王梁
托??荚嚨囊淮筇攸c(diǎn)是聽(tīng)力比重大,除聽(tīng)力部分外,口語(yǔ)和寫(xiě)作部分也都涉及聽(tīng)力,這對(duì)很多考生來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。不過(guò)對(duì)于應(yīng)試類(lèi)考試而言,考生更需要的是答對(duì)題,而答對(duì)題的前提有兩個(gè):一是理解錄音材料,二是熟悉題型。當(dāng)然,并不是說(shuō)只有百分之百地理解聽(tīng)力材料內(nèi)容才能答對(duì)題,對(duì)于尋求短期突破的考生來(lái)說(shuō),更重要的是了解這門(mén)考試的考查重點(diǎn)和題型。考生首先需要了解托福聽(tīng)力考查什么。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō),托福聽(tīng)力考查的是三個(gè)“聽(tīng)”:①聽(tīng)懂錄音材料的主旨大意;②聽(tīng)清錄音材料中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容;③聽(tīng)出錄音材料的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)。下面筆者就從這三個(gè)方面來(lái)講解托福聽(tīng)力的主要題型及解題思路。
主旨題
顧名思義,主旨題考查的是考生在聽(tīng)完錄音材料后對(duì)材料主要內(nèi)容的把控能力。ETS (Educational Testing Service,美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)中心)在設(shè)置主旨題的時(shí)候喜歡把錄音材料中的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)為選項(xiàng)來(lái)迷惑考生。有些考生對(duì)錄音材料的整體內(nèi)容一知半解,但對(duì)材料中的某些細(xì)節(jié)印象卻極為深刻,因此很容易在選擇選項(xiàng)時(shí)把自己聽(tīng)到的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容作為判斷依據(jù)。殊不知,主旨題考查的是對(duì)整體內(nèi)容的把握能力,哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)所涵蓋的內(nèi)容更廣,更能概括通篇內(nèi)容,哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確答案的可能性就越大。來(lái)看下面這道例題。
例1:What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values
B. To explain Aristotles views about the importance of teaching
C. To explain why people change what they value
D. To discuss Aristotles views about human happiness (選自TPO 2 Section 2 Question 6)
解析 本題選項(xiàng)中首先要排除的是選項(xiàng)B,因?yàn)閠eaching是講座中論證intrinsic value時(shí)舉的一個(gè)例子,屬于細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。其次可以排除的是選項(xiàng)A,因?yàn)閑xtrinsic value是講座提及的價(jià)值觀的兩個(gè)方面中的一個(gè),也是細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。由此可見(jiàn),在做主旨題時(shí),用排除細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng)的方法便于提高做題效率。
不過(guò),有些表面上看是細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)也有可能是主旨題的答案,考生需要具體情況具體分析。來(lái)看下面這道例題。
例2:What is the lecture mainly about?
A. An example of rapid climate change
B. A comparison of two mechanisms of climate change
C. The weather conditions in the present-day Sahara
D. Recent geological findings made in the Sahara (選自TPO 6 Section 2 Question 12)
解析 按照筆者前面介紹的方法,這道題首先應(yīng)該排除的是選項(xiàng)A,因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)例子,屬于細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。但事實(shí)上,這道題的正確答案恰恰是選項(xiàng)A。為什么?因?yàn)槔右彩怯蟹謩e的,如果一個(gè)例子只出現(xiàn)在錄音中的某個(gè)位置,用一句話或者一段話對(duì)其論述,那這個(gè)例子自然就不具備概括全文的特質(zhì)。而如果這個(gè)例子貫穿錄音材料的始終,那么它就具備概括性,可以在主旨題中作為正確選項(xiàng),本題就是一個(gè)例子。
細(xì)節(jié)題
細(xì)節(jié)題考查的是考生是否真的理解錄音內(nèi)容,涉及的考查點(diǎn)都是錄音中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。要突破細(xì)節(jié)題,考生需要熟悉細(xì)節(jié)題的出題點(diǎn)并能預(yù)判出題點(diǎn)。分類(lèi)論證和舉例子是細(xì)節(jié)題的兩個(gè)高頻出題點(diǎn),下面筆者就以它們?yōu)槔齺?lái)具體分析如何預(yù)判細(xì)節(jié)題的出題點(diǎn)。
分類(lèi)論證
分類(lèi)論證是指將細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分層次陳述,是細(xì)節(jié)題的高頻考點(diǎn)之一,主要考查考生對(duì)錄音材料脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。要解答與分類(lèi)論證有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)題,考生需要了解分類(lèi)論證的信號(hào)詞。這樣的信號(hào)詞有很多,如first、at first、firstly、to begin with、to start with、first of all、top等。來(lái)看下面的例句。
例3:And because of the cold temperatures, the tundra has two layers: top layer, which is called the active layer, is frozen in the winter and spring, but thaws in the summer. Beneath this active layer is the second layer called “permafrost,” which is frozen all year around, and is impermeable to water. (選自TPO 9 Lecture 2 Environmental Science)
解析 這段材料是典型的分類(lèi)論證,其中出現(xiàn)了明顯的分類(lèi)論證信號(hào)詞top和second,分別介紹了苔原帶的兩層結(jié)構(gòu)——融凍層和永凍層??忌宦?tīng)到top這個(gè)信號(hào)詞,就應(yīng)該意識(shí)到下面要進(jìn)行分類(lèi)論證,并預(yù)判后面的內(nèi)容有可能會(huì)出細(xì)節(jié)題。
上面這段材料中的信號(hào)詞是最普通、最直接的,但更多的時(shí)候,錄音中會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些“變身”的信號(hào)詞,考生也需要在第一時(shí)間聽(tīng)出來(lái)。請(qǐng)看下面一段材料。
例4:It turns out that the Netherlands was an ideal country for growing tulips. It had the right kind of sandy soil for one thing, but also it was a wealthy nation with a growing economy, willing to spend lots of money on new exotic things. Plus, the Dutch had a history of gardening. (選自TPO 6 Lecture 1 Economics)
解析 考生比較熟悉的情況是信號(hào)詞出現(xiàn)在細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的前面,而在這段材料中,信號(hào)詞出現(xiàn)在了細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的后面,并非常巧妙地用了for one thing的說(shuō)法提示考生這是第一層內(nèi)容,充分體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言的靈活性??忌?tīng)到for one thing之后,即使錯(cuò)過(guò)了第一點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,也可以判斷出后面仍然是分類(lèi)論證。分類(lèi)論證的有些信號(hào)詞既可以放在內(nèi)容前,也可以放在內(nèi)容后,相比第一段材料中的情況,這種情況要更靈活,因此考生需要更加小心。
在分類(lèi)論證的錄音材料中,有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)信號(hào)詞省略的情況。請(qǐng)看下面一段材料。
例5:So, here weve got all the conditions for an irrational boom: a prospering economy, so more people had more disposable income—money to spend on luxuries, but they werent experienced at investing their new wealth. Then along comes a thrilling new commodity. Sure the first specimens were just played right in tulips, but they could be bred into some extraordinary variations, like that dark purple tulip. And finally, you have an unregulated market place, no government constrains, where prices could explode. (選自TPO 6 Lecture 1 Economics)
解析 在聽(tīng)這段錄音時(shí),很多考生直到聽(tīng)到finally才意識(shí)到這里是分類(lèi)論證,這是典型的漏聽(tīng)。如果這個(gè)地方出細(xì)節(jié)題的話,后果可想而知。那么如何在沒(méi)有序數(shù)詞等信號(hào)詞提示的情況下預(yù)判出接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容是分類(lèi)論證呢?考生一定要記住下面一類(lèi)詞:conditions、differences、similarities、elements、factors等。筆者在上課的時(shí)候習(xí)慣把這樣的詞稱(chēng)為“概念性名詞”,它們通常是一些抽象名詞。概念性名詞出現(xiàn)時(shí),后文一定會(huì)給出細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋這個(gè)概念的含義和內(nèi)容,而概念性名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)時(shí),后文就一定有多個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),也就是分類(lèi)論證了。所以,考生在這段材料開(kāi)頭聽(tīng)到conditions的時(shí)候,就可以預(yù)判后文將要開(kāi)始分類(lèi)論證了。此外,當(dāng)托福聽(tīng)力中出現(xiàn)and、also、then、another時(shí),考生也要予以足夠的重視,因?yàn)樗鼈兘?jīng)常充當(dāng)second來(lái)用,如上面一段材料中的then。在聽(tīng)到這些詞時(shí),考生要注意這里是否屬于分類(lèi)論證的情況。
舉例子
細(xì)節(jié)題的另外一個(gè)高頻出題點(diǎn)是舉例子。舉例子一般有兩種考法:一種是考結(jié)構(gòu),即要求考生聽(tīng)出這個(gè)例子所服務(wù)的概念或觀點(diǎn)是什么;另一種是考細(xì)節(jié),主要考查考生對(duì)例子本身內(nèi)容的理解。如筆者前面所講,托福聽(tīng)力中很多情況下是沒(méi)有信號(hào)詞的。對(duì)舉例子而言,其常用的信號(hào)詞如for example、for instance等也可能會(huì)省略,在這種情況下,考生該如何預(yù)判后文將出現(xiàn)的是例子呢?來(lái)看下面一段材料。
例6:If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has “intrinsic value.” Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I dont. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didnt. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically—not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health. (TPO 2 Lecture 3 Philosophy)
解析 在這段材料中,exercise顯然是一個(gè)例子,但是它前面沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)信號(hào)詞。很多考生在聽(tīng)這段的時(shí)候之所以能聽(tīng)出來(lái)exercise是例子是因?yàn)楹笪牡亩啻沃貜?fù),但是托福聽(tīng)力的錄音材料不會(huì)每次都這么“善意”。那么訣竅在哪里?請(qǐng)記?。喝绻浺舨牧显诮忉尰蛘撟C一個(gè)概念時(shí),其后突然莫名其妙地出現(xiàn)一個(gè)其他類(lèi)別的名詞,并且后文對(duì)該名詞展開(kāi)了論證,那么這個(gè)名詞的作用極有可能是舉例子,前面提到的概念就是例子所服務(wù)的對(duì)象。比如上文首先解釋了intrinsic value的概念:“If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has ‘intrinsic value.”在這句話之后,考生聽(tīng)到一個(gè)似乎不相干的其他類(lèi)別的名詞exercise,而且后文還對(duì)其展開(kāi)了論證,那么exercise在這里就是例子。
重聽(tīng)題
最后來(lái)看托福聽(tīng)力考試中非常新穎的重聽(tīng)題(Listen Again)。在重聽(tīng)題中,考生可以重聽(tīng)錄音中的一段話,并根據(jù)重聽(tīng)部分的內(nèi)容回答問(wèn)題。這種題型一般是考查所聽(tīng)部分的功能或是說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度,也就是題外話、弦外音。要做好重聽(tīng)題,考生需要重點(diǎn)聽(tīng)兩個(gè)方面:第一,聽(tīng)說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和語(yǔ)調(diào),以此判斷說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度,有助于解答后文的態(tài)度題或目的題;第二,聽(tīng)內(nèi)容,要利用重聽(tīng)的機(jī)會(huì)把內(nèi)容盡可能聽(tīng)懂,同時(shí)回想聽(tīng)第一遍時(shí)考點(diǎn)在文章中的位置,從而結(jié)合上下文解答可能出現(xiàn)的目的題或是推斷題。來(lái)看下面一道例題。
例8:Why does the professor say this? (Professor: I hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject. )
A. To question the length of the paper
B. To offer encouragement
C. To dispute the data sources
D. To explain a theory
下面的對(duì)話是考生需要重聽(tīng)的內(nèi)容。
Professor: You know, you have to remember now that youre the expert on what youve done. So, think about what youd need to include if you were going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like ... like your parents. Thats usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?
Student: OK. I get it.
Professor: I hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject. (選自TPO 2 Conversation 1)
解析 這道題考查的是說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度。在題目所涉及的那句話中,professor開(kāi)頭用的表達(dá)方式是I hope,是一種溫和的建議。所以即便在沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂后文的情況下,考生也可以排除選項(xiàng)A,因?yàn)樗菄?yán)厲的質(zhì)疑語(yǔ)氣。選項(xiàng)C也可以排除,因?yàn)槲闹幸膊皇菭?zhēng)論的語(yǔ)氣。在B和D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選項(xiàng)D中的賓語(yǔ)是theory,但是重聽(tīng)部分沒(méi)有涉及任何理論術(shù)語(yǔ),故選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。