周 鑫 綜述 傅 衛(wèi) 審校
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院普通外科,北京 100191)
·文獻(xiàn)綜述·
直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的微創(chuàng)治療
周 鑫 綜述 傅 衛(wèi)*審校
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院普通外科,北京 100191)
神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤是起源于彌散神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞的腫瘤,具有從惰性的緩慢生長,低度惡性,直至高轉(zhuǎn)移性等明顯惡性的一系列生物學(xué)行為。直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤起源于直腸黏膜彌散神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞,近年來,隨著研究的深入和消化內(nèi)鏡檢查的普及,報(bào)道其發(fā)病率明顯上升[1~3]。與其他部位神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤相比,其治療方式較多,2012年歐洲神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤協(xié)會(huì)治療共識(shí)中指出,直徑<1 cm的腫瘤,如果分化良好且無固有肌層浸潤應(yīng)行內(nèi)鏡下切除,如果分化不良或出現(xiàn)固有肌層浸潤應(yīng)行經(jīng)肛門局部切除;直徑1~2 cm的腫瘤,如果分化良好且無固有肌層浸潤應(yīng)行內(nèi)鏡下或經(jīng)肛門局部切除,如果分化不良或出現(xiàn)固有肌層浸潤應(yīng)行根治性手術(shù)切除;直徑>2 cm的腫瘤應(yīng)行根治性手術(shù)切除[4]。本文就直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的微創(chuàng)治療現(xiàn)狀做一綜述。
神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的某些特征與其發(fā)生局部淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),如腫瘤直徑>2 cm、內(nèi)鏡下異常表現(xiàn)、固有肌層浸潤、脈管侵犯及鏡下核分裂像數(shù)高等[5~10]。直徑<1 cm的腫瘤很少發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移(<3%),1~2 cm的腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率為10%~15%,>2 cm的腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率升至60%~80%[4]。直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的典型內(nèi)鏡表現(xiàn)為廣基的半球形隆起,淡黃色或灰黃色,表面黏膜覆蓋完整且比較光滑,提示腫瘤性質(zhì)不良的內(nèi)鏡表現(xiàn)有中央凹陷、窄基、表面充血、糜爛或潰瘍[6,9]。術(shù)前發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)特征能協(xié)助制定治療方案,存在高危因素的腫瘤應(yīng)行根治性手術(shù)治療。
目前,常用的術(shù)前檢查有內(nèi)鏡超聲(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)、CT、MRI。EUS檢查能發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤的異常表現(xiàn),借助超聲探頭可明確腫瘤的來源層次、大小、內(nèi)部回聲、邊界、有無肌層浸潤,但是EUS的診斷準(zhǔn)確率依賴于操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)超聲探頭感受器有效范圍外的直腸周圍淋巴結(jié)無法評(píng)估,并且因?yàn)橹蹦c系膜不能顯示,無法判斷可疑受侵淋巴結(jié)是否位于直腸系膜內(nèi)[11]。CT能掃描整個(gè)腹腔及盆腔,可用于腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的評(píng)價(jià),但由于缺乏精細(xì)的空間分辨率和對(duì)比度分辨率,在判斷腫瘤侵犯深度中的作用有限[12]。與EUS相比,MRI掃描范圍更大,對(duì)操作者和技術(shù)的依賴性較小,能對(duì)伴有腸腔狹窄的腫瘤進(jìn)行檢查,且能清晰顯示直腸系膜,配合新的對(duì)比劑(超順磁性氧化鐵粒子)可提高對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢出率[13],但是目前對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移尚沒有理想的檢出手段。
Bipat等[11]對(duì)不同影像學(xué)檢查用于直腸腫瘤局部分期和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移評(píng)價(jià)的meta分析表明,EUS診斷直腸腫瘤固有肌層侵犯的靈敏度和特異性度高達(dá)94%和86%,診斷直腸周圍淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度和特異度為67%和78%;MRI診斷直腸腫瘤固有肌層侵犯的靈敏度和特異度為94%和69%,診斷直腸周圍淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度和特異度為66%和76%。Fernandez-Esparrach等[14]研究顯示,對(duì)于T1期腫瘤EUS的診斷準(zhǔn)確率高于MRI,這是其潛在優(yōu)勢,因?yàn)門1期腫瘤可同時(shí)行內(nèi)鏡下切除,而對(duì)于T4期腫瘤MRI診斷準(zhǔn)確率要高于EUS。Ishii等[15]對(duì)22例直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤進(jìn)行EUS檢查后行內(nèi)鏡下切除,EUS測得的腫瘤直徑和術(shù)后病理所測腫瘤直徑無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,EUS對(duì)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤侵犯深度的診斷準(zhǔn)確率為100%。
另外,應(yīng)對(duì)內(nèi)鏡切除術(shù)后的病理標(biāo)本進(jìn)行全面檢查,以確定有無轉(zhuǎn)移高危因素如肌層浸潤、核分裂像數(shù)高及脈管侵犯等,并根據(jù)具體情況決定是否行根治性手術(shù)切除或密切隨訪。
既往對(duì)符合內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)指征即直徑<2 cm、分化良好且無固有肌層浸潤的直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的切除以內(nèi)鏡下黏膜切除術(shù)EMR為主,但隨著內(nèi)鏡治療器械的不斷革新,尤其是間斷帶陶瓷絕緣頭IT刀的應(yīng)用,ESD應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,并被廣泛用于消化道早期癌及黏膜下腫瘤的治療[16],同時(shí)結(jié)合EUS可制定更為合理的治療方案。與EMR相比,ESD切除范圍更大,手術(shù)平面可深達(dá)固有肌層,保證了足夠的側(cè)方切緣和垂直切緣,從而提高完整切除率,同時(shí)可對(duì)病理標(biāo)本進(jìn)行更準(zhǔn)確的檢查[17]。Zhong等[18]對(duì)直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤不同內(nèi)鏡下切除方式的meta分析表明,與EMR相比,ESD有更高的完全切除率(OR=0.29;95%CI:0.14~0.58)和相近的并發(fā)癥(穿孔、出血)發(fā)生率[rate difference(RD)=-0.01;95%CI:-0.07~0.05]、腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率(RD=0.04,95%CI:-0.01~0.09),但手術(shù)時(shí)間更長[standardized mean difference(SMD)=-1.73;95%CI:-2.73~-0.74]。
由于神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤起源于黏膜底層的彌散神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞,大多數(shù)腫瘤位于黏膜下層,所以最常見的腫瘤形態(tài)是廣基占位,這增加了EMR的手術(shù)難度,相比于窄基占位,更難獲得完整切除。隨著手術(shù)技巧的進(jìn)步及手術(shù)設(shè)備的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了新的EMR切除技術(shù),如EMR套扎切除(EMR using a band-ligation device,EMR-B)、EMR透明帽切除(EMR with a cap-fitted panendoscope,EMR-C)等,這些新技術(shù)都是通過在切除前創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更明顯的假蒂來獲得范圍更大、平面更深的切除,與傳統(tǒng)EMR相比腫瘤學(xué)效果更好,對(duì)于符合內(nèi)鏡治療指征的直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤甚至可以達(dá)到與ESD相似的效果[19~22]。
Kim等[21]應(yīng)用EMR-B和傳統(tǒng)EMR技術(shù)治療100例,EMR-B組完全切除率高于傳統(tǒng)EMR組(93.3% vs. 65.5%,P=0.001),且EMR-B組不受腫瘤位置的影響,2組手術(shù)時(shí)間和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,EMR對(duì)于上段直腸腫瘤的完全切除率明顯低于下段(36.8% vs. 69.4%,P=0.025)。Niimi等[19]應(yīng)用EMR-L和ESD治療24例,2組腫瘤直徑大小[(4.4±2.2) mm vs.(5.5±2.1)mm]、完全切除率(100% vs. 92.3%)均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,且均無并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,但ESD操作時(shí)間長[(17.4±4.4)min vs.(28.8±16.2)min]。Choi等[22]對(duì)EMR-B和ESD治療60例對(duì)比得出相似的結(jié)果,2組腫瘤直徑大小[(4.34±1.75)mm vs.(5.22±2.09) mm,P=0.084]、完全切除率(80.6% vs. 82.8%,P=0.833)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,ESD操作時(shí)間更長[(15.09±5.73)min vs.(6.37±5.52)min,P<0.001]。
對(duì)于初次EMR術(shù)后腫瘤殘余的病例可行補(bǔ)救性的ESD或EMR-C。Jeon等[23]對(duì)31例EMR術(shù)后腫瘤殘余再次行內(nèi)鏡下EMR-C切除,所有病灶均獲完全切除,僅7例(22.6%)出現(xiàn)術(shù)中出血,均行術(shù)中鈦夾止血,無其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,隨訪1年腫瘤均無復(fù)發(fā)。
可分為經(jīng)肛門直視下局部切除術(shù)和經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)(transanal endoscopic microsurgery, TEM)。經(jīng)肛門直視下局部切除術(shù)是處理直腸肛管病變最常用的局部切除方式,用電刀沿腫瘤周圍正常組織0.5~1.0 cm切開腸壁全層或黏膜下切開,完整切除病變并可對(duì)創(chuàng)面做間斷縫合處理,操作簡單,對(duì)設(shè)備要求低,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,避免了根治性手術(shù)消化道重建帶來的創(chuàng)傷,但對(duì)于距肛緣>8 cm的病變,由于無法良好顯露,經(jīng)肛門局部切除操作困難,同時(shí)不能達(dá)到整塊完整切除,限制了該技術(shù)在中上段直腸腫瘤中的應(yīng)用[24]。經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡切除術(shù)是一項(xiàng)微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù),在Buess等[25]發(fā)明該項(xiàng)技術(shù)以前,上段和中段直腸需要局部擴(kuò)大切除的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤不可避免地經(jīng)歷根治性前切除。TEM可對(duì)距肛緣5~20 cm內(nèi)的病變進(jìn)行局部全層切除,同時(shí)借助內(nèi)鏡放大系統(tǒng),具有視野清晰、顯露良好及局部放大等特點(diǎn),能達(dá)到對(duì)病變的精確切除并避免經(jīng)肛門直視下切除的并發(fā)癥,對(duì)于消化內(nèi)鏡下未能完整切除的病例可以做補(bǔ)救性的TEM[26,27]。
大宗直腸腫瘤的研究證實(shí)了TEM用于直腸腫物局部切除的優(yōu)勢。Han等[24]采用傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)肛門局部切除和TEM分別治療直腸腫瘤76、53例,TEM切除組腫瘤距肛緣距離明顯大于傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)肛門直視切除組(7.0 cm vs 5.0 cm,P=0.001),隨訪期間pT1期腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)率明顯低于傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)肛門直視切除組(7.7% vs. 43.8%,P=0.041),對(duì)于直徑>3 cm和距肛緣>8 cm的腫瘤更為顯著,但TEM操作時(shí)間更長(70 min vs. 30 min,P=0.001)。Moore等[28]采用傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)肛門局部切除和TEM分別治療直腸腫瘤89、82例,2組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(15% vs. 17%,P=0.69),但TEM組有更高的完全切除率(90% vs. 71%,P=0.001)及整塊切除率(94% vs. 65 %,P<0.001),同時(shí)復(fù)發(fā)率更低(5% vs. 27%,P=0.004)。
在直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的治療中,僅推薦對(duì)直徑<2 cm的病變行局部切除,這樣TEM的優(yōu)勢會(huì)更加明顯。Kinoshita等[27]采用TEM切除直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤27例,其中14例直接行TEM,13例在消化內(nèi)鏡下切除后可疑切緣陽性行補(bǔ)救性手術(shù),所有病例均獲陰性切緣,平均隨訪70.6月(1~143個(gè)月)無復(fù)發(fā)。Kumar等[26]采用TEM切除直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤24例,其中6例直接行TEM,18例在消化內(nèi)鏡下切除后可疑切緣陽性行補(bǔ)救性手術(shù),所有病例均獲陰性切緣。
對(duì)于直徑>2 cm、侵犯固有肌層、具有轉(zhuǎn)移高危因素或已出現(xiàn)局部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤,治療應(yīng)等同于直腸腺癌,行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的直腸惡性腫瘤根治術(shù)。隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,腹腔鏡直腸低位前切除以及腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合直腸切除成為目前治療直腸惡性腫瘤的主流方式,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少等特點(diǎn)。由于直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤患病率相對(duì)較低,目前,沒有針對(duì)腹腔鏡直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤切除的大宗研究,但從直腸腺癌的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可推斷出腹腔鏡用于直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的手術(shù)效果與安全性,已有多個(gè)大宗研究[29,30]證實(shí)了腹腔鏡用于直腸惡性腫瘤治療的良好手術(shù)效果與腫瘤學(xué)效果。
綜上,直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的治療方式較多,推薦在術(shù)前行EUS或MRI以指導(dǎo)治療,如果能夠嚴(yán)格把握治療指征,可獲得良好的微創(chuàng)治療效果。
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(修回日期:2013-08-25)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
R735.3+7
:A
:1009-6604(2014)01-0074-03
2013-07-13)
*通訊作者,E-mail: fuwei0720@sohu.com