朱錫明
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 上海 201306)
英語(yǔ)建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)的文體分析
朱錫明
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 上海 201306)
文章首先概要介紹了建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)的定義和結(jié)構(gòu),然后以《新加坡自動(dòng)控制客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)》為例,從詞匯、句法和篇章三個(gè)層面對(duì)英語(yǔ)工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)的文體特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的描述和分析。
工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo);說(shuō)明書(shū);文體分析
建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的一般工作流程為:(1)招標(biāo)單位編制招標(biāo)文件,其主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括招標(biāo)須知;經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的書(shū)記任務(wù)書(shū)及有關(guān)文件的復(fù)制件;項(xiàng)目說(shuō)明書(shū);合同主要條件;提供設(shè)計(jì)資料的內(nèi)容和方式;設(shè)計(jì)文件的審查方式;組織現(xiàn)場(chǎng)踏勘和解釋招標(biāo)文件以及時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)等。本文所分析的工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)即屬于其中的項(xiàng)目說(shuō)明書(shū)的一部分。(2)發(fā)布招標(biāo)廣告或發(fā)出招標(biāo)通知書(shū);(3)投標(biāo)單位報(bào)送申請(qǐng)書(shū),招標(biāo)單位對(duì)投標(biāo)單位進(jìn)行資格審查;(4)投標(biāo)單位購(gòu)買(mǎi)或領(lǐng)取招標(biāo)文件;(5)招標(biāo)單位組織投標(biāo)單位踏勘工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng),解答招標(biāo)文件中的問(wèn)題;(6)投標(biāo)單位按規(guī)定時(shí)間密封報(bào)送投標(biāo)書(shū);(7)招標(biāo)單位當(dāng)眾開(kāi)標(biāo),組織評(píng)標(biāo),確定中標(biāo)單位,發(fā)出中標(biāo)通知書(shū);(8)招標(biāo)單位與中標(biāo)單位簽訂合同[1]。
一般認(rèn)為,工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)(Specifications)是按工程類(lèi)型和合同方式的情況用文字說(shuō)明工程技術(shù)內(nèi)容的特點(diǎn)和要求,對(duì)機(jī)器、設(shè)備、材料、施工、安裝的做法規(guī)定其技術(shù)要求。工程技術(shù)說(shuō)明書(shū)是合同文件的組成部分,一般由兩部分組成,即一般要求的說(shuō)明和技術(shù)指標(biāo)的說(shuō)明。工程技術(shù)說(shuō)明書(shū)要求文字簡(jiǎn)明,表達(dá)清楚,目標(biāo)明確,實(shí)用性強(qiáng),使錯(cuò)誤理解降到最低程度。[2]
廣義的建筑工程招標(biāo)文件中的項(xiàng)目說(shuō)明書(shū)應(yīng)包括:工程概況;建筑物(或構(gòu)筑物)性質(zhì)與使用要求;工程建筑面積與占地面積及建筑物所處地段立面的要求;投資控制數(shù)及工程開(kāi)工日期和建設(shè)周期;對(duì)供水、供電及其他動(dòng)力的初步意見(jiàn);環(huán)境保護(hù)、消防設(shè)施方面的要求;是否需要保留發(fā)展余地等。
本文所分析的《新加坡自動(dòng)控制客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)》(英文),可以從總體上劃分為四大部分:
第一部分是工程情況的介紹,如工程功用、工期、地點(diǎn)、人口狀況、氣候條件、當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展情況等;
第二部分是工程設(shè)計(jì)的總體要求,如系統(tǒng)整體可靠性要求、安全保障措施、設(shè)計(jì)壽命、噪音、震動(dòng)等環(huán)境問(wèn)題的處理等;
第三部分是工程設(shè)計(jì)的具體技術(shù)要求和各種性能參數(shù),如各子系統(tǒng)性能要達(dá)到何種水平,各子系統(tǒng)之間的兼容性,車(chē)站建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)性能和空間布局,車(chē)站供電、供水、采暖、通風(fēng)、通信、消防、監(jiān)控等各個(gè)方面;
第四部分是附錄,主要是提供第三部分涉及到的各類(lèi)技術(shù)參數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、供設(shè)計(jì)方參考的各類(lèi)圖紙以及招標(biāo)方要求投標(biāo)方填寫(xiě)的相關(guān)表格等。
招標(biāo)文件既是投標(biāo)商編制投標(biāo)書(shū)的依據(jù),也是業(yè)主與中標(biāo)的投標(biāo)商簽訂合同的基礎(chǔ)。因此,它是對(duì)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)乃至承發(fā)包雙方均具有約束力的極為重要的條件。其內(nèi)容一般都比較繁雜,面面俱到,力求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),以保證把訂約雙方在履約過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的爭(zhēng)議減少到最低程度。本文所分析的自動(dòng)控制客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)作為招標(biāo)文件的重要組成部分,其行文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而穩(wěn)重,技術(shù)色彩濃厚。以下從詞匯、句法和篇章三個(gè)層面進(jìn)行分析。
工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)是招標(biāo)方對(duì)投標(biāo)方義務(wù)的規(guī)定,其要求帶有一定的強(qiáng)制性,反映在用詞上就是表示“規(guī)定義務(wù)”的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞shall頻繁出現(xiàn),這一點(diǎn)與法律文件頗為相似。例如:
①The Tenderer shall ensure that each component,assembly,subsystem and system element be designed such that it will perform its function under specified design operating conditions without failure for a specified period.
②The Tenderer shall also develop a System Safety Assurance Plan (SSAP) describing how the identification,elimination,control of hazards which could lead to inju -ry,loss of life,or damage to equipment could be achieved.
③Environment impact of the AGT system,particu -larly the environmental noise pollution shall be addressed in detail.
④Integration of station access facilities with the surrounding areas shall be carefully considered when choo -sing the station location.
⑤Vehicles shall be equipped with visual and audible information and communication systems as are required for operation of a fully automated system.
還有一點(diǎn)需要指出的是,工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中涉及到的投標(biāo)者 Tenderer、承包者 Contractor等權(quán)力和義務(wù)主體的首字母都大寫(xiě)(參見(jiàn)上面①、②兩句),這一點(diǎn)也與法律文件相似,體現(xiàn)了工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)的嚴(yán)肅和效力。至于與鐵路交通相關(guān)的各種技術(shù)詞語(yǔ)更是頻頻出現(xiàn),這里不再一一列舉。
1.被動(dòng)式。工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中被動(dòng)式的應(yīng)用是非常突出的,例如:
①I(mǎi)t is emphasized that the Tenderer may propose alter-nate systems,equipment or solutions to achieve the object-tive and performance requirements.
②It is expected that the peak hours of operations will be from 0800 to 0900 hours and 1700 hours to 1830 hours during the weekdays.
③As far as possible, stations must be designed for cross natural ventilation with due consideration given for sun screening and protection against rain.
④Envisaged performance parameters have been speci -fied but,the Tenderer may propose alternative vehicle para-meters and specifications suitable to their overall proposal.
⑤The power system network for the distribution of service and traction power to station equipment and vehicle shall be remotely supervised from the OCC.
⑥The entire lighting system shall be designed such that the light fittings are accessible for easy maintenance.
具體到這份說(shuō)明書(shū)來(lái)看,使用被動(dòng)式的目的,一是避免直接提及規(guī)定義務(wù)的招標(biāo)方,而只是客觀說(shuō)明該工程所要求達(dá)到的性能水準(zhǔn),如上例①和②;二是因?yàn)橥稑?biāo)方此時(shí)還是不確定的,不便將其作為明確的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者,使用被動(dòng)式就比較妥當(dāng),如上例③。值得注意的是,本說(shuō)明書(shū)中被動(dòng)式在大多數(shù)情況下都是和 shall連用,意在明確投標(biāo)方的義務(wù),這在上面的詞匯分析中已有所涉及。
2.名詞化。名詞化的例子在本說(shuō)明書(shū)中出現(xiàn)的不是很多,而且基本上都是和被動(dòng)式連用。例如:
①A detailed description of how the noise level is measured and data for various vehicles operating speed shall be submitted by the Tenderer.
②The generation of noise,ground-borne vibration and the like shall be kept to a practical minimum.
③Indication of hazard analysis,failure mode and effect analysis,fire protection,crash attenuation studies and the like that would be undertaken shall be submitted.
從上面所引的三個(gè)例子來(lái)看,本說(shuō)明書(shū)中名詞化的主要是動(dòng)作名詞(action noun),其名次性最強(qiáng)而動(dòng)詞性最弱,這里是一般地述說(shuō)一個(gè)事實(shí)或概念,指出動(dòng)作和技術(shù)的特點(diǎn),而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身的進(jìn)行和時(shí)間。可以看出,這是和工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)的功能目的十分吻合的。
3.關(guān)系代詞 that和 which/whichever。“that”和“which”在本說(shuō)明書(shū)中典型地充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞而非指示代詞,這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的頻繁使用體現(xiàn)了工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)文體的正式性。[3]例如:
①The AGT vehicles shall preferably be electrically operated and the overall design of the viaducts,vehicles and stations shall be such that the system will blend aesthetically with the surrounding physical environment.
②The structures shall be designed to comply with the respective national standards or the relevant British Stan -dards whichever are more onerous.
③To this end they shall be controlled and protected by a suitable signaling system which in combination with automatic train control,detection and interlocking systems shall constitute a high integrity fail safe system.
④The foregoing are representative values which shall be achieved under all passenger load conditions.
4.非謂語(yǔ)形式的廣泛使用。在本說(shuō)明書(shū)中,非謂語(yǔ)形式(現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等)得到了廣泛使用。如:
①Within the AGT system,electromagnetic interfe ren-ce may be created by harmonics generated by the propul -sion system,communications equipment,etc.
②In the event of alternative performance parameters being proposed these shall be commensurate in all respects with accepted standards for passenger comfort and safety.
③Existing and anticipated developments,road net -work and existing MRT system shall be studied when sitting the stations so that the proposed AGT system could be properly integrated with the developments and the existing transport modes.
④All safety-critical hardware and software used in the signaling system shall be designed using acceptable fail-safe principles.
從段落的組織來(lái)看,本說(shuō)明書(shū)使用的主要段落展開(kāi)手段有:
1.關(guān)鍵詞重復(fù)和概念指代。如:
Environment impact of the AGT system ,particularly the environmental noise pollution shall be addressed in detail. The system shall be designed to comply with all the requirements of the Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Environment. In particular,the noise level shall not exceed 67 dBA LAcq (1hr) at the facade of the buildings fronting the guide way. This shall apply throughout the design life of the system. (p.6)
這一段中,通過(guò)重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞 system和 noise來(lái)連接前兩個(gè)句子,通過(guò)指代前述概念的 this來(lái)引出第三個(gè)句子結(jié)束本段。
2.總起分承的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō),技術(shù)說(shuō)明書(shū)的具體要求部分的結(jié)構(gòu)都可以認(rèn)為是總起分承式,表現(xiàn)在其邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)都是“對(duì)??部分的技術(shù)要求有若干點(diǎn),分別列舉如下??”。如:
3.5.7Information and communication systems. Visual displays shall provide route and general information and supplemented by audible announcements. The complete system shall be suitable for visually r audibly disabled persons. The systems shall be visible and/or audible from all the locations within the vehicle saloon. In addition to normal information the system shall also be capable of providing emergency instructions and information to passengers.
從更大的章節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看,主體部分各項(xiàng)目之間從邏輯上說(shuō)基本上都是平行的,如本說(shuō)明書(shū)中的3.6至3.15各節(jié)分別是:車(chē)輛配置;信號(hào)系統(tǒng);供電系統(tǒng);電器設(shè)備;空調(diào)和機(jī)械通風(fēng)系統(tǒng);防火設(shè)施;通訊系統(tǒng);自動(dòng)檢票系統(tǒng);維修站;乘客信息系統(tǒng);運(yùn)行控制中心??梢钥闯?,各部分之間的聯(lián)系紐帶就是各子系統(tǒng)與上一級(jí)系統(tǒng)間的局部與整體的關(guān)系。
3.非語(yǔ)詞表達(dá)形式(non-verbal expressions)的廣泛使用。由于工程設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一般都有很強(qiáng)的技術(shù)性,科技文體中常見(jiàn)的各種非言詞表達(dá)形式在本說(shuō)明書(shū)中也頻繁使用。例如:
①各種縮寫(xiě),如 AGT(Automatic Guided Transit),OCC(Operation Control Centre),MTBF(Mean Time Bet -ween Failure),ISO 2631,等等。
②各種工程技術(shù)符號(hào),如 34.8℃,3452.4mm,100km/h,5kA to 200kA,1.0m/s2,等等。
③各種工程技術(shù)圖表,見(jiàn)于第16頁(yè)、第20頁(yè)、附錄等。
以上從詞匯、句法和篇章三個(gè)層面對(duì)英語(yǔ)建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)的文體特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的描述和分析,希望能對(duì)工程設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)說(shuō)明書(shū)的翻譯和英語(yǔ)文體學(xué)的教學(xué)與研究有所幫助。
[1]徐偉,周偉民,李興無(wú).建筑工程的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)[M].同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社,1996.
[2]徐文通,陳少晦.工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)管理概論[M].中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社,1992.
[3]方夢(mèng)之.英語(yǔ)科技文體:范式與應(yīng)用[M].上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,1998.
朱錫明(1979-),男,安徽省合肥市長(zhǎng)豐縣人,碩士,同濟(jì)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院講師,主研方向:英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)和漢英語(yǔ)對(duì)比。
2012-07-27