肖麗萍,王淑紅,*,鄒志華,王藝?yán)冢瑥堊悠?/p>
1.集美大學(xué)水產(chǎn)學(xué)院,廈門(mén)361021
2.西東大學(xué)生物系,美國(guó)新澤西州07079
有機(jī)錫如三丁基錫(tributyltin,TBT),作為防污損生物附著的添加劑自20世紀(jì)60年代就廣泛應(yīng)用于輪船、碼頭等涂料中,但在防污的同時(shí)對(duì)非靶生物也具有短期和長(zhǎng)期的毒性效應(yīng),如可對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物的生殖系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等造成不同程度的損傷[1],也可導(dǎo)致草履蟲(chóng)[2]、大型蚤[3]、腹足類[4]等水生無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的性畸變和死亡。其中,最顯著的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)是誘發(fā)海洋腹足類的性畸變(imposex),由此導(dǎo)致的腹足類種群的衰退是目前海洋污染事件中最沉重的教訓(xùn)[5]。性畸變是指軟體動(dòng)物雌性個(gè)體產(chǎn)生不正常的雄性特征,如陰莖和輸精管的形成;性畸變嚴(yán)重時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致雌性個(gè)體生殖能力的喪失,造成種群衰退甚至局域性滅絕[6]。性畸變的研究最早起源于1970年在狗巖螺(Nucella lapillus)的報(bào)道,目前估計(jì)全世界發(fā)生性畸變的種類至少在200種以上,其中新腹足類有50多種[7-11]。
有機(jī)錫污染是一種典型的海洋污染事件,常規(guī)的物理和化學(xué)等監(jiān)測(cè)方法都存在操作復(fù)雜、不易觀察和辨別、靈敏性低和成本高等局限性,因而很多學(xué)者建議采用某些腹足類性畸變狀況來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)不同海域有機(jī)錫的污染現(xiàn)狀。Gibbs等[12]根據(jù)狗巖螺畸變個(gè)體陰莖、輸精管和雌性生殖道的損傷程度將其劃分為6個(gè)不同的發(fā)展階段,并提出陰莖相對(duì)大小指數(shù)(relative penis size index,RPSI)、輸精管發(fā)展指數(shù)(vas deferens sequences index,VDSI)量化的方法來(lái)評(píng)估種群受影響的程度。之后,Shi等[7]根據(jù)畸變物種差異性提出了普適的性畸變劃分圖來(lái)更準(zhǔn)確地反映性畸變的形態(tài)變化及程度評(píng)估。一些學(xué)者應(yīng)用這些形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)相繼調(diào)查了世界各個(gè)海域腹足類的性畸變狀況[13-18]。利用腹足類性畸變的形態(tài)學(xué)變化監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)估有機(jī)錫的污染是目前海洋環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)的最成功范例,腹足類性畸變已成為內(nèi)分泌干擾物在種群水平影響生態(tài)平衡的重要證據(jù)[19-20],對(duì)類似內(nèi)分泌干擾物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)和管理意義重大。因此,腹足類的性畸變可作為有機(jī)錫生物監(jiān)測(cè)的有效指標(biāo)[4],并成為促使2003年國(guó)際海事組織全面禁止船體上涂含有TBT的防污漆的禁令頒布的主要原因和評(píng)判法規(guī)效果的重要標(biāo)尺。
盡管腹足類性畸變形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)在有機(jī)錫污染監(jiān)測(cè)中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,但該類指標(biāo)的應(yīng)用仍存在一些問(wèn)題。首先,性畸變形態(tài)學(xué)特征存在種屬差異,且這種方法僅適用于中腹足目和新腹足目的種類,對(duì)無(wú)明顯性別特征的原始腹足類如鮑等則不適用;最重要的是,形態(tài)學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)手段只能檢測(cè)到較晚期的性畸變(往往已不可逆轉(zhuǎn)),無(wú)法預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào),也難以達(dá)到保護(hù)生物種群的目的。因此,有必要進(jìn)一步深入研究有機(jī)錫致腹足類性畸變的作用機(jī)制,進(jìn)而篩選敏感的早期檢測(cè)指標(biāo)。雖然腹足類性畸變的形態(tài)學(xué)變化已被廣泛用于監(jiān)測(cè)有機(jī)錫的污染狀況,但其分子機(jī)制一直眾說(shuō)紛紜,主要原因在于軟體動(dòng)物的性別決定機(jī)制至今尚未明確,性別決定和性別分化相關(guān)基因和蛋白尚未得以證實(shí)[21-24],相關(guān)研究的滯后大大增加了腹足類性畸變分子機(jī)制研究的難度。然而近年來(lái),無(wú)論是傳統(tǒng)的脊椎動(dòng)物類型的類固醇激素假說(shuō),還是較新的視黃酸X受體(retinoid X receptor,RXR)假說(shuō),都有了新的進(jìn)展,尤其是 RXR受體假說(shuō),涌現(xiàn)了大量有價(jià)值的文獻(xiàn)。論文將結(jié)合近期的研究進(jìn)展,對(duì)有機(jī)錫誘發(fā)腹足類性畸變分子機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)行綜述,以便更全面地了解其致毒機(jī)理,為有機(jī)錫及其他內(nèi)分泌干擾物的早期快速監(jiān)測(cè)和重要水產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的保護(hù)提供理論依據(jù)。
該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為腹足類體內(nèi)存在著類似于脊椎動(dòng)物類型的性激素——睪酮和雌二醇,且腹足類的性別調(diào)控也類似于脊椎動(dòng)物,由上述2種性激素調(diào)控。有機(jī)錫可通過(guò)影響性激素的合成或代謝過(guò)程而改變其在體內(nèi)的正常水平,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致性畸變。相繼有學(xué)者采用氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)[25-26]和放射免疫分析技術(shù)[27-28]證實(shí)并測(cè)定了這2種激素在腹足類和其他軟體動(dòng)物中的存在。有關(guān)東泥織紋螺(Ilyanassa obsoleta)[29]、大洋角螺(Marisa cornuarietis)[30-31]、狗巖螺(Nucella lapillus)[32-34]、新西蘭泥螺(Potamopyrgus antipodarum)[35]的一些研究也似乎表明,這些激素在腹足類生殖和性畸變誘導(dǎo)中發(fā)揮著作用,但具體機(jī)制尚未闡明,相關(guān)的研究主要涉及性激素合成的關(guān)鍵酶P450芳香化酶和影響游離睪酮濃度的一些因素。
P450芳香化酶是脊椎動(dòng)物負(fù)責(zé)將雄激素芳香化為雌激素的關(guān)鍵酶,該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為,TBT能抑制P450芳香化酶的活性,造成睪酮在體內(nèi)的積累而引起性畸變[32]。鄧瑞鵬等[36]通過(guò)細(xì)胞色素 P450,b5和細(xì)胞色素P450還原酶的含量測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),性畸變疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)P450酶系的這3種組分與正常雌性螺有顯著差異,而與雄性螺更為接近;同時(shí),Santos等[27]等進(jìn)一步將狗巖螺暴露于芳香化酶抑制劑4-羥基-睪酮下,間接證明TBT可競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地抑制腹足類體內(nèi)P450芳香化酶的活性而誘發(fā)性畸變,但不能增加其嚴(yán)重程度。然而迄今為止,并無(wú)直接證據(jù)表明芳香化酶在無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物類固醇激素代謝過(guò)程中的作用;并且在對(duì)生蛤仔(Ruditapes decussatus)[37]和歐洲玉黍螺(Littorina littorea)[38]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),芳香化酶在睪酮代謝過(guò)程中只占極小的比例。更值得指出的是,脊椎動(dòng)物類型的P450芳香化酶基因CYP19至今尚未在脊索動(dòng)物門(mén)之外的無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中被證實(shí)[21]。因此,很難用芳香化酶抑制假說(shuō)來(lái)解釋睪酮在腹足類一些種類體內(nèi)的積累。
該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為,TBT能夠影響睪酮與脂肪酸的結(jié)合,通過(guò)影響游離睪酮的濃度而導(dǎo)致性畸變。Gooding 和 LeBlanc[39]以及 Janer等[28,40]的研究表明,在某些軟體動(dòng)物,睪酮和雌二醇與脂肪酸的酯化結(jié)合是調(diào)控這些性激素水平的主要代謝途徑。Gooding等[41]的研究表明,東泥織紋螺能夠以脂肪酸酯化物的形式生物轉(zhuǎn)化和儲(chǔ)存多余的睪酮,并發(fā)現(xiàn)不同TBT濃度下東泥織紋螺體內(nèi)總睪酮含量不變而游離睪酮含量有所上升。Abidli等[42]研究了2種TBT敏感物種環(huán)帶骨螺(Hexaplex trunculus)和染料骨螺(Bolinus brandaris)在TBT暴露下類固醇激素(雌二醇和睪酮)的含量變化,進(jìn)一步證明這2種性激素都同時(shí)以游離和酯化的形式存在于消化腺和性腺?gòu)?fù)合體中,且TBT暴露會(huì)引起雌性染料骨螺游離睪酮水平增加而酯化睪酮減少,而在雌性環(huán)帶骨螺中游離和酯化的睪酮水平都會(huì)顯著地上升,但TBT對(duì)這2種螺的雄性個(gè)體的睪酮和雌二醇水平都沒(méi)有影響。該研究表明TBT暴露會(huì)引起雌性個(gè)體游離睪酮增加,導(dǎo)致性激素比例失衡而誘發(fā)性畸變,并且TBT在不同物種、不同性別中對(duì)性激素代謝的影響存在差異。
盡管上述研究在腹足類組織中能檢測(cè)到類似于脊椎動(dòng)物的雌雄激素,且有機(jī)錫的暴露干擾了某些種類體內(nèi)類固醇激素的水平,但由于并無(wú)直接證據(jù)表明軟體動(dòng)物的性別調(diào)控機(jī)制與脊椎動(dòng)物類似,且NCBI核苷酸數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中至今尚無(wú)脊索動(dòng)物門(mén)之外的無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物CYP19基因的數(shù)據(jù),也尚無(wú)學(xué)術(shù)文章報(bào)道在無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中分離獲得芳香化酶蛋白[22]。此外,在性激素受體研究方面,盡管類雌激素受體cDNA 已在疣荔枝螺[43]和東泥織紋螺[44]中被分離出來(lái),但其編碼的蛋白是一種組成型轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子,且雌激素并不能與該蛋白結(jié)合;同時(shí),尚無(wú)任何有關(guān)成功克隆包括腹足類在內(nèi)的無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物雄激素受體的研究報(bào)道。Scott[23-24]在最新的綜述中指出,在軟體動(dòng)物體內(nèi)檢測(cè)到類似于脊椎動(dòng)物性激素的現(xiàn)有報(bào)道不能排除這些激素來(lái)源于其生活的水體環(huán)境而非軟體動(dòng)物自身合成的可能性。因此,盡管腹足類體內(nèi)存在類似于脊椎動(dòng)物的雌激素和雄激素,但由于缺乏對(duì)其生物合成途徑或來(lái)源的了解,以及有關(guān)受體的直接證據(jù),由此引出的脊椎動(dòng)物類型的類固醇激素假說(shuō)難以獲得有力支持。
該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為,TBT能經(jīng)由退化因子作用于腦神經(jīng)節(jié)而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)肽陰莖形態(tài)發(fā)生因子(penis morphogenetic factor,PMF)的異常釋放,其中PMF負(fù)責(zé)雌性個(gè)體中陰莖的形成[45]。Féral和 LeGall[46]通過(guò)組織培養(yǎng)方法發(fā)現(xiàn),TBT暴露后提取得到的西歐骨螺(Ocenebra erinacea)神經(jīng)中樞能誘發(fā)未成熟的舟螺(Crepidula fornicata)陰莖形成區(qū)發(fā)育成為陰莖,且與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育同步,表明TBT能作為神經(jīng)毒素改變神經(jīng)激素如PMF的分泌而引起性別變異。目前有學(xué)者已在狗巖螺(Nucella lapillus)[47]、盤(pán)大鮑(Haliotis gigantea)[48]等個(gè)體的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)TBT和三苯基錫(triphenyltin,TPT)的累積,表明TBT和TPT可能對(duì)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮毒性效應(yīng)。此外,Oberd?rster和 McClellan-Green[29]報(bào)道了腹足類中樞神經(jīng)節(jié)分泌的一種神經(jīng)肽APGWamide(Ala-Pro-GLy-Trp-NH2),作為一種假定 PMF,能顯著誘發(fā)雌性東泥織紋螺性畸變;之后該作者進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了APGWamide是腹足類東泥織紋螺的一種PMF,并且該物質(zhì)在性畸變個(gè)體和雄性個(gè)體中分布模式相似,都主要聚集于內(nèi)臟團(tuán)[45]。然而,在上述研究中,由于TBT或TPT暴露導(dǎo)致過(guò)高的性畸變率和超長(zhǎng)的陰莖,有可能弱化了APGWamide誘導(dǎo)或促進(jìn)性畸變的作用;Santos[49]和 Castro 等[50]的研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn),APGWamide不能誘導(dǎo)染料骨螺和狗巖螺性畸變,而目前TBT暴露、神經(jīng)激素如神經(jīng)肽APGWamide異常釋放和性畸變之間的因果關(guān)系尚未有直接證據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí),所以該假說(shuō)也有待進(jìn)一步的深入研究。
RXR是配體激活的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子核受體超家族成員,有α、β、γ共3種亞型,每種亞型分別由不同的基因編碼,可作為其他核受體異二聚體伙伴或同源二聚體在核受體調(diào)控信號(hào)通路中發(fā)揮作用,參與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、分化、代謝和胚胎發(fā)育等調(diào)節(jié)[51]。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,RXR參與TBT誘導(dǎo)腹足類性畸變過(guò)程。
Nishikawa 等[52]通過(guò)注射 9-順式維甲酸(9-cis retinoic acid,9cRA)、TBT和TPT,發(fā)現(xiàn)注射9cRA 會(huì)誘發(fā)雌性疣荔枝螺性畸變,在性畸變嚴(yán)重個(gè)體中RXR表達(dá)顯著增加,并利用酵母雙雜交系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到有機(jī)錫能增強(qiáng)hRXRs與9cRA的作用。之后,Bouton等[53]克隆得到了光滑雙臍螺(Biomphalaria glabrata)RXR同系物;Castro等[50]克隆了狗巖螺RXRa和RXRb兩種亞型,并再次證實(shí)TBT與9cRA都能誘發(fā)性畸變。Horiguchi等[54]采用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR、免疫印跡和免疫組織化學(xué)方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)雄性及發(fā)生性畸變的雌性疣荔枝螺陰莖中的RXR基因表達(dá)明顯高于正常雌性個(gè)體,表明RXR可能參與雌性腹足類在有機(jī)錫暴露下誘導(dǎo)雄性生殖器官(陰莖和輸精管)生成的機(jī)制;隨后該作者通過(guò)檢測(cè)TPT暴露下疣荔枝螺雌雄個(gè)體各組織中RXR表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)雌性個(gè)體陰莖的增長(zhǎng)與陰莖形成區(qū)RXR的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)有關(guān)聯(lián),而在雄性個(gè)體中RXR表達(dá)沒(méi)有顯著變化,但其最高表達(dá)量也位于陰莖處,表明RXR對(duì)腹足類雄性及性畸變雌性個(gè)體的雄性生殖器官的發(fā)育起著重要作用[55]。Urushitani等[56]克隆和鑒定了疣荔枝螺RXRs兩種亞型,發(fā)現(xiàn)其氨基酸序列與哺乳動(dòng)物和腹足綱其他種類的RXRs具有高度相似性,同時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)磷酸化位點(diǎn)突變檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)9cRA應(yīng)激下RXR亞型的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性顯著地高于對(duì)照組,并經(jīng)由順式重復(fù)序列1(direct repeat 1-type,DR1)反應(yīng)元件使得轉(zhuǎn)錄活性發(fā)生變化,表明維甲酸可能在腹足類生殖器官發(fā)育及成分組成中發(fā)揮重要作用,并且亞型間差異可能是軟體動(dòng)物內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)調(diào)控的功能基礎(chǔ)。此外,張紀(jì)亮等[57]綜述有機(jī)錫能夠作為RXR與過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體(peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor,PPAR)的激動(dòng)劑引起螺類性畸變、促進(jìn)脂肪分化并影響脂質(zhì)代謝平衡。
Lima等[58]認(rèn)為,TBT暴露會(huì)使不同組織、不同性別中RXR轉(zhuǎn)錄情況存在差異而使腹足類雌性在畸變高級(jí)階段中RXR轉(zhuǎn)錄模式與雄性相同而產(chǎn)生雄性特征,并提出TBT誘發(fā)性畸變機(jī)制的RXR信號(hào)通路假說(shuō)。該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為,正常陰莖分化過(guò)程中,類視黃素衍生物結(jié)合RXR后通過(guò)與RXR反應(yīng)元件相互作用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)雄性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(the central nervous system,CNS)的靶基因,PMF編碼基因受RXR信號(hào)的控制并在雄性陰莖分化過(guò)程中被誘導(dǎo),而PMF的釋放會(huì)啟動(dòng)級(jí)聯(lián)事件從而形成陰莖和輸精管。在正常雌性中,PMF編碼基因在缺少RXR配體的情況下會(huì)被抑制而阻斷釋放;而TBT會(huì)異常結(jié)合雌性CNS中的RXR從而激活PMF編碼基因的信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而在雌性體內(nèi)誘發(fā)雄性陰莖分化的一系列級(jí)聯(lián)事件,最終形成陰莖,導(dǎo)致性畸變。性畸變起始可能獨(dú)立于性腺和/或消化腺,但由于TBT結(jié)合RXR可能會(huì)影響性腺、消化腺中類視黃素和類固醇代謝組件的編碼基因,導(dǎo)致這些激素水平失衡,轉(zhuǎn)而調(diào)控雌雄個(gè)體CNS和雄性生殖器的RXR信號(hào)通路。
近幾年,隨著性畸變相關(guān)研究的不斷深入,RXR假說(shuō)逐漸成為性畸變機(jī)制研究的熱點(diǎn)。Sternberg等[10]綜述了腹足類性別分化及生殖調(diào)控的機(jī)制,認(rèn)為一些腹足類性腺的恢復(fù)即生殖特征和第二附屬器官的再生長(zhǎng)主要受季節(jié)調(diào)控,相關(guān)的環(huán)境因素通過(guò)刺激神經(jīng)及內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的一系列反應(yīng)而調(diào)控雌雄個(gè)體的性別分化、產(chǎn)卵、精子發(fā)生及交配行為。調(diào)控性腺恢復(fù)的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因素是光照周期,其次是控制繁殖和產(chǎn)卵時(shí)間的溫度、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況和寄生蟲(chóng)等因素。TBT誘發(fā)性畸變,即阻斷雌性個(gè)體性腺及性別特征的顯性性別決定,這種因環(huán)境因素誘發(fā)或修改生殖過(guò)程的現(xiàn)象,會(huì)使腹足類不斷出現(xiàn)生理、行為和形態(tài)方面的適應(yīng)性變化,以保證后代生存幾率的最大化。Gooding等[59]的研究也觀察到TBT暴露只對(duì)處于性腺恢復(fù)的臨時(shí)窗口期的東泥織紋螺產(chǎn)生作用,會(huì)刺激雌性個(gè)體的雄性特征發(fā)育,這從另一層面說(shuō)明了TBT誘發(fā)腹足類性畸變的特殊性。上述研究表明,腹足類的性別分化很可能存在著關(guān)鍵的窗口期,光照、溫度、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況以及某些特殊的環(huán)境內(nèi)分泌干擾物如有機(jī)錫的存在,有可能徹底改變生物原來(lái)的性腺發(fā)育途徑,出現(xiàn)性畸變或性逆轉(zhuǎn),對(duì)傳統(tǒng)生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育理論提出了挑戰(zhàn)。
圖1綜合了本文論及的與有機(jī)錫致海洋腹足類性畸變分子機(jī)制相關(guān)的a、b、c三類假說(shuō)。a為脊椎動(dòng)物類型的類固醇激素假說(shuō),可分為芳香化酶抑制假說(shuō)和游離睪酮水平調(diào)節(jié)假說(shuō)。P450芳香化酶抑制假說(shuō)認(rèn)為T(mén)BT能抑制該酶的活性,阻斷雄激素芳香化為雌激素,造成雄激素在體內(nèi)積累而引起性畸變。游離睪酮水平調(diào)節(jié)假說(shuō)認(rèn)為T(mén)BT能抑制乙酰輔酶A與乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶進(jìn)而阻礙睪酮與游離脂肪酸結(jié)合,引起雌性個(gè)體游離睪酮增加,導(dǎo)致性激素比例失衡而誘發(fā)性畸變。b為神經(jīng)肽假說(shuō),該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為T(mén)BT能經(jīng)由退化因子作用于CNS而導(dǎo)致PMF如神經(jīng)肽(APGWamide)的異常釋放,致使陰莖發(fā)育而產(chǎn)生性畸變。c為RXR假說(shuō),該假說(shuō)認(rèn)為T(mén)BT會(huì)結(jié)合雌性CNS中的RXR,通過(guò)與RXRRE(視黃酸X受體反應(yīng)元件)相互作用而激活PMF的信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)陰莖分化而導(dǎo)致性畸變;同時(shí),RXR的激活與軟體動(dòng)物性腺的發(fā)育狀態(tài)密切相關(guān),腹足類如果在關(guān)鍵窗口期暴露于TBT,則誘導(dǎo)性畸變。
圖1 有機(jī)錫致海洋腹足類性畸變的分子機(jī)制Fig.1 Molecularmechanism of organotin-induced imposex inmarine gastropods
李張偉等[60]檢測(cè)了TBT暴露下疣荔枝螺性畸變個(gè)體超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)及過(guò)氧化氫酶(catalase,CAT)活性與正常雌雄個(gè)體的差異,結(jié)果表明,這幾種生化指標(biāo)的差異隨著性畸變嚴(yán)重程度的加深而愈加明顯,并呈現(xiàn)一定的規(guī)律性,其中SOD活性在正常雌性和性畸變初期階段個(gè)體中與雄性的接近,在性畸變嚴(yán)重個(gè)體中則顯著下降,而CAT活性在性畸變初期有上升趨勢(shì),在性畸變嚴(yán)重個(gè)體中則顯著下降,這表明,腹足類體內(nèi)重要酶在有機(jī)錫污染下會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯紊亂。隨后該作者又研究了疣荔枝螺雄性、雌性及性畸變個(gè)體在不同發(fā)育階段的總蛋白和酯酶同工酶水平,結(jié)果表明,性畸變個(gè)體體內(nèi)蛋白表達(dá)量和酯酶活性與雄螺的相近[61]。
研究表明,有機(jī)錫還具有遺傳毒性,主要表現(xiàn)為基因突變[62]、染色體畸變[63]和 DNA 損傷[64-65]等。管云雁[66]通過(guò)對(duì)疣荔枝螺和黃口荔枝螺(Thais luteostoma)核型分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)性畸變個(gè)體的染色體形態(tài)有所改變而數(shù)目沒(méi)有變化,并推測(cè)這種變化可能與性畸變現(xiàn)象有一定的相關(guān)性。同時(shí),周小朋等[67]采用隨機(jī)擴(kuò)增多態(tài)性DNA技術(shù)來(lái)研究疣荔枝螺性畸變機(jī)理,結(jié)果表明,差異性片段的出現(xiàn)與有機(jī)錫的污染具有一定的相關(guān)性,認(rèn)為有機(jī)錫的存在已引起疣荔枝螺遺傳物質(zhì)DNA的變化,并且這種變化是隨機(jī)的。Hagger等[68]應(yīng)用線性回歸分析揭示了性畸變和DNA損傷程度具有緊密的相關(guān)性,同時(shí)通過(guò)組織學(xué)方法檢測(cè)到狗巖螺性畸變個(gè)體輸精管和陰莖的增生性生長(zhǎng),表明環(huán)境暴露、遺傳響應(yīng)和生殖變異之間存在著復(fù)雜的相互作用。
隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)腹足類性畸變的研究日漸增多和分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,一些學(xué)者采用基因組學(xué)方法來(lái)進(jìn)一步研究有機(jī)錫的致毒機(jī)制。Iguchi等[69]應(yīng)用生態(tài)毒理基因組學(xué)方法研究脊椎及無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物不同物種如老鼠、美洲鈍吻鱷、兩棲動(dòng)物、魚(yú)類、腹足類和大型蚤等個(gè)體的雌激素響應(yīng)基因及其表達(dá)變化,探討了內(nèi)分泌干擾物致毒的分子機(jī)制。賈錫偉等[70]構(gòu)建了雜色鮑(Haliotis diversicolor)在TBT暴露誘導(dǎo)下的均一化cDNA文庫(kù),得到3 048個(gè)高質(zhì)量表達(dá)序列標(biāo)簽,之后作者采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR方法進(jìn)行了相關(guān)功能基因的表達(dá)分析并得到纖維素酶、β-1,4-內(nèi)葡聚糖、鐵蛋白亞基1等幾種較好的 TBT 監(jiān)測(cè)候選基因[71]。Pascoal等[72]對(duì) TBT暴露狗巖螺的轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)分析再次支持了上述3類假說(shuō)所涉及的性激素、神經(jīng)多肽和RXR參與有機(jī)錫誘發(fā)腹足類性畸變過(guò)程,同時(shí)通過(guò)PPARγ競(jìng)爭(zhēng)抑制劑羅格列酮的體內(nèi)注射實(shí)驗(yàn),證實(shí)無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物包括腹足類的內(nèi)分泌干擾過(guò)程中存在著與脊椎動(dòng)物共通的 PPAR 信號(hào)通路。Titley-O'Neal等[73]采用基因芯片技術(shù)比較了大不列顛維京島附近不同站位女皇鳳凰螺(Strombus gigas)的基因表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)了高濃度TBT暴露站位差異表達(dá)的17個(gè)基因,功能分析表明,鈣離子結(jié)合、免疫反應(yīng)以及細(xì)胞分化抑制調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)在污染海域占據(jù)主導(dǎo)。
綜上所述,各種假說(shuō)的相關(guān)研究表明有機(jī)錫可能通過(guò)多種途徑誘導(dǎo)性畸變,各假說(shuō)之間在某些環(huán)節(jié)上可能存在交叉互作或者互補(bǔ)作用,進(jìn)而形成Cross-talking,構(gòu)建成復(fù)雜的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò),并且需要多個(gè)功能基因的參與。德國(guó)學(xué)者Stange等[74]提出狗巖螺性畸變涉及RXR和睪酮兩種信號(hào)通路的參與,但目前似乎還沒(méi)有在3種假說(shuō)中建立某種聯(lián)系(圖1)。傳統(tǒng)的單個(gè)或幾個(gè)基因或蛋白的研究已經(jīng)不可能闡明復(fù)雜的性畸變機(jī)制,而日益發(fā)展的高通量研究技術(shù)可以從全基因組尺度考察一個(gè)生理學(xué)過(guò)程,這為研究有機(jī)錫致海洋腹足類性畸變的分子機(jī)制和腹足類的防御應(yīng)激機(jī)制提供了一條有效的途徑。此外,眾多的RXR參與海洋腹足類性畸變過(guò)程的證據(jù)表明,RXR在軟體動(dòng)物性別決定及性別分化過(guò)程中具有重要作用。相關(guān)的性畸變機(jī)制研究,揭示了軟體動(dòng)物性別決定及性別分化機(jī)制的特殊性,對(duì)該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)一步研究有可能突破人們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育理論的認(rèn)識(shí)。
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