展程度及療效。關(guān)于PNS病變的葡萄糖高代謝的機(jī)制尚未統(tǒng)一,有研究認(rèn)為高代謝區(qū)域可能代表癲癇灶,另有研究提出高代謝可能與炎性過程有關(guān)[17]。
但亦有研究[18]顯示PNS病變的葡萄糖代謝異常減低。Clapp等[19]對102例可疑或確診PNS的患者進(jìn)行FDG PET腦顯像回顧性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)67例腦葡萄糖代謝減低,代謝減低部位可分為六類,包括腦皮質(zhì)彌漫減低(36例)、小腦(10例)、基底節(jié)區(qū)(10例)、額葉(9例)、顳葉(1例)和枕葉(1例),腦皮質(zhì)彌漫減低以感覺運(yùn)動皮層為著。該研究顯示62.9%的患者FDG PET結(jié)果異常,而MRI未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,同樣證實(shí)了FDG PET對PNS腦部疾患的應(yīng)用價值及優(yōu)勢。
當(dāng)PNS患者副腫瘤抗體陽性時,強(qiáng)烈提示惡性腫瘤的存在,此時PET具有發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在病灶的重要價值[20]。Linke等[21]針對13例抗體陽性的患者進(jìn)行PET評價,發(fā)現(xiàn)PET對于腫瘤的檢出率高達(dá)90%(9/10),而CT僅為30%(4/13),將其聯(lián)合應(yīng)用后對腫瘤的檢出率達(dá)100%。Younes-Mhenni等[22]對20例行CT或MRI未能發(fā)現(xiàn)異常的副腫瘤抗體陽性患者進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,PET顯像發(fā)現(xiàn)18例異常,包括13例縱隔、2例肺臟、2例乳腺、1例腮腺,7例頸部、鎖骨上、腋窩淋巴結(jié)異常。最終病理確診8例SCLC、2例乳腺癌、2例肺腺癌、1例卵巢癌腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、1例惡性胸腺瘤,可見FDG PET提高了惡性腫瘤的檢出率。
雖然副腫瘤抗體對PNS診斷有較好的提示作用,但卻存在一定的假陽性和假陰性情況。Hadjivassiliou等[23]對該中心6年內(nèi)懷疑PNS但CT檢查陰性的患者進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,結(jié)果顯示PET的診斷陽性率為23%(18/80)、真陽性率為61%(11/18)、假陰性率為5%(3/62),對于經(jīng)典PNS的PET診斷陽性率(41%)高于非經(jīng)典型(21%),最終PET的診斷靈敏度為75%,特異性為87%,而抗體的真陽性率僅為50%(7/14)。Patel等[24]回顧研究了104例懷疑PNS的病例,其中73例抗體陽性,余31例抗體陰性。最終僅10例確診惡性腫瘤,其中PET檢出8例異常,而CT僅發(fā)現(xiàn)3例異常,而且5例患者僅PET顯示異常。由此可見,F(xiàn)DG PET對于診斷PNS價值,尤其是對惡性腫瘤的提示作用,遠(yuǎn)高于副腫瘤抗體。因此,根據(jù)2011年歐洲神經(jīng)病學(xué)聯(lián)盟指南,無論抗體陽性與否,當(dāng)懷疑PNS且常規(guī)檢查結(jié)果陰性時,推薦使用全身FDG PET檢查[6]。
FDG PET/CT近年來已被廣泛推廣及應(yīng)用,通過提供葡萄糖代謝和形態(tài)學(xué)兩種信息大幅提高了診斷準(zhǔn)確率。Schramm等[25]對66例PNS患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,比較PET/CT與增強(qiáng)CT的診斷價值。結(jié)果顯示,PET/CT檢出10例惡性腫瘤,除1例胸腺瘤為假陽性,其余真陽性病例包括支氣管癌、乳腺癌、宮頸癌、卵巢癌、膀胱癌、扁桃體癌及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。增強(qiáng)CT未能檢出宮頸癌、扁桃體癌及卵巢癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移各1例。PET/CT的診斷靈敏度和特異度分別為100%和90%,而增強(qiáng)CT分別為78%和88%。此外,作為全身檢查,PET/CT還可發(fā)現(xiàn)不同部位的多發(fā)病灶,該研究確診了2例雙原發(fā)惡性腫瘤,包括1例肺腺癌和扁桃體癌以及1例支氣管癌和膀胱癌。有研究[26]顯示,68例患者中有18例PET/CT顯示陽性,陽性率為26%,而且診斷靈敏度為100%,特異度為82%。Matsuhisa等[27]對27例懷疑PNS患者進(jìn)行FDG PET/CT檢查,其中5例(19%)最終確診惡性腫瘤,PET/CT的診斷靈敏度為83%(5/6),27例患者中7例抗體陽性,但有1例未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常FDG攝取及惡性腫瘤。Barata等[28]報(bào)道1例42歲女性出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性加重的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀,但抗神經(jīng)抗體陰性,全身PET/CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)右乳占位伴葡萄糖代謝異常增高灶,穿刺最終確診浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌,抗腫瘤治療后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀消失。但早期有研究顯示PET/CT對惡性腫瘤的檢出率及靈敏度并不高。Bannas等[29]回顧分析46例可疑PNS患者的結(jié)果顯示,PET/CT的陽性率為22%(10/46),真陽性率僅8.7%(4/46),診斷靈敏度僅40%,可能與受檢人群差異、樣本數(shù)低、診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足有關(guān)。
由于FDG在上頜骨、陰道、子宮、卵巢、睪丸、膀胱等部位攝取本底較高,因此這些部位的惡性腫瘤檢出假陽性率較高,特別是對生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的PET/CT診斷靈敏度欠佳[30]。FDG主要通過泌尿系排泄,故泌尿系組織和器官均可受到尿液高攝取的影響而導(dǎo)致診斷誤差。此外,PET顯像對于通過結(jié)合其他檢查如增強(qiáng)CT、MRI可提高病灶的檢出率,或者通過有針對性的二次延遲顯像亦有助于鑒別良惡性。此外,一些基于其他原理的腫瘤陽性顯像劑,如鎵(68Ga)-DOTA、68Ga-奧曲肽、18F-FMT、碳(11C)-FLT、18F-galacto-RGD等均有望用于診斷PNS的惡性腫瘤[2]。
PNS可發(fā)生于多種腫瘤,臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,且神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀多早于腫瘤的出現(xiàn),PNS的診斷往往是臨床工作的難點(diǎn)。雖然副腫瘤抗體對診斷PNS有提示作用,但是存在較多假陽性和假陰性病例。FDG PET/ CT對于PNS的診斷優(yōu)勢不但在于能夠顯示全身范圍的潛在惡性腫瘤病灶,而且還可以在發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)異常之前即提早發(fā)現(xiàn)腦部代謝異常。當(dāng)臨床懷疑PNS但常規(guī)檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤時,無論抗體陽性與否,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT應(yīng)該作為診斷或隨訪的重要工具。隨著新型腫瘤顯像劑的研發(fā)和顯像技術(shù)的優(yōu)化,PNS的診斷效能有望進(jìn)一步提高。
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(2014-02-10收稿)(2014-04-14修回)
Research progress in the diagnostic application of FDG PET/CT imaging in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
Lei KANG1,Xiaojie XU2,Chao MA1,Rongfu WANG1
Rongfu WANG;E-mail:rongfu_wang@163.com
1Department of Nuclear Medicine,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 100034,China;2Department of Medical Molecular Biology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences Institute of Bioengineering,Beijing 100850,China
Para-neoplastic neurological syndrome(PNS)is a series of rare illnesses affecting the nervous system and associated with several malignant tumors.PNS is manifested by various clinical symptoms,which conventionally precede the diagnosis of tumors in months or even years.Although anti-neuronal antibodies can indicate the presence of cancer,numerous false positive and false negative cases are detected.Therefore,the clinical diagnosis of PNS has become a challenge.Position emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)is an image-fusion method containing anatomical and functional information and can be used to obtain whole-body images by a single scan.Fluoro-deoxy-glucose(FDG)PET/CT imaging can reveal potential malignant lesions in the whole body and diagnose specific types of cancer.This technology can also be applied to assess functional abnormality in the brain and monitor its response to treatment.Furthermore,the mechanism,clinical manifestation,and diagnosis of PNS are introduced in this study.Recent applications of FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of PNS are reviewed to improve diagnostic accuracy.
paraneoplastic neurological syndrome,fluoro-deoxy-glucose,position emission tomography/computed tomography, anti-neuronal antibody
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20140196
①北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科(北京市100034);②軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院生物工程所
*本文課題受國家自然科學(xué)基金(編號:81101065,31100604)、高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)新教師專項(xiàng)科研基金(編號:20110001120043)和國家重大科學(xué)儀器設(shè)備開發(fā)專項(xiàng)(編號:2011YQ03011409)資助
王榮福 rongfu_wang@163.com
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81101065 and 31100604),the Special Scientific Funds of High Education Doctoral Program for New Teachers(Grant No.20110001120043),and the National Special Funds for Development of Major Scientific Instruments(Grant No.2011YQ03011409)
邢穎)
康磊 博士,助理研究員,住院醫(yī)師。研究方向?yàn)槟[瘤分子核醫(yī)學(xué)和臨床核醫(yī)學(xué)。
E-mail:kanglei@bjmu.edu.com