冉文華 綜述,王子衛(wèi) 審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胃腸外科 400016)
結(jié)直腸癌是臨床常見的惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率居全球第3位[1]。隨著人口的老齡化和生活方式的演變,世界結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率以每年2%的速度遞增,而中國的增速則為3.9%,明顯高于世界平均水平。肝臟是連接門靜脈系統(tǒng)和腔靜脈系統(tǒng)的橋梁,因其血竇的血液濾過作用,肝臟成為結(jié)直腸癌最先和最易侵及的器官。約25%的患者在初診時即發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移(colorectal liver metastases,CRLM),其余25%~50%的患者在后續(xù)治療過程中最終發(fā)展為肝轉(zhuǎn)移[2],肝轉(zhuǎn)移是結(jié)直腸癌患者的首要死亡原因。近年來,CRLM的多學(xué)科綜合治療(multidisciplinary treatment,MDT)理念已經(jīng)成為國內(nèi)外共識,但手術(shù)切除轉(zhuǎn)移灶仍是目前有望治愈CRLM的惟一手段[3]。遺憾的是,在目前的外科技術(shù)和可切除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,僅有10%~15%的CRLM初始可切除,其余肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶為初始不可切除[4]。因此,如何促進(jìn)初始不可切除CRLM轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除,是當(dāng)前的研究熱點。本文就轉(zhuǎn)化治療(conversion therapy)的概念、轉(zhuǎn)化方法、研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
Bismuth等[5]于1996年首先提出了轉(zhuǎn)化化療這一概念。他們對330例初始不可切除CRLM病例予以奧沙利鉑+氟尿嘧啶(Fluorouacil-5,5-FU)/亞葉酸鈣(FOLFOX)方案化療,結(jié)果有16%(53例)轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除,獲得了肝葉切除機會,5年生存率達(dá)40%。轉(zhuǎn)化治療是轉(zhuǎn)化化療概念的延伸,是指對潛在可切除的CRLM實施的,促使這些病例轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除的一系列治療措施,通常包括化療(或聯(lián)合靶向治療)、肝動脈灌注、門靜脈栓塞/結(jié)扎、分期肝葉切除、射頻消融等[6]。轉(zhuǎn)化治療與新輔助治療兩個概念之間存在交集,雖不能徹底區(qū)分,但側(cè)重點不同。新輔助治療主要針對的是能夠手術(shù)的病例,目的是為了獲得更好的局部控制和遠(yuǎn)期生存率。轉(zhuǎn)化治療只針對初始不可切除但具有潛在可切除性的病例,目的是為了扭轉(zhuǎn)疾病狀態(tài),獲得可切除性[7]。
1.1 轉(zhuǎn)化化療 2000年以來,隨著奧沙利鉑和伊立替康的出現(xiàn),F(xiàn)OLFOX和伊立替康+5-FU/亞葉酸鈣(FOLFIRI)逐漸成為結(jié)直腸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案。近年來又出現(xiàn)了奧沙利鉑+卡培他濱(XELOX)和伊立替康+卡培他濱(XELIRI)方案。對初始不可切除CRLM病例,以上兩藥方案均顯示出較高的轉(zhuǎn)化率。Masi等[8]對初始不可切除CRLM病例采用奧沙利鉑+伊立替康+5-FU/亞葉酸鈣(FOLFOXIRI)三藥方案強化化療,報道稱轉(zhuǎn)化率達(dá)到了19%。
近年來,隨著分子靶向藥物聯(lián)合化療藥物的引用,初始不可切除CRLM的轉(zhuǎn)化率得到了大幅度的提高。Van Cutsem等[9]研究顯示,西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合FOLFIRI方案與單用FOLFIRI方案相比,可提高肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶根治性手術(shù)(radical operalion,RO)切除率(腫瘤切緣顯微鏡下陰性)達(dá)1倍以上,并顯著延長患者的無進(jìn)展生存期。Folprecht等[10]把106例初始不可切除CRLM病例隨機分為兩組,分別予以西妥昔單抗+FOLFOX6或西妥昔單抗+FOLFIRI方案化療,兩組肝切除率分別達(dá)到了40%和38%,其中R0切除率分別達(dá)到了38%和30%。kras基因和braf基因的狀態(tài)是影響西妥昔單抗和帕尼單抗療效的主要因素,兩者均只對kras基因和braf基因野生型的病例有效。braf基因的突變只發(fā)生在kras基因野生型的病例中,目前還沒有發(fā)生在kras基因突變型中的報道。Di Nicolantonio等[11]報道,在kras基因野生型的病例中,braf基因的突變率為14%。
Masi等[12]研究結(jié)果顯示,對于初始無法切除的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者,F(xiàn)OLFIRI方案治療的緩解率為34%,F(xiàn)OLFOXIRI方案的緩解率為60%,而在FOLFOXIRI方案基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合貝伐單抗可將緩解率進(jìn)一步提高至77%。相應(yīng)地,R0切除率也分別從6%、15%提高至26%。其中,僅肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者的R0切除率更是提高至40%。由于貝伐單抗的抗血管生成作用,理論上貝伐單抗的應(yīng)用會影響切口愈合和肝臟再生[13]。Ribero等[14]卻得出了相反的結(jié)論,研究認(rèn)為應(yīng)用貝伐單抗是安全的,不僅提高了化療有效率,而且能保護(hù)肝臟免受化療藥物的損害。停用貝伐單抗5周后手術(shù),不會增加肝葉切除并發(fā)癥和死亡率,不影響肝臟再生[15]。Hecht等[16]和 To等[17]研究表明,抗表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)這兩類靶向藥物同時應(yīng)用無生物協(xié)同效應(yīng)。因此,不推薦組合應(yīng)用兩類靶向藥物作為CRLM的一線治療方案[18]。
1.2 肝動脈灌注(Hepatic arterial infusion,HAI) 與正常肝實質(zhì)75%由門靜脈供血不同,肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤90%~100%的血供來源于肝動脈,這是HAI的理論基礎(chǔ)。因此,HAI在大幅度提高病灶局部藥物濃度的同時,減少了肝外器官對藥物的吸收,降低了化療不良反應(yīng)[19]。HAI最常用的藥物是一種5-FU的類似物氟脲苷(Floxuridine,F(xiàn)UDR),它最大的優(yōu)勢是在肝臟的首過提取率可達(dá)94%,藥物濃聚在肝臟發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[20]。有報道稱HAI聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)化療對初始不可切除CRLM的病例或經(jīng)系統(tǒng)化療失敗的病例,轉(zhuǎn)化率達(dá)到了16%~18%[21-22]。Kemeny等[23]對49例初始不可切除 CRLM 病 例采用經(jīng)肝動脈氟脲苷灌注化療聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑、伊立替康系統(tǒng)化療,其中23例(47%)轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除。國內(nèi)學(xué)者多在灌注的基礎(chǔ)上加上肝動脈栓塞,稱之為經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動脈化療栓塞(Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE),亦能取得較好的轉(zhuǎn)化效果。
1.3 門 靜 脈 栓 塞/結(jié) 扎 (Portal vein embolization/ligation,PVE/L) 肝葉切除后殘肝體積不足是影響CRLM切除率的重要因素,常見于需行右半肝切除或者右三肝切除術(shù)的病例。為了避免肝葉切除術(shù)后肝衰竭,需術(shù)前增加殘肝體積,常見的方法是病側(cè)PVE/L,這也是轉(zhuǎn)化治療的一個重要組成部分。此方法源于臨床上觀察到的一種現(xiàn)象,當(dāng)門靜脈的某一支被腫瘤侵犯形成癌栓后,對側(cè)肝臟即出現(xiàn)代償性肥大[24]。PVE/L后,通過3~9周的肝臟再生,對側(cè)肝臟增加的體積可以達(dá)到肝臟總體積的15%[25]。
PVE和PVL孰優(yōu)孰劣曾經(jīng)存在爭議,最近一項關(guān)于35例患者的回顧性分析認(rèn)為,這兩種方法促進(jìn)對側(cè)肝臟再生的能力及轉(zhuǎn)化率相似[26]。左右肝門靜脈交通支的形成是影響對側(cè)肝臟再生體積和速度的重要因素,最近有文獻(xiàn)報道采取PVE/L與肝臟原位劈離相結(jié)合的方式,阻止交通支的形成,增加肝臟再生的體積和速度,達(dá)到提高轉(zhuǎn)化率和縮短手術(shù)間期的目的,值得臨床借鑒[27-28]。對側(cè)門靜脈血栓形成、門靜脈高壓、膽道出血、膽管炎、腹腔積血、一過性的肝功能損害是PVE/L的主要并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率約10%[29]。
1.4 分期肝葉切除(two-stage liver resection) 如果殘肝也存在轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,僅僅行PVE/L是不夠的,并且有加速殘肝內(nèi)腫瘤生長的風(fēng)險,失去根治性手術(shù)的機會。針對這種情況,近年來有學(xué)者提出了更為激進(jìn)的治療方式,即分期肝葉切除方案。Adam等[30]于2000年首先報道了該方案用于治療13例初始不可切除原發(fā)性肝臟腫瘤,后這一措施逐步應(yīng)用于初始不可切除CRLM的治療。
該方案最常見于CRLM需行右半肝或右三肝切除,同時左半肝或左外葉有轉(zhuǎn)移灶的病例,通常包括兩個步驟。第1步,先行原發(fā)腫瘤的根治性切除和殘肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的局部切除,一般位于左半肝或者左外葉,并可同時行病側(cè)PVE/L。第2步,行殘留轉(zhuǎn)移灶所分布的右半肝或右三肝切除。第1次手術(shù)為二期徹底性手術(shù)創(chuàng)造了可能性,即通過分期手術(shù)這種迂回的推進(jìn)方式,把初始不可切除CRLM病例轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除。兩次手術(shù)的間隔時間2~14個月不等,平均約為4個月,主要取決于殘肝的再生速度、新輔助治療手段及患者的總體狀況[31]。系統(tǒng)化療并不影響殘肝的再生,宜在第1次手術(shù)后3周進(jìn)行,可預(yù)防殘留病灶的快速生長導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)化失敗。通過分期肝葉切除,初始不可切除CRLM病例的切除率分別達(dá)到了66%、75%,3年生存率為35%、54%[32-33]。
1.5 射頻消融(Radiofrequency ablation,RFA) 如果殘肝內(nèi)有多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,或者殘肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶靠近下腔靜脈、左右門靜脈分叉或三支肝靜脈匯合處,手術(shù)處理困難,可以把分期肝葉切除中的病灶局部切除替換為RFA,余步驟不變。RFA的目的,是通過非手術(shù)方式為更為復(fù)雜的CRLM創(chuàng)造殘肝內(nèi)的無瘤環(huán)境,為二期手術(shù)打下基礎(chǔ)。傳統(tǒng)觀念中完全沒有切除可能性的病例,有望通過這種變通的、更為積極的轉(zhuǎn)化治療方案獲得治愈的機會。病灶直徑的大小是RFA的預(yù)后因素。多篇回顧性分析文章均認(rèn)為,如果病灶直徑小于3cm,RFA后局部復(fù)發(fā)率和長期生存率與手術(shù)治療無異[34-35]。因此,只有準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行術(shù)前評估,嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證,才能保證RFA的療效。Abdalla等[36]報道該方案的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率與其他轉(zhuǎn)化治療方案相似。
1.6 “消失”病灶的處理 經(jīng)過幾個周期的化療,轉(zhuǎn)移病灶一旦轉(zhuǎn)化為可切除,需及時施行切除術(shù)。如果繼續(xù)化療,轉(zhuǎn)移灶可能繼續(xù)生長,再次成為不可切除病灶,錯過根治性手術(shù)的“窗口期”[37]。對化療敏感的病例,轉(zhuǎn)移灶可能出現(xiàn)影像學(xué)“消失”的情況,但這并不預(yù)示著病理學(xué)的完全緩解和治愈。對該類病例全部施行病灶切除后,病理檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)75%的標(biāo)本仍有癌組織殘留[38]。經(jīng)過化療后轉(zhuǎn)移灶影像學(xué)“消失”的病例,全部未予以手術(shù)治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)1年后有23例(74%)在原部位復(fù)發(fā)[39]。因此,目前國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)均主張避免過度轉(zhuǎn)化,在轉(zhuǎn)移灶“消失”前及時手術(shù)。如果出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移灶“消失”的情況,仍需行原病灶所在的肝段或者肝葉切除。對于部分“消失”的病灶,特別是多個轉(zhuǎn)移灶和肝臟深部的轉(zhuǎn)移灶,術(shù)者常常難以確定是否已經(jīng)完全切除。針對這種情況,術(shù)中肝動脈置管,術(shù)后經(jīng)導(dǎo)管化療,可以避免62%的病灶復(fù)發(fā)[40]。
CRLM相對良好的生物學(xué)行為和治療敏感性,加上肝臟特殊的再生能力和可塑性,給轉(zhuǎn)化治療留下了較大的空間。近年來,CRLM的治療理念發(fā)生了從基于“切除多少”到“保留多少”的根本性改變。轉(zhuǎn)移灶的大小、數(shù)目,甚至出現(xiàn)肝外轉(zhuǎn)移灶等指標(biāo)不再成為手術(shù)禁忌證,而僅僅是CRLM的預(yù)后因素。實際臨床工作中,需根據(jù)腫瘤的具體情況和各中心的軟硬件條件,在MDT團隊的指導(dǎo)下,選擇合適的轉(zhuǎn)化治療手段,讓更多初始不可切除CRLM患者獲益。當(dāng)然,新化療藥物和新靶向治療藥物的研發(fā),多種治療手段的優(yōu)化組合及手術(shù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,是未來努力的方向。
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