桂玉萍
摘 要 定語從句是英語語法體系的重要組成部分,是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重難點(diǎn)。如何進(jìn)行有效教學(xué)?本文結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,談?wù)摿孙@性和隱性教學(xué)的整合在定語從句中的應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞 定語從句 顯性教學(xué) 隱性教學(xué)
中圖分類號(hào):G424 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Attributive Clause - Integration of Explicit Teaching and Implicit Teaching
GUI Yuping
(School of Foreign Languages, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000;
Chizhou No. 6 Middle School, Chizhou, Anhui 247100)
Abstract Attributive clause is an important part of the English grammar system, is important and difficult to learn in high school English. How to make effective teaching? In this paper, the author aombined with his own teaching practice, talking about the integration of explicit and implicit teaching in the attributive clause.
Key words attributive clause; explicit teaching; implicit teaching
定語從句是英語語法體系的重要組成部分,也是中學(xué)階段的重難點(diǎn)。然而現(xiàn)代漢語中沒有定語從句,更是沒有先行詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞以及后置定語這一說法,這給中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)定語從句帶來的挑戰(zhàn)性就不言而喻了。下面,筆者結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,就顯性和隱性語法教學(xué)來談?wù)剬?duì)定語從句教學(xué)的一些體會(huì)。
1 顯隱性語法教學(xué)
1.1 顯性語法教學(xué)概念及必要性
顯性語法教學(xué)是指通過學(xué)習(xí)語法規(guī)則來達(dá)到掌握語法的目的,側(cè)重在教學(xué)中直接談?wù)撜Z法規(guī)則,語法教學(xué)目的直接明顯,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是教師一方的作用。在顯性語法教學(xué)課堂上,首先要求教師呈現(xiàn)或描述語法結(jié)構(gòu)或語言點(diǎn),然后組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行語法的句型練習(xí),在學(xué)生通過模仿掌握了新句型的基礎(chǔ)上,再要求學(xué)生自己運(yùn)用某一有上下文關(guān)聯(lián)的語言情境來練習(xí)新學(xué)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。顯性法把英語語法看作一套知識(shí)體系,通過教師的系統(tǒng)講授和學(xué)生有意識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)操練達(dá)到掌握的目的。
從學(xué)習(xí)英語環(huán)境來看,顯性法在語法學(xué)習(xí)中十分必要。華中師范大學(xué)北京研究院的魯子問教授曾在教育部組織的新課程遠(yuǎn)程研修中做過這樣的總結(jié):英語在中國是一門外語而非第二語言,第二語言是在語言習(xí)得環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí),而外語是在語言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí),主要是在課堂上學(xué)習(xí)。也就是說,由于我們?nèi)狈α?xí)得英語的環(huán)境,所以必須通過掌握語法規(guī)則來指導(dǎo)自己理解語法系統(tǒng)的規(guī)律性和英語的特點(diǎn)。高中階段的學(xué)生與小學(xué)和初中階段的學(xué)生不同,高中生有了一定的分析能力,為他們講解一定的語法規(guī)則,可以幫助他們更有效地掌握語言。
1.2 隱性語法教學(xué)概念及必要性
隱性語法教學(xué)是指在教學(xué)中避免直接談?wù)撍鶎W(xué)語法規(guī)則,主要通過情景讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)語言,通過對(duì)語言交際性運(yùn)用歸納出語言規(guī)則,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是學(xué)生一方的作用。隱性教學(xué)法強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語法必須置身于有意義的可理解的語言環(huán)境中,才能盡可能自然地習(xí)得目標(biāo)語語法。試比較以下兩個(gè)相同的語句在不同的語境里的不同含義:
(A)What a day! Our plan for the weekend has been ruined.(=What a terrible day!)
(B)What a day! Lets go for a picnic in the park.(=What a wonderful day!)
因此,隱性教學(xué)法符合語言本質(zhì)意義,在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用能力上,運(yùn)用隱性法比運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法要優(yōu)越得多。
2 顯隱性教學(xué)整合在定語從句中的應(yīng)用
2.1關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
現(xiàn)代中學(xué)語文課本中已沒有專門的章節(jié)系統(tǒng)介紹句子的基本成分,而這在定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)和分析中又非常重要,所以在接觸定語從句的第一堂課,介紹句子的五種基本句型就顯得尤其重要,這對(duì)學(xué)生的作文訓(xùn)練也很有幫助。通過合并兩個(gè)簡單句來導(dǎo)入定語從句:
●The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves.
The trees which / that are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
●Students like the school news. The radio club broadcasts school news.
Students like the school news which / that the radio club broadcasts.
●We saw the student just now. he is the best runner in our school.
The student who / whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
●Next to him stands a girl. The girls name is Tina.
Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.
●Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy.
Jack is no longer a lazy boy that he used to be.
接下來用顯性教學(xué)法來比較分析橙色單詞在句中所作的成分,然后系統(tǒng)講解常見關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom, whose,as等。That,which可用來指代物,在句中作主語,賓語或表語;指人可用that,who,whom,其中who既可以作主格也可以作賓格,whom只能作賓格;whose用來指代所有格;as作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),在從句中充當(dāng)主語,賓語,或表語,代替主句中一個(gè)特定的詞,既可以指人,也可以指物。例如: (1)Such girls as he knows are good at English.(2) I have got into the same trouble as he has.(3)As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.
2.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
The school is in Shenzhen. He studied in the school.
The school where he studied is in Shenzhen. 這就是以關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。where在句中作狀語。牛津高中英語reading中有很多這樣的句子,和學(xué)生一起找出來進(jìn)行體會(huì)對(duì)比。如:
●The police searched the house where(=in which) the thief had stayed.
●This is not a family where(=in which) bad behavior goes unpunished.
●Do you remmeber the day when(=on which) we left you in charge?
●I dont know the reason why(=for which) the house is so dirty.
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納其特點(diǎn),并詳解引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why三個(gè)詞。when常用于time,moment,day,season,year等時(shí)間后面;where用于place,house,city,country,world等地點(diǎn)后面;why用于reason后面。它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語,因而關(guān)系副詞可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”來替換。
但并非所有表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因的先行詞后都用關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)。讓學(xué)生辨析以下六個(gè)句子:
(1)I will never forget the day when I met her.
(2)I will never forget the day that /which I spent in the village last summer.
(3)This is the place where we lived for five years.
(4)This is the place that /which she liked best.
(5)I know the reason why she didnt come yesterday.
(6)I cant accept the reason that /which she explained to me.
例(1),(3),(5)中when、where、why都作狀語,而例(2),(4),(6)中that /which分別作spent,liked,explained的賓語。這六個(gè)定語從句對(duì)先行詞都限制作用。
2.3 限制性和非限制性定語從句
有些定語從句對(duì)先行詞具有限制作用,使該詞的含義更具體、 更明確,這種定語從句稱為限制性定語從句。這類從句不能省略,否則句子的意義就不完整,
定語從句有時(shí)跟先行詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加說明,不起限制作用,這種從句稱為非限定性定語從句,往往用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,除that之外,關(guān)系代詞、副詞都能引導(dǎo),如:
●He missed the show, which was a great pity.
●Well put off the outing untli next month, when Amy feels better.
as 也可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句代替整個(gè)主句,可置于主句之后或主句之前,而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能置于主句之后,不能置于主句之前,例如:
(1)He married her,which was natural.(2)He married her,as was natural.
(3)As was natural,he married her.
3 結(jié)語
綜上所述,顯性教學(xué)法與隱性教學(xué)法不是相互排斥的兩個(gè)對(duì)立面,而是相互補(bǔ)充、相得益彰,適用于不同材料、不同對(duì)象、不同情景、不同階段的兩種并行不悖的外語教學(xué)法。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 韓愛紅.淺淡高中英語語法教學(xué)[J].山東教育科研學(xué)科教學(xué),2002(12):61.
[2] Zhong ganggao,Carl.Second Language Learning and the Teaching of Grammar[J].Education,2001(12):45-68.
[3] 尹枝萍,郝興躍.明示語法教學(xué)與暗示語法教學(xué)討論[J].云南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005(2):119-123.
[4] 大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱(修訂本)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1999:2.
[5] 何宇丹.顯性法和隱性法在英語語法教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].沈陽教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2007.9(4).
[6] 高海英,戴曼純.中國英語學(xué)生英語關(guān)系從句外置結(jié)構(gòu)的習(xí)得一顯性教學(xué)與隱性教學(xué)實(shí)證研究[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,2004(6).
[7] 薄冰英語語法[M].北京:開明出版社,2007.