曾燕
縱觀近年高考英語寫作題,題材一般是熱點話題、社會現(xiàn)象、日常生活、學校生活、人際關(guān)系等。一般來說,盡管每年的寫作話題或題材各不相同,但考生在寫作過程中所犯的錯誤卻是基本一致的。下面,我們對2013年廣東高考英語寫作題考生出現(xiàn)的語言錯誤進行分析歸納,希望能對各位同學有所幫助。
一、中國式英語(Chinglish)
一些考生寫作中往往先用漢語打腹稿,再把漢語一句句機械地轉(zhuǎn)換成英語,帶有明顯的漢語痕跡,因此表達很別扭,不地道。
[例1] Everywhere can see the shadow of cleaners.
分析:考生受母語負遷移的影響,分不清動作的發(fā)出者,也就是主語。
改為:Cleaners can be seen/ found everywhere. ( 或It is not unusual to see cleaners clean the streets.) 到處都可以見到清潔工。
[例2] We very respect ordinary workers.
分析:“very” 一般可用于修飾形容詞,如very happy, 但切忌修飾動詞。
改為:We respect ordinary workers very much. (或 We have the greatest respect for ordinary workers.) 我們非常尊重普通勞動者。
二、句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口語中,交際雙方可借助手勢等,不完整的句子是完全可以被理解的,可是書面語就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達不清。因此要牢牢掌握基本的句法知識。
簡單句:只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子
并列句:主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+ 連詞(and, but, so, or...) +主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
復(fù)合句:引導詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu), 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
(從句) (主句)
但有的考生沒有很好掌握這些基本結(jié)構(gòu),常缺少連接詞或引導詞。
[例3] There are many people do ordinary but important jobs.
分析:因there are... 本身是一個句子,后面又出現(xiàn)謂語動詞do,而這個動詞又沒有主語,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整??忌褂胻here be 結(jié)構(gòu)時,經(jīng)常會犯類似的錯誤。
改為:There are many people who do ordinary but important jobs.或There are many people doing ordinary but important jobs. 有許多人做著普通而又重要的工作。
[例4] The weather was terrible, they still had to get up early to clean the streets.
分析:逗號前后各有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),即共有兩個句子,而兩個句子之間缺少連詞。切記: 并列句由“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+并列連詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”構(gòu)成。
改為:The weather was terrible, but they still had to get up early to clean the streets. 雖然天氣很糟糕,但是他們依然不得不很早就起床清掃街道。
[例5] Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard. Because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear.
分析:因Because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear.” 不是一個完整的句子,僅為一個由because引出的原因狀語從句,缺少了主句。復(fù)合句由“主句+連詞+從句”或“連詞+從句+主句”構(gòu)成。
改為:Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard because it is difficult for volunteers to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear. 有的專家認為,火星上的生活條件太艱苦,面臨嚴寒氣候、孤獨和恐懼。
[例6] The volunteers must willing to get on well with others.
分析:因情態(tài)動詞must后要接動詞原形,并跟動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語,但句中willing是形容詞,句子成分殘缺,沒有完整謂語動詞。
改為:The volunteers must be willing to get on well with others. 志愿者必須愿意與他人友好相處。
[例7] Some volunteers believe that they will be the heroes of human beings if succeed.
分析:if 從句成分不全,缺少主語。
改為:Some volunteers believe that they will be the heroes of human beings if they succeed. 有的志愿者認為,如果他們成功了,他們就是人類的英雄。
三、懸垂修飾語(Dangling Modifiers)
所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。
[例8] At the age of four, her mother became a laid-off worker and had to earn her living by working as a street cleaner.
分析:句中at the age of four 只點出“四歲時”,但沒有說明“誰”四歲,按一般推理不可能是her mother, 如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語改明確一點,全句就不那么費解了。
改為:When she was four (years old), her mother became a laid-off worker and had to earn her living by working as a street cleaner. 當她四歲時,她的母親成了下崗工人,不得不做街道清潔工來謀生。
[例9] To be a volunteer, a good relationship with other people is essential.
分析:句中不定式短語“to be a volunteer”的邏輯主語不清楚。
改為:To be a volunteer, you should be willing to keep a good relationship with other people. 要成為志愿者,你必須愿意與人友好相處。
四、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
詞性誤用常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當動詞用;形容詞當名詞用;名詞當動詞用等。詞性混用在2013年廣東高考英語考場作文中較為常見。
[例10] The volunteers must over 18 years old.
分析:over為介詞,考生誤用作動詞。
改為:The volunteers must be over 18 years old.志愿者必須要18歲以上。
[例11] They have to face the cold weather, lonely and terrify.
分析:lonely為形容詞,考生誤作名詞;terrify 為動詞,考生誤作名詞。
改為:They have to face the cold weather, loneliness and fear. 他們不得不面臨嚴寒氣候、孤獨和恐懼。
[例12] Some volunteers believe that if they success, they will become heroes of human beings.
分析:success 為名詞,考生誤作動詞。
改為:Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings. 有的志愿者認為,如果他們成功了,他們就是人類的英雄。
[例13] By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be choiced from all over the world.
析:choice 為名詞,考生誤作動詞。
改為:By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be chosen from all over the world. 到2015年,在全球選出約30名去火星的志愿者。
五、用詞不準(Inaccuracy in the use of words)
選用詞語就是要準確表達思想。選用詞語的原則是:既知道確切含義、用法,又要用有把握的詞語。很多考生選用詞語的錯誤常表現(xiàn)在:拼寫錯誤、用詞不當、詞義混淆、遺詞漏詞等方面。
[例14] They are tired of living on the earth, so they want to experiment the life on the Mars.
分析:形近詞混淆。experience 可作動詞,意為“經(jīng)歷,體驗”,experiment是名詞,意為“實驗”。
改為:They are tired of living on the earth, so they want to experience the life on the Mars. 他們厭倦了地球上的生活,所以想體驗火星生活。
[例15] Some experts think that the living conditions in the Mars are hard.
分析:考生在表達信息點“在火星上”時,用錯了介詞,且較為普遍。
改為:Some experts think that the living conditions on the Mars are hard. 有的專家認為,火星上的生活條件很艱苦。
[例16] The volunteers should be prepared not to return the earth.
分析:考生在表達信息點“不回地球”時,出現(xiàn)了遺詞漏詞方面的錯誤。
改為:The volunteers should be prepared not to return to the earth.
[例17] By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be choosed from all over the world.
分析:考生對不規(guī)則動詞記憶不牢,choose 的過去分詞出現(xiàn)拼寫錯誤。
改為:By 2015, about thirty volunteers to go to the Mars will be chosen from all over the world. 到2015年,將從全世界選出大約30個志愿者去火星。
[例18] Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heros of human beings.
分析:特殊名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式掌握不牢。
改為:Some volunteers believe that if they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings.
六、累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個可有可無的句子。能用詞組、分詞的就不用從句或句子。
[例19] I know a cleaner who is a woman and is 32 years old.
分析:考生雖然用了定語從句,但是句子并不自然,可用名詞、分詞作定語,簡化句子。
改為:I know a woman cleaner aged 32.我認識一位女清潔工,她有32歲了。
[例20] She had to take care of her daughter. But she also had to clean the street. She had no idea about what she should do in such a condition.
分析:句子雖然沒有語法錯誤,但是讀起來累贅??捎脀ith結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式等優(yōu)化句子。
改為:With her daughter to take care of while at work, she didnt know what to do.由于在工作期間要照顧她的女兒,她不知怎么辦。
七、不一致(Disagreement)
所謂不一致(Disagreement)不僅指主謂不一致,它還包括了數(shù)的不一致、時態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致、并列短語前后不一致等。
[例21] We should not judge a man by what he wears, but by the contributions he made to the society.
分析:“not ... but ...”連接的是并列成分,“what he wears”為從句,而“the contributions he ...”為名詞,明顯不平衡。
改為:We should not judge a man by his clothes, but by the contributions he made to the society.我們不應(yīng)該根據(jù)衣著來評判一個人,而要根據(jù)他對社會的貢獻來評判。
[例22] Respecting ordinary workers is one of our national virtue.
分析:“one of ... ”后面的名詞宜用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
改為:Respecting ordinary workers is one of our national virtues.尊重普通勞動者是我們的民族美德之一。
八、時態(tài)、語態(tài)錯誤 (Misuse of tense or voice)
[例23] It should be taken measures to raise the payment of ordinary workers.
分析:考生分不清楚句子“We take measures ... ” 的主語和賓語,因此用被動語態(tài)表達時,出現(xiàn)錯誤。
改為:We should take measures to raise the payment of ordinary workers. 或 Measures should be taken to raise the payment of ordinary workers.我們應(yīng)該采取措施來提高普通勞動者的工資。
[例24] If there were no cleaners, the world will become a dirty place with rubbish everywhere.
分析:考生用虛擬語氣時不夠熟練,常常寫呀寫就又忘了虛擬了。
改為:If there were no cleaners,the world would become a dirty place with rubbish everywhere.如果沒有了清潔工,這個世界就會變成一個到處是垃圾的骯臟的地方。
九、高級句式出錯 (errors in advanced sentences)
寫作閱卷有一條不成文的規(guī)定:沒有復(fù)雜句不能得高分。但我們要注意這類復(fù)雜句不要寫得太多。全是復(fù)雜句或長句,讀起來會很累、很煩、很不自然,如果出錯,還會影響得分。
[例25] Only we respect ordinary workers, can we all live in harmony and create a better world. / Only do we respect ordinary workers, we can all live in harmony and create a better world.
分析:“only+狀語從句”置于句首時,主句用部分倒裝??忌洸磺迨侵骶溥€是從句用倒裝,因此出錯。同時only后的從句忘記用連詞。
改為:Only when we respect ordinary workers, can we all live in harmony and create a better world.只有當我們尊重普通勞動者時,我們大家才能生活和諧并創(chuàng)造一個更加美麗的世界。
[例26] It was their hard work made the world clean and pleasant.
分析:考生用強調(diào)句時,容易忘記寫“that”,對“It is / was ... that ... ”強調(diào)句型掌握不牢。
改為:It was their hard work that made the world clean and pleasant.正是他們的辛苦勞動才使得這個世界清潔舒適。
十、不連貫 (Incoherence)
一篇優(yōu)秀的書面表達,除了要切中題意,不漏要點,語言準確,簡潔規(guī)范之外,還要行文連貫,流暢自然。
[例27] Some volunteers believe they are tired of living on the earth and they want to experience the life on the Mars. If they succeed, they will become heroes of human beings.
分析:考生在表達信息點時,未能揣摩出信息點之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,因此缺乏邏輯性、連貫性。
改為:Some volunteers hold the belief that they will be the heroes of human beings if they succeed. Moreover, they want to know what life is like on the Mars because they are tired of the life on the earth.
除了上述十種錯誤以外,還有諸如遺漏標題或標題寫錯;正文格式,尤其是應(yīng)用文格式錯誤;單詞字母的大小寫及標點符號等錯誤。
綜上所述,寫作時,請一定避免簡單但嚴重的錯誤。如:單復(fù)數(shù)、主謂一致、時態(tài)、搭配和簡單單詞的拼寫。因為這些錯誤的出現(xiàn)會使評卷老師質(zhì)疑你的語言的基本素養(yǎng),從而不會給你高的分數(shù)。作文寫好后一定要檢查,Check the person “人稱”、the agreement “一致性”、the number “數(shù)”、the tense “時態(tài)”、the spelling “單詞拼寫”以及 sentence pattern “句型”,簡而言之,check your “pants”(褲子) !
同時,我們應(yīng)該避免誤入“用大詞用長句”才算寫作的誤區(qū),因為,好的文章或大作家往往是用“小詞”表達復(fù)雜思想。簡單無誤是第一原則。文章要拿高分,注意語言表達的多樣性和高級詞匯、句型的運用,平時注意多積累、多練習,但是并非長句越多越好,復(fù)合句越多越好,作文的句子要長短結(jié)合,地道自然。一些基礎(chǔ)不好的同學最好少寫甚至不寫復(fù)雜句,因為如果復(fù)雜句寫錯了會影響得分,而簡單句只要不錯分數(shù)反而不會低到哪里去。
除此之外,考生寫作時還應(yīng)注意審題清楚、言之有物、書寫清秀、卷面整潔、間距有度、無低級錯誤。
(作者單位:東莞中學)
責任編校 蔣小青