羅維
“強(qiáng)調(diào)”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情況下顯得更加重要。英語表達(dá)中,要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分,一般可用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中無意義,只起引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的作用。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人時,除可用that外,還可換用who(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語指人時也可用whom)。使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時,應(yīng)注意以下事項。
一、如何判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is (was) … that(who)…后,剩余成分略作調(diào)整或不作調(diào)整仍然能組成一個語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子,即為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。這是判斷是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的關(guān)鍵。試比較:
A: It is surprising that Tom arrives at school so early.
B: It is Tom that arrives at school so early.
將A句中的it is… that去掉后,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,我們可以判斷它不屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,屬于主語從句。將B句中的it is… that去掉后變?yōu)椋篢om arrives at school so early.這是一個完整的句子,故我們判斷B句屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)哪些句子成分
一般而言,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎可以強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動詞及形容詞作表語之外的任何句子成分,如:Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.
It was Mary that got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)
It was the dictionary that Mary got in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)
It was in this bookstore that Mary got the dictionary with the help of her friend yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點狀語)
It was with the help of her friend that Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)方式狀語)
此外,該強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分除了是名詞、代詞、介詞短語等之外, 也可以是從句。It is when he got back that he knew what had happened. 他回來后才知道所發(fā)生的情況。It was because he loved my money that he married me. 他是因為愛我的錢才同我結(jié)了婚。
三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句用that 還是who
當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時,可以用who代that(若人做賓語,還可以用whom代that);當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指物時通常用that。注意:強(qiáng)調(diào)事物時,通常不宜用which來代that,另外當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)時間或地點狀語時,通常也不能用when / where代that(尤其是當(dāng)這些狀語為介詞短語時)。
四、用it is 還是it was
我們可以根據(jù)原句時態(tài)來確定用It is 還是It was。如果原句時態(tài)屬于現(xiàn)在時間范疇(包括一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式、現(xiàn)在完成時、一般將來時等),則用It is …;如果原句時態(tài)屬于過去時間范疇(包括一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去完成時、過去將來時等),則用It was …。概括地說,主句與從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。It is Tom and Mary that often take care of the old couple every Sunday. (皆用現(xiàn)在時) It was in Nanchang that the exhibition took place two days ago. (皆用過去時)
五、在“it is/was not until… that…”強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,that從句中的謂語動詞要用肯定式,且that引導(dǎo)句子用陳述句語序,不可倒裝
如:It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 直到雨停了他們才出發(fā)。
六、強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問式
強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問式相當(dāng)于對句子成分提問,結(jié)構(gòu)為:When/how/what/where/who/why was/is it that +句子的其他成分。如When was it that you lost your box? 或What was it that you had in your box?
七、近年高考試題頻繁出現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句
①It wasnt until nearly a month later( )I received the managers reply. (2005 全國) A. since、B. when、C. as、D. that
②--- ( )that he managed to get the information? (2005山東)
--- Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it、B. What was it、C. How was it、D. Why was it
第1題考查“not…until…”的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,答案是D。由于被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是時間狀語,故命題者給了三個與時間有關(guān)的干擾選項。第2題考查的內(nèi)容雖然是“方式”而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句本身,但這4個選項全都用了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問式,無疑增加了理解的難度。句子的意思是他究竟是怎樣設(shè)法得到這消息的,故答案選C。
可見,只有對強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其不同的結(jié)構(gòu)變體熟練掌握后考試時才能發(fā)揮自如,提高解題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率。
(江西師大附中)