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艾塞那肽誘發(fā)大鼠胰腺組織病變的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究

2013-10-19 03:10楊永超余梟黃利華余燦
中華胰腺病雜志 2013年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:艾塞那陽性細(xì)胞膠原蛋白

楊永超 余梟 黃利華 余燦

·論著·

艾塞那肽誘發(fā)大鼠胰腺組織病變的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究

楊永超 余梟 黃利華 余燦

目的探討艾塞那肽誘發(fā)大鼠胰腺組織病變的可能機(jī)制。方法SD雄性大鼠30只按完全隨機(jī)法分為艾塞那肽組、糖尿病組和對(duì)照組,每組10只。高糖、高脂喂養(yǎng)及腹腔注射鏈脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg體質(zhì)量)方法誘導(dǎo)大鼠糖尿病模型,艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組每天2次皮下注射艾塞那肽5 μg/kg體質(zhì)量,對(duì)照組皮下注射等容積生理鹽水,實(shí)驗(yàn)周期為10周。大鼠處死后取胰腺組織,常規(guī)病理檢查。免疫組化法檢測胰腺組織α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)和Ⅲ型膠原蛋白表達(dá),ELISA 法檢測胰腺組織基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(MMP-2)和MMP-9含量。結(jié)果對(duì)照組大鼠胰腺組織未見病理變化,艾塞那肽組大鼠胰腺組織出現(xiàn)慢性炎性改變,糖尿病組大鼠胰腺病變程度較艾塞那肽組嚴(yán)重,3組胰腺病理評(píng)分依次增高(P<0.05)。對(duì)照組、艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組胰腺組織的MMP-2含量分別為(186.98±23.24)、(306.07±59.82)、(365.08±89.55)μg/L;MMP-9含量分別為(49.37±7.08)、(67.24±14.73)、(87.37±13.39)μg/L。艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P值均<0.05),但艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。對(duì)照組、艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠高倍視野內(nèi)胰腺組織的α-SMA陽性表達(dá)細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(13.4±6.0)、(29.5±8.8)、(79.3±27.2)個(gè),Ⅲ型膠原蛋白陽性表達(dá)細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(10.6±4.9)、(29.3±13.0)、(56.0±27.2)個(gè)。艾塞那肽組陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)均顯著多于對(duì)照組,糖尿病組陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)又顯著多于艾塞那肽組(P值均<0.05)。結(jié)論長期皮下注射艾塞那肽可能激活胰腺星狀細(xì)胞,表達(dá)α-SMA和Ⅲ型膠原蛋白,分泌MMP-2、MMP-9,誘發(fā)胰腺組織慢性炎性改變。

胰腺; 星形細(xì)胞; 艾塞那肽; 病理學(xué); 大鼠

艾塞那肽是第一個(gè)應(yīng)用于臨床治療糖尿病的腸促胰島素激動(dòng)劑。2008年Ahmad等[1]發(fā)表了艾塞那肽致急性胰腺炎(AP)的報(bào)道后,關(guān)于使用艾塞那肽后出現(xiàn)胰腺炎的報(bào)告不斷增加[2-5],表明艾塞那肽有誘發(fā)胰腺炎的可能。但也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道艾塞那肽并不誘發(fā)胰腺炎,反而可減輕化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)的胰腺炎癥損害[6]。本研究組前期的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,長期應(yīng)用艾塞那肽可導(dǎo)致部分SD大鼠胰腺組織出現(xiàn)慢性炎性改變[6]。本研究進(jìn)一步探討艾塞那肽誘發(fā)大鼠胰腺組織病變的可能機(jī)制。

材料與方法

一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組

SD(Sprague-Dawley)雄性大鼠30只,體質(zhì)量280~310 g,由湖南斯萊克景達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司提供,同時(shí)提供飼料。按照完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的原則將大鼠分為艾塞那肽組、糖尿病組和對(duì)照組。高脂、高糖喂養(yǎng)2個(gè)月后采用腹腔注射鏈脲佐菌素(STZ,Sigma公司)35 mg/kg體質(zhì)量的方法制備糖尿病大鼠模型,72 h后連測3 d空腹血糖,空腹血糖均值>17.1 mmol/L為造模成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠每天于早上7點(diǎn)及晚上5點(diǎn)皮下注射艾塞那肽(上海肽仕生物科技有限公司)5 μg/kg體質(zhì)量,注射后1 h進(jìn)食。每周稱重一次,根據(jù)體質(zhì)量調(diào)整艾塞那肽的用量。對(duì)照組大鼠僅皮下注射等容積生理鹽水。實(shí)驗(yàn)周期為10周。第10周末,采用腹腔注射10%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠,開胸,暴露心臟,經(jīng)左心室依次灌注0.01 mol/L PBS緩沖液250~300 ml,4%多聚甲醛溶液300~450 ml,直到大鼠肝臟顏色變成深黃色。取部分胰腺組織,立即置4%多聚甲醛溶液中并于4℃冰箱固定24 h。

二、胰腺組織病理學(xué)檢測

取固定的胰腺組織,常規(guī)行病理學(xué)檢查。根據(jù)Zhang等[7]的胰腺病理評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并參照改良的Schmidt等[8]方法對(duì)胰腺損傷進(jìn)行評(píng)分。

三、胰腺組織基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、MMP-9蛋白檢測

取部分新鮮的胰腺組織,在冰生理鹽水中漂洗后稱重,剪碎,加9倍量的勻漿介質(zhì)(pH7.4,0.01 mol/L Tris-HCL,0.0001 mol/L EDTA-2Na,0.01 mol/L蔗糖,0.8%的氯化鈉溶液)制成組織勻漿,離心,取上清液,采用酶聯(lián)免疫試劑盒(R&D公司)檢測MMP-2、MMP-9含量。

四、胰腺組織α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)、Ⅲ型膠原蛋白檢測

采用免疫組化法檢測組織α-SMA、Ⅲ型膠原蛋白表達(dá),免疫組化試劑盒均由美國Santa公司提供,按試劑盒說明操作。在400倍鏡下隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野,以胞質(zhì)內(nèi)有棕黃色顆粒狀染色為陽性,計(jì)算陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),取均值。

五、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

結(jié) 果

一、大鼠胰腺組織的病理改變

對(duì)照組大鼠胰腺組織未見病理改變。艾塞那肽組大鼠胰腺組織局部腺泡細(xì)胞水腫,腺泡間隔擴(kuò)張,出現(xiàn)慢性炎性改變。糖尿病組大鼠胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞水腫,腺泡間隔擴(kuò)張程度較艾塞那肽組嚴(yán)重(圖1)。艾塞那肽組大鼠胰腺組織在水腫、纖維化、病變面積、炎癥等方面的病理評(píng)分較對(duì)照組顯著增加,糖尿病組大鼠胰腺組織的病理評(píng)分又較艾塞那肽組顯著增加,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05)。但各組間胰腺腺體萎縮的病理評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表 1)。

表1 各組大鼠胰腺組織的病理評(píng)分

注:與對(duì)照組比較,t值均為71,aP<0.05;與艾塞那肽組比較,t值均為82,bP<0.05

二、大鼠胰腺組織MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白含量

對(duì)照組、艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組胰腺組織的MMP-2含量分別為(186.98±23.24)、(306.07±59.82)、(365.08±89.55)μg/L;MMP-9含量分別為(49.37±7.08)、(67.24±14.73)、(87.37±13.39)μg/L。艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為-6.872、-5.111、-3.821、-4.787,P值均<0.05),但艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

三、大鼠胰腺組織α-SMA的表達(dá)

對(duì)照組大鼠胰腺內(nèi)α-SMA表達(dá)僅見于血管壁;艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠胰腺α-SMA表達(dá)除見于血管壁外,還見于胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的周圍及間質(zhì),陽性染色細(xì)胞多,染色沉著,且糖尿病組的陽性染色區(qū)域較艾塞那肽組的范圍更大(圖1)。

對(duì)照組、艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠胰腺高倍視野下α-SMA陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(13.4±6.0)、(29.5±8.8)、(79.3±27.2)個(gè),艾塞那肽組顯著多于對(duì)照組,糖尿病組又顯著多于艾塞那肽組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為-2.003、-2.599,P值均<0.05)。

四、大鼠胰腺組織Ⅲ型膠原蛋白的表達(dá)

Ⅲ型膠原蛋白表達(dá)于胰腺組織的間質(zhì)內(nèi)(圖2)。對(duì)照組、艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠胰腺高倍視野下Ⅲ型膠原蛋白陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(10.6±4.9)、(29.3±13.0)、(56.0±27.2)個(gè),艾塞那肽組顯著多于對(duì)照組,糖尿病組又顯著多于艾塞那肽組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為-2.784、-2.883,P值均<0.05)。

圖1對(duì)照組(上)、艾塞那肽組(中)、糖尿病組(下)胰腺組織(左)的病理改變(HE ×100) 及α-SMA表達(dá)(右,免疫組化 ×200)

圖2對(duì)照組(a)、艾塞那肽組(b)、糖尿病組(c)胰腺組織Ⅲ型膠原蛋白的表達(dá)(免疫組化 ×200)

討 論

艾塞那肽誘發(fā)大鼠胰腺組織損傷的機(jī)制可能有:(1)通過局部及中心迷走神經(jīng)刺激胰腺的內(nèi)外分泌功能,進(jìn)而對(duì)胰腺產(chǎn)生廣泛的損害,誘發(fā)胰腺炎[9];(2)艾塞那肽為來自美洲巨蜥唾液中毒液的生物制品,與人體的免疫系統(tǒng)存在某種排斥反應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致胰腺炎的發(fā)生[10];(3)脂蛋白及胰腺內(nèi)分泌功能改變所引起的體重減輕可能是其誘發(fā)胰腺炎的原因[11];(4)應(yīng)用艾塞那肽后導(dǎo)致GLP-1受體大量活化,引起胰腺體積增大,同時(shí)選擇性調(diào)節(jié)胰腺炎相關(guān)性基因的表達(dá),誘發(fā)胰腺炎[12]。但Tatarkiewicz等[6]研究卻表明,艾塞那肽不誘發(fā)胰腺炎,反而可減輕化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)的胰腺炎,這可能與其實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物種類、用藥劑量及實(shí)驗(yàn)周期不同有關(guān)。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,艾塞那肽組出現(xiàn)典型的慢性胰腺炎改變,其中2只大鼠的改變最為明顯;糖尿病組也出現(xiàn)慢性胰腺炎表現(xiàn),且病變程度較艾塞那肽組更重,其中4只病變最為明顯。糖尿病組病變程度更重的原因可能有:(1)糖尿病的胰島中存在胰腺星狀細(xì)胞(PSC),艾塞那肽可激活PSC引起更廣泛、更嚴(yán)重的損害[13];(2)在糖尿病長期的病理生理狀態(tài)下,胰腺組織中的PSC可能對(duì)艾塞那肽敏感性增加,更容易被激活引起慢性炎性病變。

王興鵬等[14]報(bào)道,α-SMA為PSC活化的標(biāo)志物。PSC活化后可分泌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)。Apte等[15]報(bào)道,活化的PSC能分泌大量MMP,參與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解。本研究結(jié)果顯示,艾塞那肽組和糖尿病組大鼠胰腺組織中α-SMA及Ⅲ型膠原蛋白陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量均較對(duì)照組增多,細(xì)胞染色程度深,且糖尿病組的陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)又較艾塞那肽組顯著增加,同時(shí)胰腺組織中MMP-2、MMP-9含量顯著增加,提示兩實(shí)驗(yàn)組胰腺組織中PSC被大量激活,糖尿病組胰腺組織有更多的PSC被激活。

慢性胰腺炎是胰腺癌發(fā)病最常見的危險(xiǎn)因素。Vakkila等[16]研究表明,慢性胰腺炎患者患胰腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較普通人群明顯增加15~16倍,并且慢性胰腺炎發(fā)生癌變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨時(shí)間的推移而逐漸增加。由此推斷,長期使用艾塞那肽可誘發(fā)慢性胰腺炎,將會(huì)增加胰腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。盡管艾塞那肽治療2型糖尿病有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但其增加胰腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能更不應(yīng)該忽視。

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TheexperimentalstudyofpancreatictissuelesioninducedbyExenatide

YANGYong-chao,YUXiao,HUANGLi-hua,YUCan.

DepartmentofAbdominalSurgery,ThirdXiangyaHospital,Central-SouthUniversity,Changsha410013,China

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Exenatide-induced rat pancreatic tissue lesion.MethodsThirty SD male rats were divided into three groups according to complete random design, and each group had 10 rats, namely Exenatide group, diabetes-model group and control group. Diabetes-model rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 35mg/kg) and high-sugar and high-fat diet. The Exenatide group and diabetes group were subcutaneously administered with Exenatide at a dose of 5 μg/kg twice a day. The control group was treated with same amount of saline. Ten weeks later, all the rats were sacrificed and the pancreatic tissues were harvested for routine pathological examination. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type III collagen protein in pancreatic tissue, and ELISA was applied to measure the expression of matrix metalloprotei-nase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in pancreatic tissue.ResultsIn control group, there was no pathological change in pancreatic tissue. In Exenatide group, chronic inflammatory changes were observed; and the degree of inflammatory changes were much severe in diabetes group, and the pathological scores were gradually increased in the 3 groups (P<0.05). The expressions of MMP 2 in pancreatic tissue in control group, Exenatide group, diabetes group were (186.98±23.24), (306.07±59.82), (365.08±89.55)μg/L, and the expressions of MMP-9 were (49.37±7.08), (67.24±14.73), (87.37±13.39)μg/L. The values were significantly higher in Exenatide group and diabetes group than those in control group (P<0.05), but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The numbers of α-SMA positive cells per high power field were (13.4±5.97), (29.5±8.80), (79.3±27.23) in control group, Exenatide group, diabetes group, and the numbers of type III collagen positive cells were (10.6±4.93), (29.3±12.95), (56.0±27.21). The values were significantly higher in Exenatide group than those in control group, and the values were significantly higher in diabetes group than those in Exenatide group (P<0.05).ConclusionsLong-term subcutaneous injection of Exenatide may activate pancreatic stellate cells and cause expression of α-SMA, III collagen protein, and MMP-2, MMP-9, then induce chronic inflammatory changes.

Pancreas; Astrocytes; Exenatide; Pathology; Rats

2013-06-03)

(本文編輯:呂芳萍)

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2013.06.007

湖南省自然科學(xué)基金(12JJ5052)

410013 湖南長沙,中南大學(xué)湘雅三醫(yī)院普外科

余梟,Email: yuxiaoyx4@126.com

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