朱文赫,張 巍,李 妍,徐俊杰,姜艷霞,羅 軍,蘆曉晶,呂士杰
(吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)教研室,吉林 吉林132013)
微波輻射對(duì)人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用及其機(jī)制
朱文赫,張 巍,李 妍,徐俊杰,姜艷霞,羅 軍,蘆曉晶,呂士杰
(吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)教研室,吉林 吉林132013)
目的 :探討不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射對(duì)人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用及對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激水平的影響,闡明微波輻射對(duì)人宮頸癌 HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖抑制作用機(jī)制。方法:分別以強(qiáng)度為2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2的微波處理HeLa細(xì)胞20min作為不同劑量輻射組,同時(shí)設(shè)立假輻射組 (0mW·cm-2)作為對(duì)照組,采用倒置顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)改變;MTT法檢測(cè)微波輻射對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖的抑制情況;試劑盒測(cè)定輻射后細(xì)胞超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量;Western blotting法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)和熱休克蛋白70(HSP 70)表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果:各劑量微波輻射組HeLa細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,細(xì)胞皺縮變形,體積縮小,隨著輻射強(qiáng)度的增加變化愈明顯;2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2強(qiáng)度的微波作用細(xì)胞24h,HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖抑制率均明顯高于對(duì)照組 (P<0.05);微波輻射后細(xì)胞內(nèi)MDA含量隨著輻射強(qiáng)度的增加,與對(duì)照組細(xì)胞比較呈上升趨勢(shì),各劑量輻射組HeLa細(xì)胞SOD活性較對(duì)照組顯著下降 (P<0.05)。Western blotting檢測(cè),微波輻射后細(xì)胞內(nèi)HSP 70表達(dá)水平呈增加趨勢(shì),而NF-κB蛋白的表達(dá)水平呈明顯的下降趨勢(shì)。結(jié)論:微波輻射對(duì)人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞增殖具有抑制作用,其可能機(jī)制是改變細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化及抗氧化平衡。
微波輻射;人宮頸癌細(xì)胞;增殖抑制作用;超氧化物歧化酶;丙二醛
微波是一種頻率為300MHz~300GHz的電磁波。隨著現(xiàn)代電磁技術(shù)的發(fā)展,微波被廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生、軍事、通訊、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和日常生活等領(lǐng)域,對(duì)微波的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)研究也日益受到重視[1]。早在 20 世 紀(jì) 70 年 代, Webb 等[2-3]對(duì) 人 正常細(xì)胞和癌細(xì)胞的微波頻譜進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn):正常細(xì)胞和癌細(xì)胞的吸收頻譜有差異。微波能通過熱效應(yīng)和非熱效應(yīng)選擇性地殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,引起細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)和功能學(xué)改變,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞壞死或者誘導(dǎo)凋亡。由于微波所具有的特性使其作為一種輔助治療腫瘤的手段應(yīng)用于臨床,微波技術(shù)結(jié)合放療、化療等手段,可明顯提高局部腫瘤的治療效果和患者的生存率,在許多惡性腫瘤的治療中有一定效果,但是目前就微波的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)的機(jī)制研究仍有許多爭(zhēng)論[4]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)以人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,觀察不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖抑制率及氧化應(yīng)激水平的影響,初步探討微波對(duì)人宮頸癌細(xì)胞作用的機(jī)制,為微波在臨床治療上的應(yīng)用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 細(xì)胞、主要試劑及儀器 人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞由吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院生物化學(xué)教研室保存;小牛血清購(gòu)于杭州四季青公司,RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液購(gòu)于美國(guó)Gibco公司,超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙 二 醛 (malondialdehyde,MDA)購(gòu)于南京建成生物工程研究所,HSP70抗體購(gòu)于Sigma公司,NF-κB購(gòu)于Epitomics公司,BCA (bicinchoninic acid)蛋白含量測(cè)定試劑盒購(gòu)自江蘇碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所,其他試劑均為國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純;550酶標(biāo)儀購(gòu)于美國(guó) Bio-rad公司,MY8C-1型微波功率源購(gòu)自南京匯研微波系統(tǒng)工程有限公司 (頻率為2 450MHz)。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和形態(tài)學(xué)觀察 將人宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%小牛血清、100U·mL-1青霉素和100μg鏈霉素的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液中,置于37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。每2d更換培養(yǎng)液1次,待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿至培養(yǎng)瓶底,以0.25%胰酶消化傳代。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為1×105mL-1,接種于60mm培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi),24h后分別采用不同強(qiáng)度的2 450MHz微波輻射20min,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24h,顯微鏡下觀察,拍攝。
1.3 MTT法檢測(cè)HeLa細(xì)胞增殖抑制率 將培養(yǎng)的HeLa細(xì)胞按1×105mL-1接種于96孔板,細(xì)胞分成對(duì)照組和各劑量輻照組,每組設(shè)5個(gè)復(fù)孔。培養(yǎng)24h后,各劑量輻照組分別以2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2強(qiáng)度的微波進(jìn)行輻射,輻射時(shí)間為20min,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),輻照24h后,棄掉培養(yǎng)液,每孔加入200μL新配制的0.5g·mL-1MTT溶液,37℃孵育4h,小心吸棄孔內(nèi)液體,每孔再加入二甲基亞楓 (DMSO)150μL,振蕩10min,在酶標(biāo)儀選擇490nm波長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)各孔吸光度 (A)值,按公式計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖抑制率。細(xì)胞增殖抑制率 = (1-實(shí)驗(yàn)組A值/對(duì)照組A值)×100%。
1.4 HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)MDA和SOD活性的測(cè)定 取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期HeLa細(xì)胞接種于培養(yǎng)皿,培養(yǎng)24h,經(jīng)不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后24h,消化離心收集細(xì)胞,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌,0.5mL PBS重懸細(xì)胞。立即在4℃超聲下破碎細(xì)胞,10 000r·min-1離心15min,取上清,采用BCA蛋白含量測(cè)定試劑盒測(cè)定蛋白含量,按照試劑盒說明操作,以550nm波長(zhǎng)測(cè)定HeLa細(xì)胞SOD活性,在532nm波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)HeLa細(xì)胞MDA水平,每個(gè)樣本均作3個(gè)平行管。
1.5 Western blotting法檢測(cè)HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB (NF-κB)和熱休克蛋白70 (HSP70)的表達(dá)量 微波輻射后,取各組HeLa細(xì)胞,0.25%胰酶消化,離心收集細(xì)胞,1 000r·min-1離心10min,以PBS洗2次,用PIPA細(xì)胞裂解液于冰浴裂解,12 000r·min-1離心5min,收集上清。經(jīng)BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量后,取等量樣品以12%SDS-PAGE進(jìn)行電泳。電泳后將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印至硝酸纖維素膜上,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1h后,加入兔抗人NF-κB和HSP70抗體 (1∶100)孵育過夜,再以辣根過氧化酶標(biāo)記的二抗封閉液孵育1h,用ECL顯影,凝膠成像系統(tǒng)處理結(jié)果。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。HeLa細(xì)胞增殖抑制率、MDA和SOD檢測(cè)結(jié)果均以±s表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析。
2.1 微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞增殖抑制率和細(xì)胞形態(tài) 經(jīng)2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2微波輻射HeLa細(xì)胞24h后,顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。對(duì)照組HeLa細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好,細(xì)胞鋪展貼壁生長(zhǎng),增殖較快,伸展透亮,細(xì)胞之間排列緊密,呈不規(guī)則對(duì)角形,細(xì)胞觸角較短,輪廓清晰。經(jīng)微波輻射后細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)緩慢,細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,細(xì)胞皺縮變形,體積縮小,隨著輻射強(qiáng)度的增加細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化也愈明顯。2.5mW·cm-2的微波輻射10min,HeLa細(xì)胞增殖即表現(xiàn)出抑制,微波輻射強(qiáng)度增加時(shí),細(xì)胞增殖抑制顯著增加,呈劑量依賴性。見圖1(插頁四)和表1。
表1 不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞增殖抑制率Tab.1 The inhibitory rates of proliferation of HeLa cells after radiated with different intensities of microwave (n=5,±s,η/%)
表1 不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞增殖抑制率Tab.1 The inhibitory rates of proliferation of HeLa cells after radiated with different intensities of microwave (n=5,±s,η/%)
* P<0.05compared with control group.
Group Inhibitoryrate Control 0.17±0.09 Radiation 2.5mW·cm-2 10.12±0.98*5.0mW·cm-2 16.12±0.42*10.0mW·cm-2 27.44±0.57*15.0mW·cm-2 59.28±1.29*20.0mW·cm-2 84.86±1.74*
2.2 微波輻射后 HeLa細(xì)胞MDA水平和SOD活性 隨著微波輻射強(qiáng)度的增高,各輻射組HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)MDA水平較對(duì)照組呈上升趨勢(shì),5.0mW·cm-2輻射組與對(duì)照組比較水平略升高;而10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2輻射組的 MDA水平明顯升高,與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。微波輻射組HeLa細(xì)胞中的SOD活性均下降,2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2輻射組HeLa細(xì)胞的SOD活性下降,與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)NF-κB和HSP70的表達(dá)水平Western blotting檢測(cè),隨著微波輻射強(qiáng)度的增加,HSP70蛋白的表達(dá)水平逐漸升高,而NF-κB蛋白表達(dá)水平隨著微波輻射強(qiáng)度的增加呈下降趨勢(shì)。見圖2。
表2 不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞SOD活性和MDA水平Tab.2 The MDA levels and SOD activities of HeLa cells after radiated with different intensities of microwave [±s,λB/(U·mL-1)]
表2 不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞SOD活性和MDA水平Tab.2 The MDA levels and SOD activities of HeLa cells after radiated with different intensities of microwave [±s,λB/(U·mL-1)]
* P<0.05compared with control group.
Group SOD MDA Control 68.00±0.20 1.28±0.03 Radiation 2.5mW·cm-2 65.98±0.89* 1.29±0.07 5.0mW·cm-2 50.96±0.20* 1.32±0.02 10.0mW·cm-2 41.73±1.43* 2.00±0.02*15.0mW·cm-2 38.23±2.21* 2.23±0.04*20.0mW·cm-2 31.00±4.68* 2.58±0.03*
圖2 不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)HSP 70和NF-κB蛋白表達(dá)電泳圖Fig.2 Electrophoregram of expressions of HSP 70and NF-κB protein after radiated with different intensities of microwaveLane 1:Control group;Lane 2-4:5.0,10.0,and 20.0mW·cm-2 radiation groups.
氧化應(yīng)激是指外源或內(nèi)源性活性氧 (reactive oxygen species,ROS)超過細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力而對(duì)細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生全面的影響[5]?;钚匝醮乇徽J(rèn)為是多種調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生存和細(xì)胞死亡途徑的信號(hào)分子。目前有研究[6]顯示:在癌變和抑癌過程中活性氧與自由基發(fā)揮著重要的作用。SOD是清除氧自由基最重要的酶之一,其活性反映了機(jī)體清除氧自由基的能力?;钚匝踝杂苫梢鹬|(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng),損傷細(xì)胞膜,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡,其終產(chǎn)物MDA的含量亦間接反映了機(jī)體細(xì)胞被自由基損傷的程度[7]。微波輻射能夠通過影響生物體的氧化應(yīng)激水平導(dǎo)致氧化和抗氧化系統(tǒng)失調(diào),使細(xì)胞受損[8-9]。微波對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激的影響提示微波輻射可以進(jìn)行合理的臨床應(yīng)用。
本研究結(jié)果表明:微波輻射對(duì)HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖具有抑制作用,隨著微波輻射強(qiáng)度的增高,微波對(duì)HeLa細(xì)胞的增殖抑制率也愈大,呈現(xiàn)明顯的劑量依賴性。輻射后HeLa細(xì)胞的形態(tài)也發(fā)生明顯的改變,表現(xiàn)細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,細(xì)胞皺縮變形,胞核和胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)不清的形態(tài)。微波輻射HeLa細(xì)胞后,通過測(cè)定MDA和SOD的活性變化可以反映氧自由基的損失情況。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:經(jīng)2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0和20.0mW·cm-2微波輻射后細(xì)胞內(nèi)SOD活性下降,而MDA水平明顯增高。說明經(jīng)微波輻射后,機(jī)體的脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)也逐漸加重,SOD消耗過多。MDA活性升高則是由于細(xì)胞損傷促進(jìn)了氧自由基的產(chǎn)生。
HSPs也稱應(yīng)激蛋白,是一類結(jié)構(gòu)上高度保守的蛋白,對(duì)氧自由基引起的細(xì)胞損害具有保護(hù)自由作用。經(jīng)不同強(qiáng)度微波輻射后,細(xì)胞內(nèi)HSP70的表達(dá)量發(fā)生改變,隨著輻射強(qiáng)度的提高,HSP70蛋白表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)[10-11]。NF-κB是一種多效性的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,與細(xì)胞增生、轉(zhuǎn)化和凋亡等重要的病理生理過程密切相關(guān)[12]。NF-κB是應(yīng)激與炎癥反應(yīng)的中樞調(diào)節(jié),與抑制性蛋白 (IκB)結(jié)合呈非活性狀態(tài)。氧自由基可引起轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活物NF-κB和IκB的解離,激活NF-κB。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:隨著微波輻射強(qiáng)度的增加,細(xì)胞內(nèi)NF-κB的表達(dá)水平呈下降趨勢(shì)。
綜上所述,2 450MHz微波輻射對(duì)HeLa細(xì)胞增殖具有明顯的抑制作用,其機(jī)制可能是使細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化及抗氧化的平衡失調(diào)。微波輻射可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)MDA含量升高而SOD活性降低,同時(shí)使細(xì)胞內(nèi)應(yīng)激蛋白HSP70及NF-κB的表達(dá)水平發(fā)生改變。
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Inhibitory effect of microwave radiation on proliferation of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and its mechanism
ZHU Wen-h(huán)e,ZHANG Wei,LI Yan,XU Jun-jie,JIANG Yan-xia,LUO Jun,LU Xiao-jing,LV Shi-jie
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Jilin Medical College,Jilin 132013,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effect of microwave radiation on proliferation of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and to clarify the mechanism of inhibitory effect of microwave radiation on proliferation of HeLa cells.MethodsThe HeLa cells were radiated by different intensities (2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0and 20.0mW·cm-2)microwave for 20min,and control group (0mW·cm-2)was set up.The morphological changes of HeLa cells were observed by microscope;the proliferation capacity was measured by MTT assay;the MDA levels and SOD activities were detected;the expression levels of HSP70and NF-κB protein after radiated with microwave were detected by Western blotting method.ResultsIn different doses of microwave radiation groups,the number of HeLa cells was decreased significantly,the cells shrank and were abnormal in shape,the cell volume was reduced.After 2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0,and 20.0mW·cm-2radiation for 24h,the inhibitory rates of proliferation of HeLa cells were significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05);the MDA levels were increased with the increasing of the radiation dose compared with control group,and the SOD activities were decreased compared with control group (P<0.05).The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of HSP70was increased and the expression of NF-κB was decreased significantly in different doses of radiation groups.ConclusionMicrowave radiation can inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells,and the mechanism may be related to changing intracellular oxidation and antioxidant balance.
microwave radiation;human cervical carcinoma;superoxide dismutase;malondialdehyde
R737.33
A
1671-587Ⅹ(2012)06-1156-04
2012-06-13
吉林省科技廳科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目資助課題 (20120941);吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院大學(xué)生科研基金資助課題 (吉醫(yī)科字[2011]12號(hào))
朱文赫 (1984-),男,黑龍江省哈爾濱市人,講師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主要從事生物技術(shù)制藥的研究。
呂士杰 (Tel:0432-64560460,E-mail:lvshijie-qr@163.com)
吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2012年6期