朱世凱 周玉 范平 王博 吳漢青 楊洪吉 熊炯炘 吳河水
·論著·
MT2-MMP基因沉默對缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)的胰腺癌AsPC-1細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡及侵襲力的影響
朱世凱 周玉 范平 王博 吳漢青 楊洪吉 熊炯炘 吳河水
目的利用特異性siRNA沉默人胰腺癌AsPC-1細(xì)胞的膜型金屬蛋白酶2(MT2-MMP)基因表達(dá),觀察其對缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和侵襲力的影響。方法采用脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染法將插入MT2-MMP特異性siRNA的真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染至人胰腺癌AsPC-1細(xì)胞株(siRNA組),以轉(zhuǎn)染過表達(dá)MT2-MMP質(zhì)粒(過表達(dá)組)或陰性對照質(zhì)粒(空載體組)的AsPC-1作為對照。實時定量PCR法和蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞的MT2-MMP mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)。在缺氧條件(37℃、1% O2、5% CO2、飽和濕度的三氣培養(yǎng)箱)下培養(yǎng)后,應(yīng)用CCK-8法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞的增殖,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞的凋亡,Transwells小室檢測細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。結(jié)果成功獲取MT2-MMP基因沉默的AsPC-1細(xì)胞株和過表達(dá)的細(xì)胞株。缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)24 h后,空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組細(xì)胞增殖的吸光度值(A490值)分別為0.68±0.08、0.80±0.08、0.52±0.07;細(xì)胞凋亡率分別為(6.2±1.5)%、(2.8±1.1)%、(21.4±3.9)%;每個視野(200倍)的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(115.8±23.2)、(256.4±38.6)、(45.8±18.2)個。siRNA組較空載體組的細(xì)胞增殖顯著被抑制,穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)顯著減少,而細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著增加(P值均<0.05)。過表達(dá)組較 空載體組的細(xì)胞增殖顯著增強,穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)顯著增加,而細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著降低(P值均<0.05)。結(jié)論MT2-MMP基因沉默的AsPC-1細(xì)胞在缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)后細(xì)胞凋亡增加,增殖被抑制,侵襲力減弱。
胰腺腫瘤; 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶類; RNA,小分子干擾; 缺氧; 細(xì)胞凋亡; 腫瘤浸潤
細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracelluar matrix,ECM)的降解是腫瘤發(fā)生侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的最為關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié)。基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是人體內(nèi)降解ECM的主要酶類。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膜型基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(membrane type matrix metalloproteinase), MT-MMP)是MMPs家族中新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個跨膜蛋白,有MT1-MMP、MT2-MMP、MT3-MMP、MT4-MMP4個成員。能夠直接作用于多種細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分和細(xì)胞黏附分子,在多種惡性腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),與惡性腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[1-2]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺氧微環(huán)境的適應(yīng)和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解在腫瘤早期發(fā)展過程中起著關(guān)鍵作用,且二者間存在著多種聯(lián)系[3-4]。本研究通過沉默人胰腺癌AsPC-1細(xì)胞MT2-MMP的表達(dá),探討其對缺氧條件下胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和侵襲作用的影響。
一、材料與試劑
人胰腺癌AsPC-1細(xì)胞株購自中國科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞所;插入靶向MT2-MMP的siRNA的真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒pSilencer-MT2-MMP、過表達(dá)MT2-MMP的真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒pcDNA3.1/His-MT2-MMP和含陰性對照siRNA的質(zhì)粒pSilencer-Control均由上海吉凱公司構(gòu)建并測序鑒定;LipofectamineTM2000購自美國Invitrogen公司;胎牛血清(FBS)和DMEM購自美國Gibco公司;鼠抗人MT2-MMP單抗購自美國Abcam公司;HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗小鼠二抗購自武漢博士德生物公司;CCK-8試劑購自美國sigma公司;細(xì)胞凋亡檢測試劑盒購自南京凱基生物公司;Matrigel膠購自美國BD公司;Transwell小室(8 μm)購自美國Costar公司;BCA蛋白定量試劑盒和ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒購自美國Pierce公司;蛋白預(yù)染Marker購自美國Fermentas公司;其余試劑均為分析純。
二、方法
1.細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)染:AsPC-1細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng),取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞2.5×105個接種于35 mm培養(yǎng)皿中,置無抗生素的含有10% FBS的DMEM中培養(yǎng),待細(xì)胞生長至80%融合時,采用LipofectamineTM2000將3種質(zhì)粒分別轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,命名為空載體組(轉(zhuǎn)染pSilencer-Control)、過表達(dá)組(轉(zhuǎn)染pcDNA3.1/His-MT2-MMP)和siRNA 組(轉(zhuǎn)染pSilencer-MT2-MMP)。轉(zhuǎn)染后24 h按1∶9的比例傳代,48 h后開始用含500 μg/ml G-418的選擇性培養(yǎng)液進(jìn)行篩選,2~3周后克隆形成。以克隆環(huán)挑取細(xì)胞克隆轉(zhuǎn)移至6 孔板擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng)、傳代,最后轉(zhuǎn)入60 ml培養(yǎng)瓶繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。
2.MT2-MMP mRNA表達(dá)檢測:提取各組細(xì)胞總RNA,取1 μg逆轉(zhuǎn)錄得到cDNA。MT2-MMP上游引物5′-CTGCGGCTTTATGGCTACCT-3′,下游引物5′-CTCATAGGGCACCTCCTGGAA-3′,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物387 bp;內(nèi)參β-actin上游引物5′-GTCCACCGCAAATGCTTCTA-3′,下游引物5′-TGCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTC-3′,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物190 bp。引物由上海英俊公司合成。應(yīng)用SYBR Green Ⅰ熒光染料技術(shù)行實時定量PCR,擴(kuò)增條件:94℃ 4 min,94℃ 30 s、51℃ 30 s、72℃ 30 s,共40個循環(huán),獲取各組標(biāo)本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,采用計算機分析Ct值,采用2-△△Ct公式計算mRNA表達(dá)量。
3.MT2-MMP蛋白表達(dá)檢測:提取各組細(xì)胞總蛋白,常規(guī)行蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測MT2-MMP 蛋白的表達(dá),以β-actin為內(nèi)參。兔抗人MT2-MMP單抗1∶1000稀釋,最后加入ECL發(fā)光。采用電泳凝膠成像分析軟件掃描,以目的條帶與內(nèi)參條帶灰度比值代表蛋白表達(dá)量。
4.細(xì)胞增殖能力檢測:取各組對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,用0.25% Trypsin消化成單細(xì)胞懸液,取100 μl接種于96孔板,每孔1×104個細(xì)胞,加入100 μl含10%FBS的高糖DMEM,置37℃、1% O2、5% CO2、飽和濕度的三氣培養(yǎng)箱中孵育12、24、36、72 h,各孔內(nèi)加入10 μl的CCK-8溶液,繼續(xù)孵育4 h,測各孔在450 nm波長的吸光度值(A450值)。每組設(shè)3個復(fù)孔,取均值,繪制細(xì)胞生長曲線。
5.細(xì)胞凋亡檢測:取各組對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞接種于6孔板,置37℃、1% O2、5% CO2、飽和濕度的三氣培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h,收集細(xì)胞,用4℃預(yù)冷的1×PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,取5~10萬個細(xì)胞,加入195 μl Annexin V-FITC結(jié)合液輕輕重懸細(xì)胞,再加入5 μl Annexin V-FITC輕輕混勻,室溫(20~25℃)避光孵育10 min,離心棄上清。加入190 μl Annexin V-FITC結(jié)合液(1×)輕輕重懸細(xì)胞,加入10 μl碘化丙啶染色液混勻,冰浴避光放置,隨即上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測。
6.體外細(xì)胞侵襲力檢測:用Matrigel包被Transwell小室底部膜的上室面后,上室加入100 μl用無血清培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)12 h的細(xì)胞(1×104個),下室加入500 μl含10% FBS的DMEM,置37℃、1% O2、5% CO2、飽和濕度的三氣培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h。取出Transwell小室,用棉簽擦去上室內(nèi)未穿膜的細(xì)胞,用甲醛固定穿膜細(xì)胞,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色,顯微鏡下隨機選取8個視野計數(shù)穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù),取均值。
三、統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
一、各組轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞MT2-MMP基因的表達(dá)
空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組AsPC-1細(xì)胞的MT2-MMP mRNA表達(dá)水平分別為0.30±0.11、0.72±0.16、0.10±0.04;蛋白表達(dá)量分別為0.32±0.10、0.74±0.15、0.12±0.05(圖1)。過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞MT2-MMP mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)量均顯著高于空載體組(t值分別為4.867、 5.167,P值均=0.001),而siRNA組的表達(dá)量較空載體組顯著下降(t值分別為3.918、4.069,P值均=0.004)。
圖1空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組AsPC-1細(xì)胞MT2-MMP蛋白表達(dá)
二、缺氧條件培養(yǎng)下AsPC-1細(xì)胞增殖的變化
在缺氧條件培養(yǎng)下,空載體組細(xì)胞隨培養(yǎng)時間的延長而穩(wěn)定增殖;過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞的增殖較空載體組顯著增加,24、36、72 h時的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t值分別為2.42、4.30、4.16,P值<0.05或<0.01);siRNA組細(xì)胞的增殖較空載體組顯著減少,24、36、72 h時的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t值分別為3.381、7.936、13.643,P值均<0.01,表1,圖2)。
表1 缺氧條件下3組AsPC-1細(xì)胞的A450值
注:與空載體組比較,aP<0.05;bP<0.01
圖2 缺氧條件下3組AsPC-1細(xì)胞的生長曲線
三、缺氧條件培養(yǎng)下AsPC-1細(xì)胞凋亡的變化
在缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組細(xì)胞的凋亡率分別為(6.2±1.5)%、(2.8±1.1)%、(21.4±3.9)%。過表達(dá)組細(xì)胞的凋亡率較空載體組顯著下降(t=4.018,P=0.003),而siRNA組細(xì)胞的凋亡率較空載體組顯著增加(t=8.077,P<0.01,圖3)。
圖3缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)24 h后空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組的凋亡細(xì)胞 (流式細(xì)胞法)
四、缺氧條件培養(yǎng)下AsPC-1細(xì)胞侵襲力的變化
在缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)24 h,空載體組、過表達(dá)組、siRNA組每個視野的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為(115.8±23.2)、(256.4±38.6)、(45.8±18.2)個。過表達(dá)組的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)較空載體組顯著增加(t=7.181,P<0.01),而siRNA組的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)較空載體組顯著減少(t=5.979,P<0.01,圖4)。
圖4缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)24 h后空載體組(a)、過表達(dá)組(b)、siRNA組(c)的穿膜細(xì)胞(×200)
惡性腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是一個復(fù)雜、多步驟的過程。ECM的降解是腫瘤細(xì)胞突破基質(zhì)屏障向周圍組織浸潤及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎(chǔ),與惡性腫瘤的生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[1]。金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)是降解ECM主要組分的關(guān)鍵酶之一,其激活取決于膜型基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MT-MMP)與MMP抑制劑(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMP)間的平衡[5-6]。MT2-MMP高表達(dá)于多種人類惡性腫瘤組織,如胰腺癌、結(jié)腸癌和膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤等,定位于癌細(xì)胞的表面,直接或間接激活MMPs降解ECM,還參與對多種細(xì)胞信號通路的調(diào)控,在腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、血管生成以及腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等過程中起著重要的作用[7-11]。Ellenrieder等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MT2-MMP能夠直接激活MMP-2,參與胰腺癌發(fā)生和惡性進(jìn)展的過程。
缺氧微環(huán)境是存在人類實體瘤內(nèi)部的一種較為普遍的現(xiàn)象。為了自身克服和適應(yīng)缺氧微環(huán)境,腫瘤細(xì)胞會發(fā)生一系列適應(yīng)性改變,包括調(diào)控大量涉及與腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡、新生血管形成、能量與物質(zhì)代謝以及腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等重要過程中關(guān)鍵基因的表達(dá)[12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺氧同樣也可調(diào)控多種MMPs家族成員的基因表達(dá),參與腫瘤的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究結(jié)果顯示,MT2-MMP表達(dá)沉默的AsPC-1細(xì)胞在缺氧條件下培養(yǎng)后其凋亡增加,增殖被抑制,且細(xì)胞的侵襲力也被抑制;相反,MT2-MMP過表達(dá)的AsPC-1細(xì)胞的增殖與侵襲力顯著增強,說明MT2-MMP是一種與胰腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程密切相關(guān)的癌基因,這為胰腺癌的基因治療提供了一個新的切入點。
[1] Belkin AM, Akimov SS, Zaritskaya LS, et al. Matrix-dependent proteolysis of surface transglutaminase by membrane-type metalloproteinase regulates cancer cell adhesion and locomotion. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276:18415-18422.
[2] Hotary K, Allen E, Punturieri A, et al. Regulation of cell invasion and morphogenesis in a three-dimensional type I collagen matrix by membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3. J Cell Biol, 2000, 149:1309-1323.
[3] Petrella BL, Brinckerhoff CE. Tumor cell invasion of von Hippel Lindau renal cell carcinoma cells is mediated by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase. Mol Cancer, 2006, 5:66.
[4] Huang CH, Yang WH, Chang SY, et al. Regulation of membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase by SLUG contributes to hypoxia-mediated metastasis. Neoplasia, 2009, 11:1371-1382.
[5] Peyri N, Berard M, Fauvel-Lafeve F, et al. Breast tumor cells transendothelial migration induces endothelial cell anoikis through extracellular matrix degradation. Anticancer Res, 2009, 29:2347-2355.
[6] Zucker S, Vacirca J. Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2004, 23:101-117.
[7] Sounni NE, Noel A. Membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases and tumor progression. Biochimie, 2005, 87:329-342.
[8] Ellenrieder V, Alber B, Lacher U, et al. Role of MT-MMPs and MMP-2 in pancreatic cancer progression. Int J Cancer, 2000, 85:14-20.
[9] Zhang J, Sarkar S, Yong VW. The chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1(CXCL12) promotes glioma invasiveness through MT2-matrix metalloproteinase. Carcinogenesis, 2005, 26:2069-2077.
[10] Curran S, Dundas SR, Buxton J, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase phenotype identifies poor prognosis colorectal cancers. Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 10:8229-8234.
[11] Van Meter TE, Broaddus WC, Rooprai HK, et al. Induction of membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase by epidermal growth factor-mediated signaling in gliomas. Neuro Oncol, 2004, 6:188-199.
[12] Duffy JP, Eibl G, Reber HA, et al. Influence of hypoxia and neoangiogenesis on the growth of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer, 2003, 2:12.
EffectsofMT2-MMPsilencingontheproliferation,apoptosisandinvasionofpancreaticcancercellAsPC-1underhypoxiaculture
ZHUShi-kai,ZHOUYu,FANPing,WANGBo,WUHan-qing,YANGHong-ji,XIONGJiong-xin,WUHe-shui.
CenterofOrganTransplantation&HepatobiliaryandPancreaticSurgery,SichuanAcademyofMedicalSciences&SichuanProvincialPeople′sHospital,Chengdu610072,China
ZHUShi-kai,Email:zhushikai37@163.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of MT2-MMP silencing by specific siRNA on pancreatic cancer cell AsPC-1 proliferation, apoptosis and invasion under hypoxia culture.MethodsMT2-MMP siRNA plasmids were stably transfected into AsPC-1 cells (siRNA group) by liposome transfection method, AsPC-1 cells tranfected with and over-expressed MT2-MMP siRNA plasmids (over-expression group) and negative control plasmid (empty vector group) were treated as control. Real-time RT-PCR and Western Blot assay were used to detect the expression of MT2-MMP mRNA and protein. Under culture with hypoxia (37℃, 1% O2, 5% CO2, three gas saturated humidity incubator), CCK-8, flow cytometry (FCM) and Transwell assays were applied to measure pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion.ResultsMT2-MMP silencing AsPC-1 and over-expressed AsPC-1 were successfully established. After culture with hypoxia for 24 h, the absorbance values (A490) in empty vector group, over-expression group and siRNA group were 0.68±0.08, 0.80±0.08, 0.52±0.07; the apoptotic rates were (6.2±1.5)%, (2.8±1.1)%, (21.4±3.9)%, and the numbers of invasion cells in each field (200 times) were (115.8±23.2), (256.4±38.6), (45.8±18.2). The proliferation in MT2-MMP siRNA group was significantly inhibited, the numbers of invasion cells was significantly decreased, but the apoptotic rates were obviously increased when compared with those in empty vector group (P<0.05). The proliferation in over-expression group was significantly enhanced, the numbers of invasion cells was significantly increased, but the apoptotic rates were obviously decreased when compared with those in empty vector group (P<0.05).ConclusionsAsPC-1 with MT2-MMP silencing could inhibit pancreatic cancer cells proliferation, induce cells apoptosis and attenuate tumor invasion under hypoxia culture.
Pancreatic neoplasms; Matrix metalloproteinases; siRNA; Anoxia; Apoptosis; Neoplasm invasiveness
2013-06-21)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2013.06.005
610072 成都,四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 四川省人民醫(yī)院器官移植中心肝膽胰外科(朱世凱、周玉、楊洪吉);華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院胰腺疾病研究所(范平、王博、吳漢青、熊炯炘、吳河水)
朱世凱,Email:zhushikai37@163.com