李 妍,王月華,金 宏,陳 爽,張慧鋒,趙良中,李 瑤,李文平,張 鐸,齊 玲綜述,曹慧玲審閱
(吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院:1.檢驗學(xué)院,2.實驗中心,3.藥學(xué)院,4.基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院,5.科研學(xué)術(shù)處,吉林 吉林 132013)
腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡配體(tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRAIL)選擇性、高效地誘導(dǎo)多種腫瘤細胞凋亡[1]。繼重組人TRAIL蛋白(recombinate human TRAIL,rhTRAIL)、抗死亡受體5(death receptor 5,DR5)單抗進入臨床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期后,轉(zhuǎn)染TRAIL基因抗腫瘤也完成了臨床前研究,并克服了前兩種制劑半衰期短的缺點[2]。雖然多數(shù)肺腺癌(adenocarcinoma,ADC)對轉(zhuǎn)染 TRAIL基因耐藥,但TRAIL高效、低毒的優(yōu)勢推動我們不斷研究耐藥機制、探索增敏策略[3]。
三聚體的 mTRAIL(或 sTRAIL)與 DR4、DR5在細胞膜處組裝死亡誘導(dǎo)信號復(fù)合物(death inducing sig naling complex,DISC),再募集、活化下游分子來傳遞凋亡信號;而誘騙受體1(decoy receptor 1,DcR1)、DcR2或骨保護素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)競爭結(jié)合TRAIL阻斷凋亡信號(圖1)[3]。以 A549為代表的DR4、DR5和 DcR1陽性 ADC對 TRAIL高度耐受[4-5]。DISC信號在胞漿內(nèi)傳遞的通路有多個環(huán)節(jié)參與TRAIL抵抗,包括c-FLIP、Bcl-2和NFκB相關(guān)的抗凋亡信號活化等,相關(guān)機制相對清晰。DcR1、DcR2對DISC組裝抑制是產(chǎn)生耐藥的上游環(huán)節(jié),但對其影響DISC組裝、參與TRAIL抵抗的機制,尚有待深入探究。
圖1 TRAIL和TRAIL的受體
脂筏(lipid raft)是細胞膜內(nèi)富含膽固醇和鞘磷脂的微結(jié)構(gòu)域,可選擇性地募集磷脂酰基醇(glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol,GPI)所錨定的分子和其他類型的跨膜分子。三聚體TRAIL和三聚體DR4(DR5)結(jié)合后,被募集到脂筏內(nèi)才能組成有功能的DISC(圖2)。DcR1通過GPI錨定于細胞膜,在未結(jié)合TRAIL前已穩(wěn)定結(jié)合在脂筏中,而DR4、DR5和DcR2分布在脂筏外[6]。TRAIL與DR4結(jié)合后向脂筏內(nèi)遷移,但脂筏內(nèi)DcR1競爭結(jié)合TRAIL,并將DR4排出到脂筏外。DcR1胞漿區(qū)無“死亡結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域(death domain,DD)”,因此不能募集 FADD形成有功能的 DISC。DcR2可在脂外筏外可成同源三聚體,與DR4或DR5競爭結(jié)合三聚體化的TRAIL,由于胞漿區(qū)DD不完整,DcR2-TRAIL復(fù)合體可轉(zhuǎn)入脂筏但不能募集下游信號分子[7]。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),DcR2與DR5可形成異源三聚體或多聚體,然后與TRAIL三聚體結(jié)合,(DcR2-DR5)-TRAIL復(fù)合體也轉(zhuǎn)入脂筏,但與 DcR2結(jié)合Caspase-8不能活化。(DcR2-DR5)-TRAIL因同時消耗TRAIL和caspase-8,對DR5組裝DISC形成較強的抑制效應(yīng)[7]。
圖2 TRAIL和DR4(DR5)在脂筏內(nèi)組裝DISC
膜型和可溶型凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL、TNF和FasL)誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡的能力存在差異,通??扇苄头肿诱T導(dǎo)細胞凋亡的活性弱[8-9]。FasL是TNF超家族中與TRAIL同源性最高的成員,淋巴細胞表面的mFasL主要由去整合素金屬蛋白酶10(a desintegration and metalloproteinase,ADAM10)酶切,抑制 ADAM10則減少 sFasL釋放,促進 mFas誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡[10]。雖然活化免疫細胞釋放的sTRAIL,可結(jié)合腫瘤細胞的DR4和DR5,導(dǎo)致caspase-8活化,但其誘導(dǎo)凋亡能力弱于 mTRAIL[10]。除 mTRAIL可組裝DISC外,sTRAIL及包含了N端119~241位氨基酸的多種長度的rhTRAIL也可組裝DISC誘導(dǎo)敏感的靶細胞凋亡,但其活性也低于mTRAIL[8-9]。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),sTRAIL和mTRAIL活性差異與細胞是否表達DcR1有密切聯(lián)系。DcR1與TRAIL結(jié)合的親和力高于 DR4,DcR1可與 DR4競爭結(jié)合 rhTRAIL或sTRAIL,阻止有 DISC組裝。即使 DR4結(jié)合的rhTRAIL遷移入脂筏內(nèi),也可能被DcR1“搶奪”,并由DcR1將 DR4“排擠”出脂筏,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),表型為DR4+、DR5+、DcR1+、DcR2-的 A549 細胞對 rhTRAIL高度耐受[4-5]。DcR1通過該機制對 sTRAIL和rhTRAIL抑制不僅被體外研究證實,臨床實踐中也發(fā)現(xiàn)DR4和DcR1陽性結(jié)腸癌對TRAIL誘導(dǎo)凋亡高度耐受[11]。
mTRAIL是281個氨基酸所組成Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,分子量為32 500,其N端241個氨基酸位于胞膜外,跨膜區(qū)和胞漿區(qū)分別為26和14氨基酸[2]。病毒感染、腫瘤、自身免疫病等疾病情況下,血清中24 000 sTRAIL含量增加[12-13]。在體外以細菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、佛波酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)及干擾素(interferons,IFNs)等刺激細胞,活化的中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞和腫瘤細胞也可釋放sTRAIL[13-16]。TRAIL 是 TNF 超家族發(fā)現(xiàn)較晚的成員,新近才證實金屬蛋白酶家族成員參與TRAIL的酶切脫落。廣譜金屬蛋白酶抑制劑1,10-菲咯啉(1,10-phenanthroline)和ADAM10抑制劑TAPI-1(tumor necrosis factor-alpha protease inhibitor-1)可顯著抑制IFN-α誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸癌細胞釋放 sTRAIL,同時上調(diào)mTRAIL表達[15-16]。Secchiero等進一步證明,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(metrics metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)也參與人 mTRAIL 的酶切,并釋放24kDa的 sTRAIL[17]。
免疫細胞主要以內(nèi)源表達的mTRAIL殺傷腫瘤和病毒感染等靶細胞,腫瘤細胞的mTRAIL也可通過與自身或相臨細胞DR4、DR5組裝為DISC,誘導(dǎo)凋亡[16-18]。N端119~241位氨基酸是 TRAIL與受體結(jié)合的功能區(qū);其中230位Cys殘基(Cys230)參與該分子與二價鋅離子螯合,穩(wěn)定形成具有活性的同源三聚體。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞表面mTRAIL需先組裝為三聚體才能向脂筏內(nèi)遷移,而其在脂筏內(nèi)與DR5結(jié)合還參與脂筏結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定,跨膜分布的mTRAIL促進細脂筏內(nèi)DISC的形成[19]。sTRAIL也具有形成DISC的功能,但sTRAIL不具備跨膜區(qū),缺少了mTRAIL穩(wěn)定脂筏子內(nèi)DISC的功能。理論而言,抑制MMP-2對mTRAIL的酶切,可能促進mTRAIL-DR5在脂筏內(nèi)組裝DISC,從而增強凋亡信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),克服對DcR1陽性腫瘤細胞對TRAIL的耐受。
姜黃素(分子式為C21H20O6,分子量368.4)是取自姜黃屬植物根部的活性成分,具有治療炎癥、抗腫瘤和抗纖維化等藥理作用[20]。姜黃素以活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)依賴途徑抑制胰腺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌和肺癌等腫瘤增殖,IC50值為 50~100 μmol/L[21]。近年來,低濃度(≤50 μmol/L)姜黃素非ROS依賴途徑抗腫瘤的機制陸續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)[22]。主要包括:①抑制組蛋白去乙?;?histone deacety lases,HDACs);②通過上調(diào)p21和p27表達而抑制細胞周期運行;③通過抑制NFκB而下調(diào)細胞周期素到D1(cyclin D1)和癌基因c-myc表達;④抑制磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)/Akt/哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycinm,mTOR)途徑,使其下游抗凋亡、促增殖的靶基因表達下降等。在美國,姜黃素治療胰腺癌已進入臨床Ⅱ期,其在預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌方面的研究也日益被重視。此外,姜黃素下調(diào)與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)的多種蛋白,包括表皮生長因子受體、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、MMP-2、MMP-3和 MMP-9等。新近發(fā)現(xiàn),25~50 μmol/L姜黃素可抑制肝星狀細胞株對明膠的水解,從而降低其遷徙和侵襲,即姜黃素抑制MMP-2水解細胞外膠原蛋白[23]。
目前,姜黃素是否抑制MMP-2酶切mTRAIL還未見報道。我們在前期工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),5~20 μmol/L姜黃素以非ROS依賴的方式上調(diào)mTRAIL跨膜分布,并增強A549對TRAIL基因轉(zhuǎn)染所誘導(dǎo)的凋亡。低濃度姜黃素可能通過抑制MMP-2來抑制sTRAIL釋放,促進mTRAIL跨膜分布和DISC組裝,從而增強TRAIL誘導(dǎo)DcR1陽性肺腺癌凋亡。若要闡明姜黃素抗腫瘤的新藥理作用,尚需要參照如下技術(shù)路線深入開展研究,用實驗數(shù)據(jù)回答如下問題(圖3):①低濃度姜黃素上調(diào)TRAIL跨膜分布是否與其抑制MMP-2的酶切有關(guān)?②跨膜TRAIL增加是否促進脂筏內(nèi)DISC組裝?③姜黃素與TRAIL聯(lián)合是否促進DcR1陽性肺腺癌細胞凋亡信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)?
圖3 研究膜型分子脫落參與肺腺癌對TRAIL耐藥的技術(shù)路線
mTRAIL和sTRAIL均可結(jié)合死亡受體,但膜結(jié)合型分子還參與脂筏內(nèi)由DR4/DR5所組裝DISC的穩(wěn)定性。因此,闡明膜結(jié)合型TRAIL脫落的機制、證實姜黃素的新藥理作用可能為提高肺腺癌對TRAIL治療的敏感性提供新策略。
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